Wikipedia's Featured Article - 2015-09-05 - Tom Simpson

Tom Simpson

For other people named Tom Simpson, see Tom Simp-son (disambiguation).

Thomas "Tom" or "Tommy" Simpson (30 November1937 13 July 1967) was one of Britains most success-ful professional cyclists. He was born in Haswell, CountyDurham and later moved to Harworth, Nottinghamshire.Simpson began road cycling as a teenager before takingup track cycling, specialising in pursuit races. He wona bronze medal for track cycling at the 1956 SummerOlympics and a silver at the 1958 British Empire andCommonwealth Games.In 1959, at age 21, Simpson was signed by the Frenchprofessional road-racing team St. Raphal-Gminiani-Dunlop. He advanced to their rst team (Rapha-Gitane-Dunlop) the following year, and won the 1961 Tour ofFlanders. Simpson then joined Gitane-Leroux-Dunlop;in the 1962 Tour de France he became the rst Britishrider to wear the yellow jersey, nishing sixth overall.In 1963 Simpson moved to Peugeot-BP-Englebert, win-ning BordeauxParis that year and the 1964 MilanSanRemo. In 1965 he became Britains rst world road racechampion and won the Giro di Lombardia; this made himthe BBC Sports Personality of the Year, the rst cyclistto win the award. Injuries hampered much of Simpsons1966 season. He won two stages of the 1967 Vuelta aEspaa before he won the general classication of ParisNice that year.In the thirteenth stage of the 1967 Tour de France, Simp-son collapsed and died during the ascent of Mont Ven-toux. He was 29 years old. The post-mortem exam-ination found that he had mixed amphetamines and al-cohol; this diuretic combination proved fatal when com-bined with the heat, the hard climb of the Ventoux and astomach complaint. A memorial near where he died hasbecome a place of pilgrimage for many cyclists. Simpsonwas known to have taken performance-enhancing drugsduring his career, when no doping controls existed. Heis held in high esteem by many cyclists for his characterand will to win.

1 Early life and amateur career

1.1 Childhood and club racing

Haswell

Harworth

At age 12, Simpson moved from Haswell, CountyDurham to Harworth on the NottinghamshireYorkshireborder.

Simpson was born on 30 November 1937 in Haswell,County Durham, the youngest of six children ofcoal miner Tom Simpson and his wife Alice (neCheetham).[2][3] His father had been a semi-professionalsprinter in athletics.[4] The family lived modestly in asmall terraced house until 1943, when his parents tookcharge of the villages workingmens club and lived aboveit.[4][5] In 1950 the Simpsons moved to Harworth on theNottinghamshireYorkshire border, where young Simp-sons maternal aunt lived; new coalelds were opening,with employment opportunities for him and older brotherHarry, by now, the only children left at home.[4][6] Simp-son rode his rst bike, his brother-in-laws, at age 12,sharing it with Harry and two cousins for time trialsaround Harworth. Following Harry, Tom joined Har-worth and District Cycling Club aged 13.[7][8] He deliv-ered groceries in the Bassetlaw district by bicycle andtraded with a customer for a better road bike.[7][9] Hewas often left behind in club races; members of his cy-cling club nicknamed him four-stone Coppi, after Ital-ian rider Fausto Coppi, due to his slim physique.[9]

Simpson began winning club time trials, but sensed re-sentment of his boasting from senior members.[10] Heleft Harworth and District and joined Rotherham's ScalaWheelers at the end of 1954.[11][12] Simpsons rst road

1

2 1 EARLY LIFE AND AMATEUR CAREER

race was as a junior at the Forest Recreation Groundin Nottingham.[13][14][15] After leaving school he was anapprentice draughtsman at an engineering company inRetford, using the 10 mi (16.1 km) commute by bikeas training.[8][14] He placed well in half mile races ongrass and cement, but decided to concentrate on roadracing.[14][15] In May 1955 Simpson won the NationalCyclists Union South Yorkshire individual pursuit trackevent as a junior; the same year, he won the BritishLeague of Racing Cyclists (BLRC) junior hill climbchampionship and placed third in the senior event.[13]

Simpson immersed himself in the world of cycling, writ-ing letters asking for advice. Naturalised Austrian riderGeorge Berger responded, travelling from London toHarworth to help him with his riding position.[16] In late1955, Simpson ran a red light in a race and was suspendedfrom racing for six months by the BLRC. During his sus-pension he dabbled in motorcycle trials, nearly quittingcycling but unable to aord a new motorcycle necessaryfor progress in the sport.[17][18]

1.2 Track years

In 1956, aged 18, Simpson began track cycling at ManchestersFalloweld Stadium (pictured in 1985).

Berger told Simpson that if he wanted to be a success-ful road cyclist, he needed experience in track cycling,particularly in the pursuit discipline.[19] Simpson com-peted regularly at Falloweld Stadium in Manchester,where in early 1956 he met amateur world pursuit silvermedallist Cyril Cartwright, who helped him develop histechnique.[20][21] At the national championships at Fal-loweld the 18-year-old Simpson won a silver medal inthe individual pursuit, defeating amateur world championNorman Sheil before losing to Mike Gambrill.[13][22]

Simpson began working with his father as a draughts-man at the glass factory in Harworth.[23] He was rid-ing well; although not selected by Great Britain for theamateur world championships, he made the 4,000-metreteam pursuit squad for the 1956 Olympics.[24] In mid-September, Simpson competed for two weeks in East-ern Europe against Russian and Italian teams to preparefor the Olympics. The seven-rider contingent began with

races in Leningrad, continuing to Moscow before nish-ing in Soa. He was nicknamed the Sparrow by theSoviet press because of his slender build.[24] The follow-ing month he was in Melbourne for the Olympics, wherethe team qualied for the team-pursuit semi-nals againstItaly; they were condent of defeating South Africa andFrance but lost to Italy, taking the bronze medal. Simp-son blamed himself for the loss for pushing too hard on aturn and being unable to recover for the next.[25][26][27]

There was one name on everyones lips on that day: TomSimpson. There was a buzz in the crowd as he began toclimb, you could feel it, and I remember this lad with ashock of hair thundering up the hill past me, carried ona solid wave of excitement. The overall feeling that daywas that this was the future, this was the man to watch Tom Simpson.Spectator Gordon Hill, remembering the 1957 BLRCnational hill climb championships.[28]

After the Olympics, Simpson trained throughout his win-ter break into 1957.[29] In May, he rode in the national25-mile championships; although he was the favourite,he lost to Sheil in the nal. In a points race at an interna-tional event at Falloweld a week later Simpson crashedbadly, almost breaking his leg; he stopped working for amonth and struggled to regain his form.[30] At the nationalpursuit championships, he was beaten in the quarter-nals.[31] After this defeat Simpson returned to road rac-ing, winning the BLRC national hill climb championshipin October before taking a short break from racing. Inspring 1958 he traveled to Soa with Sheil for two weeksracing.[32][33] On his return he won the national individualpursuit championship at Herne Hill Velodrome. In JulySimpson won a silver medal for England in the individualpursuit at the British Empire and Commonwealth Gamesin Cardi, losing to Sheil by one-hundredth of a secondin the nal.[34] A medical exam taken with the Royal AirForce (RAF) revealed Simpson to be colour blind.[35]

In September 1958, Simpson competed at the amateurworld championships in Paris. Against reigning cham-pion Carlo Simonigh of Italy in the opening round of theindividual pursuit, he crashed on the concrete track at theend of the race. Simpson was briey knocked uncon-scious and sustained a dislocated jaw; however, he wonthe race since he crashed after the nish line. Althoughhe was in pain, team manager Benny Foster forced Simp-son to race in the quarter-nal against New ZealandsWarwick Dalton, hoping to unsettle Dalton ahead of apossible meeting with Simpsons teammeate Sheil.[13][36]Simpson wanted to turn professional, but needed to provehimself rst,[37] setting his sights on the world amateurindoor hour record. Reg Harris arranged for an attemptat Zrichs Hallenstadion velodrome on Simpsons birth-day in November. He failed by 320 metres, covering adistance of 43.995 km (27.337 mi) and blaming his fail-ure on the low temperature generated by an ice rink in the

3centre of the velodrome.[13][38][39] The following week hetravelled to Ghent, in the Flanders region of Belgium, toride amateur track races. He stayed at the Caf Den En-gel, run by Albert Beurick, who organised for him to rideat Ghents Kuipke velodrome in the Sportpalis (English:Sport Palace).[40]

Simpson decided to move to the continent for a bet-ter chance at success,[41] and contacted French brothersRobert and Yvon Murphy, whom he met while racing.They agreed that he could stay with them in the Bretonshing port of Saint-Brieuc.[42] His nal event in Britainwas at Herne Hill, riding motor-paced races. Simpsonwon the event and was invited to Germany to train forthe 1959motor-paced world championships, but declinedthe opportunity in favour of a career on the road. Bi-cycle manufacturer Elswick Hopper invited him to jointheir British-based team, but Benny Foster advised himto continue with his plans to move to France.[43]

1.3 Move to Brittany

In April 1959, 21-year-old Simpson arrived at Gare de Saint-Brieuc in Brittany (pictured in 2011) with 100 and the hope oflaunching his continental professional career.[44]

In April 1959, Simpson left for France with 100savings and two Carlton bikes, one road and onetrack, given in appreciation of his help promoting thecompany.[45][46][47] His last words to his mother beforethe move were, I don't want to be sitting here in twentyyears time, wondering what would have happened if Ihadn't gone to France.[45] The next day, his National Ser-vice papers were delivered;[48] although willing to servebefore his move, he feared the call-up would put his po-tential career at risk. His mother returned them, with thehope they would understand this.[49][50]

He applied to local cycling clubs, and joined ClubOlympique Briochin, racing with an independent (semi-professional) licence from the British Cycling Federa-tion.[51][52] When settled with the Murphy family, 21-year-old Simpson met 19-year-old Helen Sherburn, an aupair from Sutton, Yorkshire.[53] Simpson began attract-

ing attention, winning races and criteriums. He was in-vited to race in the eight-day stage race Route de Franceby the St. Raphal VC 12e,[54] the amateur club belowthe professional team St. Raphal-Gminiani-Dunlop.[55]Simpson won the nal stage, breaking away from thepeloton and holding on for victory.[56] After this win, hedeclined an oer to ride in the Tour de France for theprofessional team.[55] Simpson had contract oers fromtwo professional teams, Mercier-BP-Hutchinson and St.Raphal-Gminiani-Dunlop, which had a British cyclist,Brian Robinson; opting for the latter team, on 29 June hesigned a contract for 80,000 francs (80 a month).[57]

On Simpsons return to Harworth for Christmas, the RAFwere notied and the press ran stories on his apparentdraft avoidance.[58] He passed a medical in Sheeld, buthistory repeated itself and the papers arrived the day afterhis departure for his teams training camp in Narbonne insouthern France. The French press, unlike the British,found the situation amusing.[59]

2 Professional career

2.1 1959: FoundationsIn July, four months after leaving England, Simpson rodehis rst race as a professional, the Tour de l'Ouest in westFrance. He won the fourth stage and took the overall raceleaders jersey. He won the next stages individual timetrial, increasing his lead. On the next stage he lost thelead with a punctured tyre, nishing the race in fourteenthplace overall.[13][60]

Simpsons fourth place in the 1959 world road race champi-onships at Circuit Park Zandvoort in the Netherlands (picturedin 2011) was the highest ever by a British rider.

In August Simpson competed at the world championshipsin the 5000 m individual pursuit at Amsterdams large,open-air velodrome and the road race on the nearbyCircuit Park Zandvoort motor-racing track. He placedfourth in the individual pursuit, losing by 0.3 secondsin the quarter-nals. He prepared for the 180 mi (290km) road race, eight laps of the track. After 45 mi(72 km) a ten-rider breakaway formed; Simpson bridged

4 2 PROFESSIONAL CAREER

the gap. As the peloton began to close in, he tried toattack. Although he was brought back each time, Simp-son placed fourth in a sprint for the best nish to dateby a British rider.[61][62][63] He was praised by the win-ner, Andr Darrigade of France, who thought that with-out Simpsons work on the front, the breakaway wouldhave been caught. Darrigade helped him enter criteriumsfor extra money.[64] His fourth placed earned Simpson hisnickname, Major Simpson, from French sports news-paper L'quipe. They ran the headline: "Les carnets duMajor Simpson" (The notes of Major Simpson), refer-encing the 1950s series of books, Les carnets du MajorThompson by Pierre Daninos.[65]

Simpson moved up to St. Raphal-Gminiani-Dunlopsrst team, Rapha-Gitane-Dunlop, for the end-of-seasonone-day classic races.[66] In his rst appearance in theGiro di Lombardia, one of the ve monuments of cy-cling, he retired with a tyre puncture while in the leadgroup of riders.[67] In Simpsons last race of the season,he nished fourth in the Trofeo Baracchi, a two-man teamtime trial with Grard Saint, racing against his boyhoodidol, Fausto Coppi; it was Coppis nal race before hisdeath.[68] Simpson nished the season with twenty-eightwins.[63]

2.2 1960: Tour de France debut

His rst major race of the 1960 season was the one-daymonument MilanSan Remo inMarch,[69] in which theorganisers introduced the Poggio climb (the nal climb)to keep the race from nishing with a bunch sprint.[70]Simpson broke clear from a breakaway group over therst climb, the Turchino, leading the race for 45 km (28mi) before being caught. He lost contact over the Poggio,nishing in 38th place.[71][72] In April he moved to thePorte de Clichy district of Paris, sharing a small apart-ment with his teammate Robinson.[73]

Days after his move, Simpson rode in ParisRoubaix,[73]known as The Hell of the North, the rst cycling raceto be shown live on Eurovision.[74] He launched an at-tack as an early breakaway, riding alone at the front for40 km (24.9 mi), but was caught around a mile from thenish at Roubaix Velodrome, coming in ninth. Simpsonrode a lap of honour after the race at the request of theemotional crowd. His televised eort gained him atten-tion throughout Europe.[75][76][77] He then won the MontFaron hill climb and the overall general classication ofthe Tour du Sud-Est, his rst overall win in a professionalstage race. He planned to ride in the Isle of Man Interna-tional road race, excited to see to his home fans. Therewere rumours, which proved correct, that the Royal Mil-itary Police were waiting for him at the airport, so he de-cided not to travel.[78] This was the last he heard fromthe authorities regarding his call-up. The British CyclingFederation ned him 25 for his absence.[79]

In June, Simpson made his Grand Tour debut in the Tour

Simpson crashed descending the Col d'Aubisque (pictured) dur-ing the tenth stage of the 1960 Tour de France, nishing the tourin 29th place overall.

de France aged 22. Rapha directeur sportif (team man-ager) Raymond Louviot opposed his participation, butsince the race was contested by national teams Simpsonaccepted the invitation from the British squad.[80] Duringthe rst stage, he was part of a thirteen-rider breakawaywhich nished over two minutes in front of the eld; hecrashed on the cinder track at Heysel Stadium in Brus-sels, nishing thirteenth, but received the same time asthe winner.[80][81] Later that day he nished ninth in thetime trial, moving up to fth place overall.[82] During thethird stage Simpson was part of a breakaway with twoFrench riders who repeatedly attacked him, forcing himto chase and use energy needed for the nish; he n-ished third, missing the thirty-second bonus for a rst-place nish, which would have put him in the overall raceleaders yellow jersey.[80][83] He dropped to ninth overallby the end of the rst week.[82] During stage ten, Simp-son crashed descending the Col d'Aubisque in the Pyre-nees but nished the stage in fourteenth place.[80] In thefollowing stage he was dropped, exhausted, from a chas-ing group; failing to recover.[84] He nished in Tour intwenty-ninth place overall,[80][82] losing 2 st (13 kg; 28lb) in weight over the three weeks.[85]

After the Tour, Simpson rode criteriums around Europeuntil crashing in central France; he returned home toParis and checked himself into a hospital.[86] Following aweeks bed-rest, he rode in the road world championshipsat the Sachsenring in East Germany. During the raceSimpson stopped to adjust his shoes on the right side ofthe road and was hit from behind by a car, sustaining acut to his head which required ve stitches.[87] In the lastof the classics, the Giro di Lombardia, he struggled,[88]nishing eighty-fourth.[89] Simpson had been in constantcontact with Helen, who was now working in Stuttgart,Germany, meeting with her between races. They be-came engaged on Christmas Day, and originally plannedto marry at the end of 1961,[88] but in fact wed on 3 Jan-uary 1961 in Doncaster, Yorkshire.[90]

2.4 1962: Yellow jersey 5

2.3 1961: Tour of Flanders and injury

Simpsons rst major event of the 1961 season was theParisNice stage race in March. In stage three he helpedhis teamwin the team time trial and took the general clas-sication lead by three seconds; however, he lost it in thenext stage. In the nal stages of the race Simpsons at-tacks were thwarted, and he nished fth overall.[91]

Simpson won the 1961 Tour of Flanders in a two-man sprint withNino Delippis in Wetteren, Belgium, becoming the rst Briton towin a monument classic.

On 26March, Simpson rode in the one-day Tour of Flan-ders. With Carpanos Nino Delippis, he chased downan early breakaway. Simpson worked with the group;with about 8 km (5 mi) to go he attacked, followed byDelippis. The nish, three circuits around the townof Wetteren, was at; Delippis, unlike Simpson, was asprinter and was expected to win. One kilometre fromthe nish, Simpson launched a sprint; he eased o with300 m to go, tricking Delippis into thinking he was ex-hausted. As Delippis passed, Simpson jumped again totake victory, becoming the rst Briton to win a monu-ment classic.[75][92] Delippis protested that the nish-ing banner had been blown down, and he did not knowwhere the nish was; however, the judges noted that thenish line was clearly marked on the road itself.[93] De-lippis team asked Simpson to agree to a tie, saying noItalian had won a classic since 1953. He replied: AnEnglishman had not won one since 1896!"[94]

Aweek later, Simpson rode in ParisRoubaix in the hopeof bettering his previous years ninth place. As the racereached the paved section he went on a solo attack, atwhich point he was told him that Mercier-BP-Hutchinsonrider Raymond Poulidor was chasing him down. Simpsonincreased his speed, catching the publicity and press vehi-cles ahead (known as the caravane). A press car swervedto avoid a pothole; this forced him into a roadside ditch.Simpson fell, damaging his front wheel and injuring hisknee. He found his team car and collected a replacementwheel, but by then the front of the race had passed. Backin the race he crashed twice more, nishing 88th.[75][95]

At Simpsons next race, the four-day Grand Prix d'Eibar,his rst in Spain, his knee injury still bothered him. He

won the second stage, but was forced to quit during thefollowing stage.[96][97] His injury had not healed, evenafter treatment by various specialists, but for nancialreasons he was forced to enter the Tour de France withthe British team.[98][99] He abandoned on stage three,which started in Roubaix, struggling to pedal on thecobbles.[100][101] Three months after his fall at ParisRoubaix he saw a doctor at St. Michaels Hospital inParis. He gave Simpson injections in his knee, which re-duced the inammation.[102] Once healed, he competedin the road world championships in Berne, Switzerland.On the track he qualied for the individual pursuit withthe fourth-fastest time, losing in the quarter-nals to PeterPost of the Netherlands. In the road race, Simpson waspart of a seventeen-rider breakaway that nished togetherin a sprint; he crossed the line in ninth place.[103]

Helen became pregnant; Simpsons apartment in Pariswas now unsuitable and a larger home in France wasnot in their means. In October, with help from hisfriend, Albert Beurick, they moved into a small cottagein Ghent.[104][105] Low on funds, Simpson earned moneyin one-day track races in Belgium.[106]

2.4 1962: Yellow jerseySimpsons contract with Rapha-Gitane-Dunlop hadended with the 1961 season. Tour de France winnerJacques Anquetil signed with them for 1962, but Simp-son wanted to lead a team, and signed with Gitane-Leroux-Dunlop for the 1962 season.[106][107] After train-ing camp at Lodve in southern France, he rode in ParisNice.[108] He helped his team win the stage-3a teamtime trial and nished second overall, behind Flandria-Faema-Clment's Jef Planckaert.[108][109] He was unableto ride in MilanSan Remo when its organisers limitedthe race to Italian-based teams;[n 1] instead he rode inGentWevelgem, nishing sixth,[108] then defended hisTour of Flanders title. At the end of the latter, Simp-son was in a select group of riders at the head of the race.Although he led over each of the nal climbs, at the n-ish he nished fth and won the King of the Mountainsprize.[111] A week later Simpson nished thirty-seventhin ParisRoubaix, delayed by a crash.[112][113]

Coming into the Tour de France, Simpson was leader ofhis team;[114] it was the rst time since 1929 that companyteams were allowed to compete.[115] He nished ninth inthe rst stage,[114] in a group of twenty-two riders whonished over eight minutes ahead of the rest.[113] Simp-sons team nished second to Flandria-Faema-Clmentin the stage-2b team time trial; he was in seventh placein the general classication,[116] remaining in the top tenthe rest of the rst week.[116] During stage 8a he wasin a thirty-rider group which gained about six minutes,moving him to second overall behind teammate AndrDarrigade.[117] At the end of the eleventh stage Simp-son was third in the overall, over a minute behind raceleader Willy Schroeders (Flandria-Faema-Clment) and


At the 1962 Tour de France Simpson claimed the yellow jersey atthe end of stage 12 as general classication leader, losing it thenext day.

fty-one seconds behind Darrigade.[109][118] Stage twelvefrom Pau to Saint-Gaudens, the hardest stage of the 1962Tour (known as the "Circle of Death"), was the Toursrst mountain stage.[119][120] Simpson saw an opportunityto lead the race. The team now solely concentrated onhis interests, since Darrigade was a sprinter and wouldno longer be involved in the general classication.[121] Asthe peloton reached the Col du Tourmalet, Simpson at-tacked with a small group of select riders, nishing eigh-teenth place in a bunch sprint. As he nished ahead of allthe other leaders in the general classication, he becamethe overall new leader of race, and the rst British riderto wear the leaders yellow jersey.[113][122] Simpson lostthe lead on the following stage, a short time trial endingwith a steep uphill nish at Superbagnres. He nishedthirty-rst and dropped to sixth overall.[123][116] On stagenineteen he advanced recklessly descending the Col dePorte in the Alps, crashing on a bend and only saved fromfalling over the edge by a tree, leaving him with a brokenleft middle nger. He lost almost eleven minutes in thenext stages time trial, nishing the Tour at Paris Parc desPrinces stadium 17 minutes and 9 seconds behind in 6thplace.[113][124]

After the Tour Simpson rode criteriums before the roadworld championships in Sal, Italy, where he retired aftermissing a large breakaway.[113] He began riding six-daytrack races into his winter break. In December he madean appearance at the Champions Concert cycling awardsheld at Royal Albert Hall in London. Separately, he wonthe British Cycling Federations Personality of the Year.Simpson and Helen were expecting their second child andupgraded to a larger house in Sint-Amandsberg, a sub-

municipality of Ghent.[125]

2.5 1963: BordeauxParis

Leroux withdrew its sponsorship of the Gitane teamfor the 1963 season. Simpson was contracted to theirmanager, Raymond Louviot; Louviot was rejoining St.Raphal-Gitane-Geminiani and Simpson could follow,but he saw that as a step backwards. Peugeot-BP-Englebert bought the contract from Louviot, which ranuntil the end of the season.[126] Simpsons season openedwith ParisNice; he fell out of contention after a se-ries of tyre punctures in the opening stages, using therest of the race as training. He withdrew from the raceon the nal stage to rest for his next race, MilanSanRemo; after breaking away by himself he stopped be-side the road, which annoyed his fellow riders.[127] AtMilanSan Remo, Simpson was in a four-rider break-away; his tyre punctured, and although he got back tothe front, he nished nineteenth.[128][129] He placed thirdin the Tour of Flanders in a three-rider sprint.[130] InParisRoubaix Simpson worked for teammate, and win-ner, Emile Daems, nishing ninth. In the one-day ParisBrussels he was in a breakaway near the Belgian bor-der; with 50 km (31.1 mi) remaining he was left withworld road race champion Jean Stablinski of St. Raphal-Gitane-Geminiani, who attacked on a cobbled climb inAlsemberg outside Brussels. Simpsons bike slipped agear, and Stablinski stayed away for the victory. Afterhis second-place nish, Simpson led the Super PrestigePernod International season-long competition for worldsbest cyclist. The following week he raced in the Ardennesclassics, placing thirty-third in LigeBastogneLige,after he rode alone for about 100 km (62mi) before beingcaught in the closing kilometres.[131][132]

2.6 1964: MilanSan Remo 7

Bordeaux

Angoulme

Chtellerault

Orlans

Paris

In 1963 Simpson won the 557 km (346 mi) derny-pacedBordeauxParis race, one of the longest one-day races.

On 26 May, Simpson rode in the one-day, 557 km (346mi) BordeauxParis. Also known as the Derby of theRoad, it was the longest he had ever ridden.[133][134]The race began at 1:58 am; the initial 161 km (100mi) were unpaced until the town of Chtellerault, wheredernys (motorised bicycles) paced each rider to the n-ish. Simpson broke away in a group of three riders.Simpsons pacer, Fernand Wambst, increased his speed,and Simpson dropped the other two. He caught the leadgroup, thirteen minutes ahead, over a distance of 161km (100 mi). Simpson attacked, and with 36 km (22.4mi) remaining, opening a margin of two minutes. Hislead steadily increased, and he nished in the Parc desPrinces over ve minutes ahead of teammate Piet Rent-meester.[113][135][136]

Simpson announced that he would not ride the Tourde France, concentrating on the world road champi-onships instead. Before, he won the Isle of Man Inter-national in treacherous conditions where only sixteen outof seventy riders nished.[137] At the road world cham-pionships in Ronse, Belgium, the Belgians controlledthe race until Simpson broke free, catching two ridersahead: Henry Anglade (France) and Seamus Elliott (Ire-land). Anglade was dropped, and Elliott refused to workwith Simpson.[n 2] They were caught; the race nishedin a bunch sprint,[140] with Simpson crossing the linein 29th.[141] Simpsons season ended with six-day racesacross Europe and an invitation only race on the Pacicisland of New Caledonia, along with other European rid-ers. He skipped his usual winter training schedule for

his rst skiing holiday at Saint-Gervais-les-Bains in theAlps, taking Helen and his two young daughters, Jane andJoanne.[142]

2.6 1964: MilanSan RemoAfter a training camp near Nice in southern FranceSimpson rode in the one-day KuurneBrusselsKuurnein Belgium,[143] nishing second to Solo-Superias ArthurDecabooter. The conditions were so cold, he only com-pleted the race to keep warm.[144] Albert Beurick startedSimpsons supporters club at the Caf Den Engel, raising250 for him in the rst nine months. In ParisNice, histyre punctured during stage four, losing ve minutes andused the rest of the race for training.[145]

Prole of the 1964MilanSan Remo, which Simpson won, ridinghis second season with Peugeot-BP-Englebert

On 19 March, two days later, Simpson rode in MilanSan Remo.[145] Before the race, French journalist Rende Latour advised Simpson not to attack early: If youfeel good then keep it for the last hour of the race.[145]In the nal 32 km (19.9 mi), Simpson escaped in groupof four riders, which including the 1961 winner, Poulidorof Mercier-BP-Hutchinson. On nal climb, the Poggio,Poulidor launched a series of attacks on the group; onlySimpson managed to stay with him and they crossed thesummit and descended into Milan. With 500 m to go,Simpson began his sprint; Poulidor could not respond,leaving Simpson to take the victory with a record aver-age speed of 27.1 mph (43.6 km/h).[144][146][147]

Simpson spent the next two months training for the Tourde France at the end of June.[148] After the rst weekof the Tour, Simpson was in tenth place overall.[149]On the ninth stage, he was part of 22-rider break-away which nished together at Monacos Stade LouisII; he placed second to Anquetil, moving up to eighthoverall.[150][151] The next day, he nished 20th in the 20.8km (12.9 mi) time trial.[149] During the 16th stage, whichcrossed four cols, Simpson nished 33rd, 25 minutesand 10 seconds behind the stage winner, and dropped to17th overall.[152][153] He nished the Tour in 14th placeoverall.[149] Simpson later discovered that he rode theTour suering from tapeworms.[152][154]

After the race, Simpson prepared for the world roadchampionships with distance training and criteriums.[155]At the world championships on 3 September, the 290


km (180 mi) road race consisted of twenty-four laps of avarying circuit at Sallanches in the French Alps.[156][157]Simpson crashed on the third lap while descending inwet conditions, damaging a pedal.[158] He got back to thepeloton, launching a solo attack on a descent; he thenchased down the group of four leaders with two laps togo. On the last lap he was dropped by three riders, n-ishing six seconds behind.[147][159] On 17 October, Simp-son rode in the Giro di Lombardia. Halfway through therace he was given the wrong musette (bag) by his teamin the feed zone, and threw it away. With the head ofthe race reduced to ve riders, Molteni's Gianni Mottaattacked. Simpson was the only one who could follow,but he began to feel the eects of not eating. Mottagave him part of his food, which sustained him for awhile. On the nal climb Simpson led Motta, but wasexhausted. Over the remaining 10 km (6.2 mi) of at ter-rain, Motta dropped him; Simpson cracked, and was re-peatedly overtaken,[144][147][160] nishing twenty-rst.[89]He closed the year riding track races.[161]

2.7 1965: World championship and Lom-bardia

The Simpson family spent Christmas in England, beforea trip to Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, where Simpson injuredhimself skiing, suering a broken foot and a sprained an-kle. He recovered, riding six-day races. At the Antwerpsix-day, he dropped out on the fourth day with a cold. Hiscold worsened and he missed most of March. He aban-donedMilanSan Remo at the foot of the Poggio.[162][163]On 11 April, he nished seventh in ParisRoubaix aftercrashing in the lead group.[164][165] The crash forced himto miss the Tour of Flanders as he struggled to walk onhis injured foot. In LigeBastogneLige he attackedwith Salvarani's Felice Gimondi, catching an early break.They worked together for 25 km (15.5 mi), until Gi-mondi gave up. Simpson rode alone before slipping onoil mixed with water; he stayed with the front group, n-ishing tenth.[166][167]

On 29May, Simpson rode in the LondonHolyhead race,the longest unpaced one-day race, with a distance of 265mi (426 km);[147][168] he won in a bunch sprint, setting arecord of ten hours and twenty-nine minutes.[169] He fol-lowed with an appearance at BordeauxParis. FranoisMah (Pelforth-Sauvage-Lejeune) went on a lone break,Simpson attacked in pursuit, followed by Jean Stablinski.Simpsons derny broke down, and he was delayed chang-ing motorbikes. He caught Stablinski, and was joined byAnquetil. Outside Paris Mah was caught and dropped,after 200 km (124 mi) on his own. Anquetil won therace by fty-seven seconds ahead of Stablinski, who beatSimpson in a sprint.[167][170][171] Peugeot manager GastonPlaud ordered Simpson to ride the Midi Libre stage raceto earn a place in the Tour de France, and he nished thirdoverall.[172] The 1965 Tour was considered open due toAnquetils absence,[173] and Simpson was among the rid-

ers favoured by L'quipe. During stage nine he injuredhis hand crashing on the descent of the Col d'Aubisque inthe Pyrenees,[174] nishing tenth in the stage and seventhin general classication.[175] Simpson developed bronchi-tis after stage fteen and cracked on the next stage, los-ing nearly nineteen minutes. His hand became infected,but he rode the next three stages before the Tour doctorstopped him from racing.[176] He was taken to hospital,where they operated on his hand and treated him for bloodpoisoning, bronchitis and a kidney infection.[176][85]

Simpson won the 1965 world road race championship, claimingthe rainbow jersey and wearing it during the following season.

After ten days o his bike, Simpson was only contractedto three post-Tour criteriums. His training for the roadworld championships included kermesse circuit races inFlanders. Simpsons last race before the world cham-pionships was the ParisLuxembourg stage race, ridingas a super-domestique (lieutenant).[177] On 5 September,Simpson rode in the road race at the world championshipsin San Sebastin, Spain.[156] The race was a 267.4 km(166 mi) hilly circuit of fourteen laps. The British teamhad no support; Simpson and his friend Albert Beurickobtained food and drink by stealing from other teams.[178]During the rst lap, a strong break was begun by Britishrider Barry Hoban. As his lead stretched to one minute,Simpson and teammates Vin Denson and Alan Ramsbot-tom bridged the gap, followed by Germanys Rudi Altig.Hoban kept the pace high enough to prevent any of thefavourites from joining. Simpson and Altig broke clearwith two-and-a-half laps remaining, staying together un-til the nal kilometre, when Simpson launched his sprint;he held o Altig for victory by three bike lengths, becom-ing the rst British world road race champion.[179][180]

On 16 October, Simpson rode in the Giro di Lombardia,which featured ve mountain passes. He escaped with

2.9 1967: ParisNice and Vuelta stages 9

Motta, and dropped him before the nish in Como to winhis third monument classic over three minutes ahead ofthe rest. Simpson was the second world champion to winin Italy; the rst was Alfredo Binda in 1927.[181][182][183]Simpson was oered lucrative contracts by teams, includ-ing Flandria-Faema-Clment who were prepared to payhim the years salary in advance. He could not escapehis contract with Peugeot, which ran until the end of the1967 season.[184] For the next three weeks he rode con-tract races, riding an estimated 12,000 mi (19,000 km).He rode 18 races, with each earning him 300350.[185]

Simpson ended the year second to Anquetil in the Su-per Prestige Pernod International, and won the Daily Ex-press Sportsman of the Year, the Sports Journalists As-sociation Sportsman of the Year, presented by the PrimeMinister Harold Wilson, and the BBC Sports Personal-ity of the Year.[186][187] In British cycling Simpson wonthe British Cycling Federation Personality of the Yearand the Bidlake Memorial Prize.[188][189] He was giventhe freedom of Sint-Amandsberg; his family, includinghis parents, were driven in an open-top car along thecrowd-lined route from the Caf Den Engel to the TownHall.[188]

2.8 1966: An injury-ridden seasonAs in the previous winter, Simpson went on a skiing hol-iday. On 25 January he fell, breaking his right tibia,and his leg was in a plaster cast until the end of Febru-ary. He missed contract races, crucial training and mostof the spring classics. Simpson began riding again inMarch, and in late April started, but did not nish, LigeBastogneLige.[190]

Simpson crashed descending the Col du Galibier (pictured) dur-ing stage sixteen of the 1966 Tour de France, injuring his armand forcing him to abandon the Tour the next day.

Simpsons injury did not stop the press from naming hima favourite for the Tour de France.[190] He was subdued inthe race until stage twelve, when he forced a breakawaywith Altig (Molteni), nishing second.[191][192] Simpsonagain nished second in the next stage, jumping clearof the peloton in a three-rider group in the nal kilo-metres. After the stage he was eighteenth overall, over

seven minutes down.[193][192] Simpson moved up to 16thafter nishing 5th in stage 14b a short time trial.[191][192]As the race reached the Alps, he decided to make hismove. During stage sixteen he attacked on the descentof the rst of three cols, the Croix de Fer. He crashedbut continued, attacking again. Simpson was joined byFord France-Hutchinsons Julio Jimnez on the climb ofthe Tlgraphe to the Galibier. Simpson was caught bya chase group descending the Galibier before he crashedagain, knocked o his bike by a press motorcycle. Thecrash required ve stitches in his arm.[115][192][194] Thenext day he struggled to hold the handlebars and couldnot use the brake lever with his injured arm, forcing himto abandon. His answer to journalists asking about hisfuture was, I don't know. I'm heartbroken. My season isruined.[195]

After recovering from his injury Simpson rode 40 cri-teriums in 40 days, capitalising on his world champi-onship and his attacks in the Tour.[196] He retired fromthe road world championships at the Nrburgring withcramp.[183] His road season ended with retirements fromautumn classics ParisTours and the Giro di Lombardia.He rode six-day races, nishing fourteenth in the winterrankings.[197] The misfortune he endured during the sea-son made him the rst rider named as a victim of the"curse of the rainbow jersey".[198] For the winter Simp-son took his family to the island of Corsica, planning thebuild of his retirement home.[199]

2.9 1967: ParisNice and Vuelta stagesSimpsons primary objective for 1967 was overall victoryin the Tour de France; in preparation, he planned to ridestage races instead of one-day classics. Simpson felt hischances were good because this Tour was contested bynational, rather than professional teams.[200][n 3] Hewouldlead the British team, which although one of the weak-est would support him totally,[202] unlike Peugeot.[203]During Simpsons previous three years with Peugeot, hewas only guaranteed a place on their Tour team if hesigned with them for the following year.[204] Free to join anew team for the 1968 season, he was oered at least tencontracts; Simpson had a verbal agreement with Italianteam Salvarani, and would share its leadership with Fe-lice Gimondi.[199][205] In an interview with Cycling (nowCycling Weekly) journalist, Ken Evans, in April, Simp-son revealed his intention to attempt the hour record inthe 1967 season. He also said he wanted retire from roadracing aged 33, to ride on the track and spend more timewith his family.[206]

In March he rode in the ParisNice. After stage twohis teammate, Eddy Merckx, took the overall lead.[45]Simpson moved into the lead the next day as part ofa breakaway, missed by Merckx, which nished nearlytwenty minutes ahead. Merckx thought Simpson double-crossed him, but Simpson was a passive member of thebreak.[183][207] At the start of stage six, Simpson was

10 3 DEATH

Simpson contested leadership of Peugeot-BP-Michelin with 23-year-old Eddy Merckx (pictured) at the 1967 ParisNice, whichSimpson won.

in second place behind Bics Rolf Wolfshohl.[208] Mer-ckx drew clear as the race approached Mont Faron, withSimpson following. They stayed together until the nishin Hyres, with Simpson allowing Merckx to take rstplace. Simpson nished over a minute ahead of Wolf-shohl, putting him in the race leaders white jersey.[209]He held the lead in the next two stages to win the race.[210]Three days later Simpson and Merckx both raced inMilanSan Remo.[211] Simpson escaped early in a ve-rider breakaway lasting about 220 km (137 mi), be-fore Merckx won in a bunch sprint with assistance fromSimpson,[212][213] who nished in seventieth placed.[211]After 110mi (177 km) of ParisRoubaix, Simpsons bikewas unridable and he retired from the race.[183]

In late April Simpson rode in his rst Vuelta a Espaa,using the eighteen-stage race to prepare for the Tour.During stage two a breakaway group gained over thirteenminutes, dashing his hopes for a high placing. Simpsonnearly quit the race before the fth stage, from Salamancato Madrid, but rode it because it was easier to get homeby air from Madrid. He won the stage, attacking froma breakaway,[214] and nished second in stage seven.[215]On the eleventh stage, concluding in Andorra, Simpsonrode away from the peloton on his own. With 30 km(18.6 mi) remaining, he began to lose control of his bikeand was halted by Peugeot manager Gaston Plaud until

he had recovered, by which time the race had passed.[216]In an interview with L'quipe's Philippe Brunel in Febru-ary 2000,[217] Tour de France physician Pierre Dumas re-vealed that Simpson told him that he was taken to hospitalduring the Vuelta.[218] Simpson won stage sixteen, whichended in San Sebastin,[214] and nished theVuelta thirty-third overall.[215]

Simpson was determined to make an impact in theTour de France; in his eighth year as a professionalcyclist, he hoped for larger appearance fees in post-Tour criteriums to help secure his nancial future afterretirement.[219][220] His plan was to nish in the top three,or to wear the yellow jersey at some point in the race.He targeted three key stages, one of which was the thir-teenth, over Mont Ventoux, and planned to ride conser-vatively until the race reached the mountains.[221][222][223]In the prologue, Simpson nished thirteenth.[183] Afterthe rst week he was in sixth place overall, leading thefavourites.[224] As the race crossed the Alps, Simpson fellill, across the Col du Galibier, with diarrhoea and stom-ach pains.[225] Unable to eat, he nished stage ten in 16thplace and dropped to seventh overall as his rivals passedhim.[224][226] Teammate Vin Denson advised Simpson tolimit his losses and accept what he had.[202] He placedin 39th position on stage 11 and 7th on 12.[227][228] InMarseille, on the evening before stage thirteen, Simp-sons manager, Daniel Dousset, pressured him for goodresults.[229] Plaud begged Simpson to quit the race.[230]

3 DeathMain article: Death of Tom SimpsonThe thirteenth stage (13 July) of the 1967 Tour de France

Simpson collapsed one kilometre from the summit of 1,912 m(6,273 ft)-high Mont Ventoux.

measured 211.5 km (131.4 mi); it started in Marseille,crossing Mont Ventoux (the Giant of Provence) beforenishing in Carpentras.[231] At dawn Tour doctor, PierreDumas, met journalist, Pierre Chany, near his hotel. Du-mas noted the warm temperature, If the boys stick theirnose in a 'topette' [bag of drugs] today, we could have

11

a death on our hands.[232] At the start line, a journalistnoticed Simpson looked tired and asked him if the heatwas the problem. Simpson replied, No, its not the heat,its the Tour.[233] The temperature reportedly reached ashigh as 54 C (129 F) during the stage.[234]

As the race reached the lower slopes of Ventoux, Simp-sonss team mechanic Harry Hall, witnessed Simpson,still ill, putting the lid back on his water bottle as heexited a building. Race commissaire (ocial), JacquesLohmuller, later conrmed to Hall that he also saw theincident and that Simpson was putting brandy in hisbottle.[235][n 4] Near the summit of Ventoux, the pelotonbegan to fracture. Simpson was in the front group beforeslipping back to a group of chasers about aminute behind.He then began losing control of his bike, zig-zaggingacross the road.[238][n 5] A kilometre from the summit,Simpson fell o his bike. Teammanager Alec Taylor andHall arrived in the team car to help him. Hall tried to per-suade Simpson to stop, saying: Come on Tom, thats it,thats your Tour nished, but Simpson said he wantedto continue. Taylor said, If Tom wants to go on, hegoes. Noticing his toe straps were still undone, Simp-son said, Me straps, Harry, me straps!" They got him onhis bike and pushed him o. Simpsons last words, as re-membered by Hall, were On, on, on.[n 6] Hall estimatedSimpson rode a further 500 yd (457 m) before he beganto wobble,[n 7] and was held upright by spectators; he wasunconscious, with his hands locked on the handlebars.[241]Hall and a nurse from the Tours medical team tookturns giving Simpson mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, be-fore Dumas arrived with an oxygen mask.[242][243] Ap-proximately forty minutes after his collapse, a police heli-copter took Simpson to nearby Avignon hospital,[244][245]where he was pronounced dead at 5:40 p.m.[202][243] Twoempty tubes and a half-full one of amphetamines, one ofwhich was labelled Tonedron, were found in the rearpocket of his jersey.[218] The ocial cause of death washeart failure caused by exhaustion.[246]

Tommy Simpson rode to his death in the Tour de Franceso doped that he did not know he had reached the limit ofhis endurance. He died in the saddle, slowly asphyxiatedby intense eort in a heatwave after taking methylam-phetamine drugs and alcoholic stimulants.Daily Mail reporter, J. L. Manning, broke the newsthat drugs were involved in Simpsons death, 31 July1967.[247]

On the next racing day, the other riders were reluctantto continue racing and asked the organisers for a post-ponement. Frances Stablinski suggested that the racecontinue, with a British rider, whose team would wearblack armbands, allowed to win the stage.[248] Hobanwon the stage, although many thought the stage winnershould have been Denson, Simpsons close friend.[249]Media reports suggested that his death was caused byheat exhaustion,[250] until, on 31 July 1967 British jour-

nalist J. L. Manning of the Daily Mail broke the newsabout a formal connection between drugs and Simp-sons death.[247] French authorities conrmed that Simp-son had traces of amphetamine in his body, impairinghis judgement and allowing him to push himself beyondhis limits.[251] His death contributed to the introductionof mandatory testing for performance-enhancing drugs incycling, leading to tests in 1968 at the Giro d'Italia, Tourde France and Summer Olympics.[252][253] Simpson wasburied in Harworth Cemetery, after a service at the 12th-century village church attended by an estimated 5,000mourners,[8][239] including Peugeot teammate Eddy Mer-ckx, the only continental rider in attendance.[254] Theepitaph on Simpsons gravestone in Harworth cemeteryreads, His body ached, his legs grew tired, but still hewould not give in, taken from a card left by his brother,Harry, following his death.[255]

4 DopingUnlike the majority of his contemporaries, Simpson wasopen about the use of drugs in professional cycling. In1960, interviewed by Chris Brasher for The Observernewspaper, Simpson spoke about his understanding ofhow riders could beat him, saying: I know from theway they ride the next day they are taking dope. I don'twant to have to take it I have too much respect for mybody. Two years before his death, Simpson hinted in thenewspaper, The People, at drug-taking in races, althoughhe implied that he himself was not involved.[256] Askedabout drugs by Eamonn Andrews on the BBC Home Ser-vice radio network, Simpson did not deny taking them;however, he said that a rider who frequently took drugsmight get to the top but would not stay there.[257]

In his biography of Simpson, Put Me Back on My Bike,William Fotheringham quoted Alan Ramsbottom as say-ing, Tom went on the [1967] Tour de France with onesuitcase for his kit and another with his stu, drugsand recovery things, which Fotheringham said was con-rmed by Simpsons roommate Colin Lewis. Ramsbot-tom added, Tom took a lot of chances. He took a lot ofit [drugs]. I remember him taking a course of strychnineto build up to some big event. He showed me the box,and had to take one every few days.[n 8] although he im-plied that other competitors were involved. Lewis re-called Simpson acquiring a small box at their hotel. Simp-son explained to him: Thats my years supply of MickyFinns'. That lot cost me 800.[259]

Commentator and Simpsons close friend David Saundersstated in his 1971 book, Cycling in the Sixties, that al-though he did not condone Simpsons use of drugs, hethought it was not the reason for his death. He said: Iam quite convinced that Simpson killed himself becausehe just did not know when to stop. All his racing lifehe had punished his frail body, pushing it to the limitsof endurance with his tremendous will-power and single-

12 6 FAMILY AND INTERESTS

mindedness and, on Mont Ventoux, he pushed it too far,perhaps the drug easing the pain of it all. Saunders wenton to say that Simpson was not alone in the taking ofdrugs in professional cycling and that the authorities ig-nored their use. His opinion was that Simpson did nottake drugs to gain an unfair advantage, but because hewas not going to be beaten by a pill.[260]

5 Riding style and legacySimpson in his adolescence was described as fearsome indescent by fellow Scala Wheelers club member GeorgeShaw, who explained that if Simpson dropped behind ona climb, he would come back on the descent.[261] Simp-sons risk-taking on descents was evident throughout hiscareer, crashing in four out of the seven Tour de Franceshe competed in. Track rider Norman Sheil recalled:When racing on a banked velodrome, Simpson wouldsometimes ride up the advertising boards at the top of thebankings, Wall of Death-style, to please the crowds.[262]Simpsons death was attributed to his unwillingness to ad-mit defeat ascending Mont Ventoux.[202] He described anear-death experience during a race in 1964, the Tro-feo Baracchi two-man time trial, to Vin Denson, who re-called: He said he felt peace of mind and wasn't afraidto die. He said he would have been happy dying.[263]

Simpson looked for any advantage over his opponents.He made his own saddle, a design which is now standard.During his time with Peugeot, he rode bikes made byItalian manufacturer Masi that resembled Peugeots.[264]Simpson was obsessed with dieting since 1956, whenhe was mentored by Cyril Cartwright. Simpson under-stood the value of fruit and vegetables after reading LesCures de jus by nutritionist Raymond Dextreit; during thewinter, he would consume 10 lb (4.5 kg) of carrots aday. Other unusual food preferences included pigeons,duck and trout skin, raspberry leaves and garlic in largequantities.[265]

The memorial to Simpson (pictured in 2009) on the spot where hedied onMont Ventoux has become a pilgrimage for many cyclists.

A granite memorial to Simpson, with the words Olympic

medallist, world champion, British sporting ambassador,stands on the spot where he collapsed and died on Ven-toux, one kilometre east of the summit.[266][267] Cyclingbegan a fund for a monument a week after Simpsonsdeath, raising about 1,500. The memorial was unveiledin 1968. It has become a site of pilgrimage for cyclists,who frequently leave cycling-related objects, such as wa-ter bottles and caps, in tribute.[268][269] In nearby Bdoin,a plaque was installed in the town square by journal-ists following the 1967 Tour.[270] The Harworth and Bir-cotes Sports and Social Club has a small museum dedi-cated to Simpson, opened by Belgian cyclist Lucien VanImpe in August 2001.[239][271] In 1997, to commemoratethe 30th anniversary of his death, a small plaque wasadded to the Mont Ventoux memorial, with the wordsThere is no mountain too high. Your daughters Janeand Joanne, July 13, 1997, and a replica of the memo-rial was erected outside the museum.[272] In his adoptedhometown of Ghent, there is a bust of Simpson at the en-trance to the Kuipke velodrome.[273] Every year since hisdeath, the Tom Simpson Memorial Race has taken placein Harworth.[274][275]

Ray Pascoe, a fan, made the 1995 lm Something ToAim At, a project he began in the years following Simp-sons death; the lm includes interviews with those closestto Simpson.[276] The 2005 documentary Wheels WithinWheels follows actor Simon Dutton as he searches forpeople and places in Simpsons life. Duttons four-yearproject chronicles the midlife crisis that sparked his questto rediscover Simpson.[277] British rider David Millarwon stage twelve of the 2012 Tour de France on the45th anniversary of Simpsons death; previously bannedfrom cycling for using performance-enhancing drugs, hepaid tribute to Simpson and reinforced the importanceof learning from his and Simpsons mistakes.[154]Millar wrote the introduction for a reissue of Simp-sons autobiography, Cycling is My Life, published in2009.[154][278] In 2010 Simpson was inducted into theBritish Cycling Hall of Fame.[279] He inspired SimpsonMagazine, which began in March 2013. According to themagazines creators, It was Simpsons spirit and style, hislegendary tenacity and his ability to suer that endearedhim to cycling fans everywhere as much as the trophieshe won.[280]

6 Family and interestsSoon after moving to France in 1959 Simpson met He-len Sherburn.[53] They married in 1961,[90] before mov-ing to Ghent, Belgium, the following year.[105] Theyhad two daughters, Jane (born April 1962) and Joanne(born May 1963),[281] who were brought up, and live,in Belgium.[282] After his death, Helen Simpson marriedBarry Hoban in December 1969.[283] Simpson is the ma-ternal uncle of retired Belgian-Australian cyclist MatthewGilmore, whose father, Graeme, was also a cyclist.[27][284]

7.1 Major results 13

The 2000 book Mr. Tom: The True Story of Tom Simp-son, written by Simpsons nephew, Chris Sidwells, fo-cuses on his career and family life.[285][286]

Simpson spoke uent French, also competent Flemishand Italian.[287] He was interested in vintage cars, andhis driving and riding styles were similar; Helen re-membered, Driving through the West End of Londonat 60 mph (97 km/h), was nothing.[288] In January1966, Simpson was a guest castaway on BBC Radio 4'sDesert Island Discs; his favourite musical piece was ArisTheme from Exodus by the London Festival Orchestra,his book choice was The Pickwick Papers and his luxuryitem was golf equipment.[289] Helen said that she chosehis records for the show, since he was not interested inmusic.[281] Simpsons autobiography, Cycling Is My Life,was rst published in 1966.[290]

7 Career achievements

7.1 Major resultsSource:[89][96][291][292][293]

1955 1st BLRC National Junior Hill Climb Cham-pionship

1956 2nd National Individual Pursuit Championship

3rd Team pursuit, Olympic Games

1957 1st BLRC National Hill Climb Championship

1st National Individual Pursuit Championship

1958 1st Individual pursuit, Amateur NationalTrack Championships

2nd Individual pursuit, British Empire andCommon-wealth Games

1959 1st Stage 8 Route de FranceTour de l'Ouest

1st Stages 4 & 5b (ITT)2nd Overall Essor Breton4th Road race, Road World Championships4th Trofeo Baracchi (with Grard Saint)1960 1st Overall Tour du Sud-Est1st Stage 1b (TTT) Four Days of Dunkirk1st Mont Faron Hill Climb3rd Overall GenoaRome

1st Mountains classication

7th La Flche Wallonne9th ParisRoubaix1961 1st Tour of Flanders1st Stage 2 Euskal Bizikleta2nd Overall MentonRome5th Overall ParisNice

1st Stage 3 (TTT)9th Road race, Road World Championships1962 2nd Overall ParisNice

1st Stage 3a (TTT)3rd Critrium des As3rd Six Days of Madrid (with John Tresidder)5th Tour of Flanders

1st Mountains classication6th Overall Tour de France

Held Yellow Jersey on Stage 126th GentWevelgem1963 1st BordeauxParis2nd Overall Tour du Var

1st Stage 11st Isle of Man International2nd Critrium des As2nd GentWevelgem2nd ParisBrussels2nd Overall Super Prestige Pernod International2nd ParisTours3rd Tour of Flanders8th ParisRoubaix10th La Flche Wallonne10th Giro di Lombardia1964 1st MilanSan Remo1st Stage 5 Circuit de Provenal2nd KuurneBrusselsKuurne3rd Trofeo Baracchi (with Rudi Altig)4th Road race, Road World Championships10th ParisRoubaix

14 9 NOTES AND REFERENCES

14th Overall Tour de France

1965 1st Road race, Road World Championships

1st Giro di Lombardia

1st LondonHolyhead

1st Six Days of Brussels (with Peter Post)

2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Peter Post)

2nd Overall Super Prestige Pernod International

3rd Overall Midi Libre

3rd La Flche Wallonne

1st Mountains classication

3rd Overall Circuit de Provenal

3rd BordeauxParis

5th HarelbekeAntwerpHarelbeke

6th ParisRoubaix

10th LigeBastogneLige

1966 1st Stage 2b (TTT) Four Days of Dunkirk

2nd Six Days of Mnster (with Klaus Bugdahl)

2nd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton

1967 1st Overall ParisNice

1st Isle of Man International

Vuelta a Espaa

1st Stages 5 & 16

1st Stage 5 Giro di Sardegna

3rd Six Days of Antwerp (with Leo Proost and EmileSevereyns)

4th Polymultiplie

7.2 Grand Tour general classication re-sults timeline

Source:[96][294][295]

7.3 Monuments results timeline

Source:[67][89][96][296]

7.4 Awards and honours British Cycling Federation Personality of the Year:1962, 1965

BBC Sports Personality of the Year: 1965 Bidlake Memorial Prize: 1965 Daily Express Sportsman of the Year: 1965 Freedom of Sint-Amandsberg: 1965 Sports Journalists Association Sportsman of theYear: 1965

British Cycling Hall of Fame: 2010

8 See also List of British cyclists List of doping cases in cycling List of drug-related deaths List of Olympic medalists in cycling (men) List of professional cyclists who died during a race

9 Notes and references

9.1 Footnotes[1] The organisers of the 1962MilanSan Remo only allowed

Italian teams to participate as an attempt to get an Italianwinner, as the last one was in 1953.[108][110]

[2] Seamus Elliott rode for St. Raphal-Gitane-Geminiani,the rival team of Simpsons Peugeot team, and would notwork with Simpson and risk him winning.[138] Two yearslater Simpson revealed inThe People that he oered Elliott1,100 for him to work with him.[139]

[3] The national team format was used in the 1967 Tour deFrance after tour organiser, Flix Lvitan, believed theteam sponsors were behind the riders strike in the previ-ous years Tour.[201]

[4] Alcohol was used as a stimulant and to dull pain.[236] At thetime, the Tour de France organisers limited each rider tofour bidons (bottles) of water, about two litres, two on thebike and twomore given at feeding stations the eects ofdehydration being poorly understood. During races, rid-ers raided roadside bars for drinks, and lled their bottlesfrom fountains.[225][237]

[5] Zig-zagging on an ascent is way of lessening the gradient.

[6] Put me back onmy bike!" was invented by Sid Saltmarsh,who was covering the Tour for The Sun and Cycling (nowCycling Weekly). Saltmarsh was not there at the time, andwas in a dead reception zone for live accounts on RadioTour.[239]

9.2 References 15

[7] Daily Mail reporter, J. L. Manning, went to the locationof Simpsons death later and found two piles of stones420 yd (384 m) apart, both with notes attached; the rstread: Tom Simpson fell, and the second: Here TomSimpson died tragically on the 13th stage of the Tour deFrance.[240]

[8] Strychnine is one of the oldest drugs used in cycling.[236]In small quantities it tightens the muscles.[258]

9.2 References[1] Fotheringham 2007, p. 229.

[2] Index entry. FreeBMD. Newport, UK: ONS. Retrieved13 May 2013.

[3] Sidwells 2000, p. 15.

[4] Fotheringham 2007, p. 45.

[5] Sidwells 2000, pp. 1516.

[6] Sidwells 2000, p. 17.

[7] Sidwells 2000, p. 18.

[8] In memory of Harworths cycling legend, the uniqueTom Simpson. Doncaster Free Press (London: JohnstonPress). 3 August 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2015.

[9] Simpson 2009, pp. 911.

[10] Simpson 2009, pp. 1213.

[11] Sidwells 2000, pp. 2223.


[13] Remembering Tom Simpson. Cycling (London): 2021. 1 January 1977.

[14] Sidwells 2000, p. 24.

[15] Simpson 2009, pp. 1415.

[16] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 5051.

[17] Sidwells 2000, pp. 3234.

[18] Simpson 2009, pp. 1819.

[19] Sidwells 2000, p. 36.

[20] Sidwells 2000, pp. 3738.

[21] Simpson 2009, pp. 2022.

[22] Sidwells 2000, pp. 3941.

[23] Sidwells 2000, pp. 4243.

[24] Sidwells 2000, pp. 4344.

[25] Sidwells 2000, pp. 4950.

[26] Simpson 2009, pp. 2535.

[27] Tom Simpson. Sports-Reference.com. Philadelphia,Pennsylvania: Sports Reference. Retrieved 21 May 2013.

[28] Sidwells 2000, pp. 5455.

[29] Sidwells 2000, pp. 5152.

[30] Simpson 2009, p. 38.

[31] Sidwells 2000, p. 54.

[32] Sidwells 2000, pp. 5458.

[33] Simpson 2009, p. 40.

[34] Simpson 2009, p. 43.

[35] Simpson 2009, pp. 5758.

[36] Sidwells 2000, pp. 6061.

[37] Simpson 2009, pp. 4447.

[38] Pierre 1967, p. 22.

[39] Simpson 2009, pp. 4748.

[40] Sidwells 2000, pp. 6263.

[41] Sidwells 2000, p. 64.

[42] Simpson 2009, pp. 5051.

[43] Sidwells 2000, pp. 6566.

[44] Simpson 2009, p. 55.


[46] Simpson 2009, pp. 5458.

[47] Sidwells 2000, p. 67.


[49] Simpson 2009, p. 85.

[50] Sidwells 2000, p. 84.

[51] Pierre 1967, p. 25.


[53] Sidwells 2000, p. 69.

[54] Sidwells 2000, p. 6871.


[56] Sidwells 2000, pp. 7071.


[58] Sidwells 2000, pp. 8485.

[59] Simpson 2009, p. 78.

[60] Sidwells 2000, p. 77.

[61] Sidwells 2000, pp. 7880.

[62] Simpson 2009, pp. 7375.

[63] The rst big wins. Cycling. Remembering Tom Simp-son (London: IPC Media): 1617. 8 January 1977.

[64] Sidwells 2000, p. 81.



[66] Sidwells 2000, p. 83.

[67] Volatone a Milano e vittoria di Van Looy [Volatone inMilan and win Van Looy] (PDF). l'Unit (in Italian). 19October 1959. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on2 December 2013.

[68] Sidwells 2000, pp. 8384.

[69] Sidwells 2000, p. 86.


[71] Sidwells 2000, pp. 8687.

[72] The 1960 MilanSan Remo result. The MilanSanRemo Cycle Race. Retrieved 12 June 2013.

[73] Sidwells 2000, p. 87.


[75] Jones, Graham (April 2006). The Flanders Lion Tamer.CyclingRevealed. Retrieved 28 February 2013.

[76] Sidwells 2000, pp. 8891.

[77] Saunders 1971, p. 123.

[78] Sidwells 2000, pp. 9193.

[79] Simpson 2009, pp. 8585.

[80] Tackling his rst Tour. Cycling. Remembering TomSimpson (London: IPCMedia): 1819. 15 January 1977.

[81] Sidwells 2000, p. 94.

[82] 1960 Tour de France. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Village,AR: McGann Publishing. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[83] Sidwells 2000, pp. 9495.

[84] Sidwells 2000, pp. 9596.



[87] Sidwells 2000, p. 98.

[88] Sidwells 2000, p. 100.

[89] Tom Simpson (Great Britain)". The-Sports.org. Qubec,Canada: Info Mdia Conseil. Retrieved 6 May 2015.

[90] Pierre 1967, p. 28.

[91] Sidwells 2000, pp. 102103.

[92] Sidwells 2000, pp. 106107.

[93] Sidwells 2000, p. 107.

[94] Simpson 2009, pp. 103104.

[95] Sidwells 2000, pp. 108109.

[96] Palmars de Tom Simpson (Gbr)" [Awards of TomSimpson (Gbr)]. Memoire du cyclisme (in French). Re-trieved 8 May 2013.

[97] Simpson 2009, pp. 105106.

[98] Sidwells 2000, pp. 110111.


[100] Longchamp, Marcel (5 July 1961). Simpson Disaster"".Cycling andMopeds (London: Longacre Press). Retrieved9 June 2015.

[101] Stage 3 Roubaix > Charlero. The history of the Tourde France. Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19August 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2015.

[102] Simpson 2009, pp. 106107.

[103] Sidwells 2000, pp. 111113.

[104] Sidwells 2000, pp. 113.


[106] Sidwells 2000, p. 114.

[107] Simpson 2009, p. 110.

[108] Sidwells 2000, p. 115.

[109] The 1962 starters. The history of the Tour de France.Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 2 November2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.

[110] Past winners. The Milan-San Remo Cycle Race. Re-trieved 7 July 2013.

[111] Sidwells 2000, pp. 116117.

[112] Sidwells 2000, p. 117.

[113] The Yellow Jersey. Cycling. Remembering Tom Simp-son (London: IPC Media): 2223. 22 January 1977.

[114] Sidwells 2000, p. 122.

[115] McGann & McGann 2006, p. 253.

[116] 1962 Tour de France. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Village,AR: McGann Publishing. Retrieved 1 March 2013.

[117] Stage 8.01 Saint-Nazaire > Luon. The history of theTour de France. Paris: ASO. Archived from the originalon 19 August 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[118] Stage 11 Bayonne > Pau. The history of the Tour deFrance. Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19August 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2015.

[119] Stage 12 Pau > Saint-Gaudens. The history of the Tourde France. Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19August 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[120] McGann & McGann 2006, pp. 277288.

[121] Sidwells 2000, p. 124.

[122] Sidwells 2000, pp. 123125.

[123] Sidwells 2000, p. 126.

[124] Sidwells 2000, pp. 126128.

[125] Sidwells 2000, pp. 130136.

9.2 References 17

[126] Sidwells 2000, p. 134.

[127] Sidwells 2000, pp. 137138.

[128] Sidwells 2000, p. 138.

[129] 1963 Milano San Remo. BikeRaceInfo. CherokeeVillage, AR:McGann Publishing. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[130] 1963 Tour of Flanders. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Vil-lage, AR: McGann Publishing. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[131] Sidwells 2000, pp. 139144.


[133] BordeauxParis 1963. Cycling Archives. de Wielersite.Retrieved 5 June 2013.

[134] Sidwells 2000, p. 145.

[135] Wadley, J. B. (July 1963). Tea-Time at the Parc.Sporting Cyclist (Charlie Buchan). Retrieved 28 February2013.

[136] Sidwells 2000, pp. 147149.

[137] Sidwells 2000, pp. 150151.

[138] Sidwells 2000, p. 154.


[140] Sidwells 2000, pp. 153155.

[141] World Championships 1963. The-Sports.org. Qubec,Canada: Info Mdia Conseil. Retrieved 5 May 2015.

[142] Sidwells 2000, pp. 157161.

[143] Sidwells 2000, p. 162.

[144] The 1964 starters. The history of the Tour de France.Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 26 October2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.

[145] Sidwells 2000, p. 163.

[146] The 1964Milan-San Remo. TheMilan-San Remo CycleRace. Retrieved 28 February 2013.

[147] World Champion. Cycling. Remembering Tom Simp-son (London: IPC Media): 89. 29 January 1977.

[148] Sidwells 2000, p. 167.


[150] Sidwells 2000, p. 169.

[151] 1964 Tour de France. Cycling (London: Temple Press).July 1964. Retrieved 1 March 2013.

[152] Sidwells 2000, p. 171.

[153] Stage 16 Luchon > Pau. The history of the Tour deFrance. Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19August 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

[154] Tom Simpson: Forgotten by all but one. The Scotsman(Edinburgh: Johnston Press). 18 July 2009. Retrieved 21May 2013.

[155] Sidwells 2000, p. 151.

[156] World Professional (Elite) Road Cycling Champi-onship. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Village, AR: McGannPublishing. Retrieved 7 June 2013.

[157] Sidwells 2000, p. 173.


[159] Sidwells 2000, pp. 172175.

[160] Sidwells 2000, p. 177.

[161] Sidwells 2000, p. 179.

[162] Sidwells 2000, pp. 183184.

[163] Simpson 2009, pp. 158160.

[164] Sidwells 2000, pp. 185186.

[165] Trionfo solitario di Rik Van Looy sul traguardo dellParigiRoubaix [Rik Van Looy solitary triumph at thenish line of the ParisRoubaix]. La Stampa (in Italian).13 April 1965. p. 13.

[166] Sidwells 2000, pp. 187188.


[168] Saunders 1971, p. 66.

[169] Simpson 2009, pp. 163165.

[170] Sidwells 2000, pp. 191192.

[171] Jones, Graham (November 2010). The Legend, the D.S.,the Domestique and an Englishman. CyclingRevealed.Retrieved 5 June 2013.

[172] Sidwells 2000, p. 193.

[173] McGann & McGann 2006, p. 6.

[174] Sidwells 2000, p. 195.


[176] Sidwells 2000, pp. 196.

[177] Sidwells 2000, pp. 197198.

[178] Sidwells 2000, pp. 199200.

[179] Sidwells 2000, pp. 200202.

[180] Simpson Champion. Cycling (London: Go Magazine):1617. 11 September 1965. Retrieved 6 May 2015.

[181] Sidwells 2000, pp. 204205.

[182] Simpson 2009, pp. 179180.


[183] That last tragic day on Mont Ventoux. Cycling. Re-membering Tom Simpson (London: IPC Media): 1112.5 February 1977.

[184] Sidwells 2000, p. 206.


[186] Sidwells 2000, pp. 207210.

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[188] Sidwells 2000, p. 208.

[189] Recipients. The F. T. Bidlake Memorial Trust. Re-trieved 20 April 2013.

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[191] 1966 Tour de France. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Village,AR: McGann Publishing. Retrieved 1 March 2013.

[192] The 1966 starters. The history of the Tour de France.Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19 August2010. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

[193] Sidwells 2000, pp. 220221.

[194] Sidwells 2000, pp. 222225.


[196] Sidwells 2000, p. 226.

[197] Sidwells 2000, pp. 227228.

[198] Wilcockson 2009, p. 159.

[199] Sidwells 2000, p. 228.

[200] Simpson, Tom (8 April 1967). 'We can win the Tour'. Cycling. Interview with Ken Evans (London: LongacrePress): 1415.

[201] McGann & McGann 2008, p. 24.

[202] Gallagher, Brendan (13 July 2007). Tom Simpsonhaunts Tour 40 years on. The Daily Telegraph (London:Telegraph Media Group). Retrieved 30 April 2013.

[203] Sidwells 2000, p. 238.

[204] Sidwells 2000, p. 176.


[206] Simpson, Tom (1 April 1967). 'I'll get the hour be-fore the others try' . Cycling. Interview with Ken Evans(London: Longacre Press): 45.

[207] Sidwells 2000, pp. 230231.

[208] Sidwells 2000, p. 231.

[209] Sidwells, Chris (March 2012). ParisNice 1967 Part4. ChrisSidwells.com. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

[210] Sidwells 2000, p. 232.

[211] 1967 Milano San Remo. BikeRaceInfo. CherokeeVillage, AR:McGann Publishing. Retrieved 3 June 2015.


[213] Saunders 1971, p. 55.

[214] Sidwells 2000, pp. 233234.

[215] Ao 1967 [Year 1967]. Vuelta a Espaa (in Spanish).Madrid: Unipublic.

[216] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 217218.



[219] Sidwells 2000, pp. 237238.

[220] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 130131.

[221] Sidwells 2000, p. 239.


[223] McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 2728.

[224] Sidwells 2000, p. 244.


[226] Stage 10 Divonne > Brianon. The history of the Tourde France. Paris: ASO. Archived from the original on 19August 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2015.

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[231] 1967 Tour de France. BikeRaceInfo. Cherokee Village,AR: McGann Publishing. Retrieved 27 April 2013.

[232] Woodland, Les (21 July 2007). Simpson: martyr, exam-ple, warning. Cyclingnews.com (Bath, UK: Future plc).Retrieved 27 April 2013.

[233] McGann & McGann 2008, p. 28.



[236] McGann & McGann 2008, p. vi.

[237] Woodland, Les (3 October 2007). The chasse lacanette. Bath, UK: Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 27April 2013.

[238] McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 2829.

[239] Woodland 2007, p. 334.



9.2 References 19


[243] Sidwells 2000, p. 248.


[245] Nicholson, Georey (14 July 1967). Simpson dies af-ter collapse on Tour. The Guardian (London: GMG).Retrieved 30 April 2013.

[246] Mehlman 2009, p. 125.

[247] Drugs killed Tour cyclist. The Age (Melbourne: DavidSyme). 1 August 1967. p. 24.



[250] U.K. Cyclist Dies Of Exhaustion. Montreal Gazette. 14July 1967. p. 26.

[251] Houlihan 2002, p. 65.

[252] Mazanov 2013, p. 7.

[253] McGann & McGann 2008, p. 32.



[256] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 148149.

[257] Woodland, Les (host) (4 July 1987). Death of a BritishTommy. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 3 June 2015.

[258] Sherrington, C. S. (29 November 1907).Strychnine and reex inhibition of skeletal mus-cle. The Journal of Physiology 36 (23): 185.doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1907.sp001228.

[259] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 141143.

[260] Saunders 1971, pp. 7475.







[267] Williams & Le Nevez 2007, p. 83.

[268] Dauncey & Hare 2003, p. 214.

[269] Moore, Richard (26 July 2009). British riders rememberTommy Simpson a hero to some, to others the villainof the Ventoux. theguardian.com (London: GMG). Re-trieved 22 February 2013.

[270] Woodland 2007, p. 265.

[271] Simpson second is Bows best. Worksop Guardian (Lon-don: Johnston Press). 23 August 2001. Retrieved 3 June2015.

[272] Henderson 2011, p. 108.



[275] Cyclists ock to Harworth for Tommy Simpson races.Worksop Guardian. London: Johnston Press. 23 July2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.


[277] The Saint on Wheels. LeslieCharteris.com. 29 March2007. Retrieved 3 June 2015.

[278] See, Jen (13 July 2012). David Millars Uphill Win.Bicycling (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Inc.). Retrieved 29 May2015.

[279] British Cycling Hall of Fame 2010 Inductees. BritishCycling. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[280] MacMichael, Simon (27 February 2013). New cyclingmagazine Simpson launches this week. road.cc (Bath,UK: Farrelly Atkinson). Retrieved 19 May 2013.


[282] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 134135.


[284] Matt Gilmore retires. Cyclingnews.com (Bath, UK:Future plc). 22 April 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2015.

[285] Sidwells 2000, p. iv.




[289] Plomley, Roy (host) (31 January 1966). Castaway:Tommy Simpson. Desert Island Discs. BBC. BBC Radio4. Retrieved 6 May 2015.

[290] Simpson 2009, p. iv.

[291] Tom Simpson. Cycling Archives. de Wielersite. Re-trieved 19 April 2013.

[292] Sidwells 2000, pp. 249256.

[293] Fotheringham 2007, pp. 229231.

[294] McGann & McGann 2008, p. 27.

[295] Tom Simpson. The history of the Tour de France. Paris:ASO. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Re-trieved 12 June 2013.

[296] Sidwells 2000, p. 216.

20 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

9.3 Bibliography Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geo (2003). The Tour De

France, 19032003: A Century of Sporting Struc-tures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass &Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9.

Fotheringham, William (2003). A Century of Cy-cling: The Classic Races and Legendary Champi-ons. London: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-0-7603-1553-8.

Fotheringham, William (2007) [1st. pub. 2002].Put Me Back on My Bike: In Search of Tom Simp-son. London: Yellow Jersey Press. ISBN 978-0-224-08018-7.

Fotheringham, William (2012). Merckx: Half Man,Half Bike. London: Yellow Jersey Press. ISBN 978-0-224-09195-4.

Henderson, Jon (2011). Best of British: HendosSporting Heroes. London: Yellow Jersey Press.ISBN 978-1-4481-1341-5.

Houlihan, Barrie (2002). Dying to Win: Doping inSport And the Development of Anti-doping Policy,Part 996 (2nd ed.). Strasbourg, France: Council ofEurope. ISBN 978-92-871-4685-4.

Mazanov, Jason (2013). Towards a Social Scienceof Drugs in Sport. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-98454-2.

McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Storyof the Tour De France, Volume 1: 19031964. In-dianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5.

McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Storyof the Tour De France, Volume 2: 19652007. In-dianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.

Mehlman, Maxwell J. (2009). The Price of Perfec-tion: Individualism and Society in the Era of Biomed-ical Enhancement. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-9538-8.

Pierre, Roger St. (1967). Tom Simpson: An 80 PagePicture Tribute to Britains Greatest Ever Road Cy-cling Champion. London: Daily Mirror.

Saunders, David (1971). Cycling in the Sixties. Lon-don: Pelham Books. ISBN 978-0-7207-0456-3.

Sidwells, Chris (2000). Mr Tom: True Story of TomSimpson. Norwich, UK: Mousehold Press. ISBN978-1-874739-14-2.

Simpson, Tommy (2009) [1st. pub. Stanley Paul:1966]. Cycling is My Life. London: Yellow JerseyPress. ISBN 978-0-224-08308-9.

Wilcockson, John (2009). Lance: The Making ofthe Worlds Greatest Champion. Cambridge, MA:Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-7867-4805-1.

Williams, Nicola; Le Nevez, Catherine (2007) [1st.pub. 1999]. Provence and the Cte d'Azur (5th ed.).Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-236-8.

Woodland, Les (2007) [1st. pub. 2003]. The YellowJersey Companion to the Tour de France. London:Yellow Jersey Press. ISBN 978-0-224-08016-3.

10 External links Tom Simpson prole at Cycling Archives Tom Simpson at Find a Grave

21

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1 Text

Tom Simpson Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Simpson?oldid=681346940 Contributors: Ellywa, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, PaulW, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO~enwiki, Chrism, Tim Ivorson, Xanzzibar, OldakQuill, Necrothesp, Blorg, Kello~enwiki, Bru-tannica, Bender235, Ground, Adambro, Mpk, Nivagh, Ruimcs, Jehos, Barryap, Fdewaele, Woohookitty, A.K.A.47, BillC, Hailey C.Shannon, Mandarax, SqueakBox, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, MarnetteD, Patken4, Sophitus, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, RobotE, MichaelSlone, Shanel, Czyrko, Welsh, VinceBowdren, Deeday-UK, UW, Ageekgal, Mais oui!, Garion96, NeilN, Philip Stevens, Attilios, A bit iy,SmackBot, Nickst, Ian Rose, Portillo, Cs-wolves, Poulsen, Afasmit, Darius Dhlomo, Colonies Chris, Frantik~enwiki, Patleahy, Racklever,Leftism, Veej, Thomascpre, Cordless Larry, Tim riley, Ohconfucius, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, JzG, Bicycle repairman, Buchanan-Hermit,Ultranaut, Morten, Clarityend, Bobamnertiopsis, Courcelles, Stbodie, Pie.er, Cydebot, Jackyd101, Achangeisasgoodasa, Lugnuts, Dumb-BOT, Ameliorate!, Nabokov, Maxcheung, Casliber, Thijs!bot, West Brom 4ever, Nick Number, Ericoides, Severo, .anacondabot, KeithD, CommonsDelinker, Koplimek, DrKiernan, Ken Ashcroft, Dolamite02, KylieTastic, Bcp67, Stevepday, Hugo999, Pieterlmul, Chienlit,Broadbot, Autodidactyl, Chris075, FoxyRhino, Cjc13, SieBot, Thaf, WereSpielChequers, thelwold, Barliner, Miniapolis, Dawesaudax,Keith99, Smilo Don, WingedPig, BobGarage, Xurei, Myosotis Scorpioides, Auntof6, Les woodland, Arjayay, Brianboulton, Schreiber-Bike, Qwfp, Antti29, XLinkBot, HappyJake, Markdeveney, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, EdgeNavi-dad, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Noydbyj, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Kvdh, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Jsmith1000, GrouchoBot,Loreleil, FrescoBot, NSH002, Disc Wheel, Name:maphonedude, D'ohBot, HJ Mitchell, BenzolBot, I dream of horses, Rogriv, Full-dateunlinking bot, Obscurasky, Lightlowemon, Ora Unu, BaldBoris, Diannaa, VernoWhitney, EmausBot, Petro, Jim Michael, Saint Michael2010, Shearonink, Josve05a, Captain Screebo, Mcmatter, ChuispastonBot, GermanJoe, BlueBreezeWiki, ClueBot NG, Fioravante Patrone,PaleCloudedWhite, Frietjes, 29AH, BG19bot, Neptunes Trident, Sander.v.Ginkel, Khazar2, Newsailormon, Super Nintendo Chalmers,JohnRobboRobinson, TFA Protector Bot, Xanthomelanoussprog, Ahmed1251985, Jkaysimpson, Impregnable, Filedelinkerbot, Signedzzz,Danieljthomas, FACBot, Car780, KasparBot, The Quixotic Potato, Danbniga, Tourwriter557, Hitedit, Adhi riyadi, Swapthechicken andAnonymous: 83

11.2 Images File:1962_Tour_de_France_yellow_jersey_(Gitane-Leroux).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/

1962_Tour_de_France_yellow_jersey_%28Gitane-Leroux%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.harlowstar.co.uk/Sport/Other-Sports/Tragedy-and-triumphs-at-Tour-de-France-for-GB-veteran-cyclist-Denson-26072012.

htm Original artist: BaldBoris File:1964_Milan__San_Remo_profile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/1964_Milan_%E2%80%

93_San_Remo_profile.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: data from http://www.milansanremo.co.uk/1964/1964story.htm Orig-inal artist: BaldBoris

File:BordeauxParis_route_overlay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris_route_overlay.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.rapha.cc/bordeauxparis-route-information Original artist:BaldBoris

File:Bronze_medal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Bronze_medal.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Bronze_medal_icon_(B_initial).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Bronze medal icon.svg Original artist: en:User:Andrwsc and others

File:Circuit_Park_Zandvoort_aerial_photo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Circuit_Park_Zandvoort_aerial_photo.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Quistnix

File:Col_Aubisque.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Col_Aubisque.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-tributors: Own work Original artist: Myrabella

File:Col_du_Galibier,_October_8,_2009.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Col_du_Galibier%2C_October_8%2C_2009.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: IMG_7024 Original artist: Soumei Baba

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

File:Cycling_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)

File:Eddy_Merckx,_1967_World_Championships.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Eddy_Merckx%2C_1967_World_Championships.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague,Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANeFo), 1945-1989, Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 920-6709Original artist: Nijs, Jac. de / Anefo

File:England_relief_location_map.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ordnance Survey OpenData. Original artist: Nilfanion

File:Fallowfield_stadium,_Manchester,_1985.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Fallowfield_stadium%2C_Manchester%2C_1985.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cjc13

File:Flag_of_England.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:France_relief_location_map.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpgLicense: GFDL Contributors: Own work

22 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Bathymtrie : NGDC ETOPO2v2 (domaine public) ;

Topographie : NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30 v.2) (domaine public) ;

Littoral et donnes additionnelles : World Data Base II (domaine public).

Original artist: Eric Gaba (Sting - fr:Sting) File:Gare_St-Brieuc_Quais.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gare_St-Brieuc_Quais.JPG License:

CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work oeuvre personnelle Original artist: Spendeau File:Gold_medal_icon_(G_initial).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_

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Wikipedia's Featured Article - 2015-09-05 - Tom Simpson