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    Mythology of Carnivle 1

    Mythology of Carnivle

    Raphael's St. Michael Victorius in theopening titles of Carnivle

    "Before the Beginning, after the great war between Heaven and Hell, God created the Earth and gave dominion over it to the crafty

    ape he called Man. And to each generation was born a Creature of Light and a Creature of Darkness... and great armies clashed by

    night in the ancient war between good and evil. There was magic then. Nobility. And unimaginable cruelty. And so it was until the

    day that a false sun exploded over Trinity, and man forever traded away wonder for reason."

    Samson in "Milfay"

    Carnivle is an American television series set in the United States during the Great Depression. The series traces the

    disparate storylines of a young carnival worker named Ben Hawkins and Brother Justin Crowe, a preacher in

    California. The overarching story is built around a good and evil theme, which serves as a human-scaled metaphor

    within a complex structure of myth and allegory. [1][2] Samson, the carnival's dwarf manager, sets up the show's

    mythology with a prologue in the pilot episode, talking of "a creature of light and a creature of darkness" being born

    "to each generation" preparing for a final battle. [3]

    Most mytholog ical element s in Carnivle relate to so-call ed Avatars (or Creatures of Light and Darkness ), fictional

    human-like beings with supernatural powers who embody good and evil. In its first season Carnivle does not revealits characters as Avatars beyond insinuation, and makes the nature of suggested Avatars a central question. By the

    second season it is established that Ben is a Creature of Light and Brother Justin a Creature of Darkness. Other than

    through the characters, the show's good-and-evil theme manifests in the series' contemporary religion, the Christian

    military order Knights Templar, tarot divination, and in historical events like the Dustbowl and humankind's first

    nuclear test. Show creator Daniel Knauf did not respond to questions about the mythology but did provide hints

    about the mythological structure to online fandom both during and after the two-season run of Carnivle .

    Nevertheless, many of the intended clues remained unnoticed by viewers. Knauf left fans a production summary of

    Carnivle 's first season two years after cancellation. This so-called Pitch Document, originally written to give HBO

    and Knauf's co-writers an overview of the intended storyline, backed up and expanded upon the assumed

    mythological rules.

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    Mythology of Carnivle 2

    AvatarsThe term Avatar (also spelled Avatara ) originates in Hindu mythology, where it most commonly refers to the

    incarnation (bodily manifestation) of a higher being or the Supreme Being on Earth. Carnivle 's story never clearly

    establishes the meaning of this term, yet HBO and the writers used the term interchangeably with the Creatures of

    Light and Darkness of the series' opening monologue. The series portrays Avatars as human-like beings with

    supernatural powers who embody good and evil, and whose constant and age-long struggle serves to explain theDark Ages and Ages of Enlightenment in mankind's history in the real world. [4] Carnivle represents this Avataric

    duality as Light and Dark in several instances. The surnames of the main characters, Ben Hawkins and Justin Crowe,

    suggest a symbolic link to hawks and crows, the winged Creatures of Light and Dark .[5][6] The last two Tarot cards

    seen in the Carnivle 's opening title sequence are "The Sun" and "The Moon", standing for God and the Devil. [7] By

    the same token, the show's title card and the logo of the carnival depict a sun placed opposite a moon. [7] Show

    creator Daniel Knauf designed this logo. [8]

    Characteristics

    The characters Ben Hawkins and Brother Justin Crowe are revealed to be Avatars through the usage of their

    supernatural powers; however, viewers did not find it immediately apparent whether a suspected Avatar served as

    good or evil. [3] The series gave clues, such as depicting the Creatures of Darkness with coal-black eyes (according to

    Daniel Knauf, Creatures of Light have an invisible aura). [9] An Avatar's nature is determined by the type and

    application of his powers. [10] As the Pitch Document states, Avatars draw their talents and powers from the same

    pool. These abilities may vary in type and strength, and include but are not limited to the manipulation and transfer

    of life force, spiritual healings, telekinesis and telepathy, and granting small measures of powers to a mortal. [11][12]

    Although the series showed the powers of Ben and Brother Justin, reviewers were still unsure about the main

    characters' Avataric nature by the end of the first season. [3][13] When Ben's good nature and Justin's dark heritage

    became clearer in Season 2, reviewers began to describe Carnivle 's underlying message as "essentially the opposite

    of spiritual belief: fatalism". [14] Daniel Knauf disputed any theory of determinism, and repeatedly pointed to the

    characters' free will to overcome their destiny. [13][15][16] Free choice allows the story to portray Avatars as

    deliberately not making use of their powers or as acting contrary to their nature; an Avatar would however still have

    to put consistent effort into not lapsing back into his defined moral behavior. [11]

    The Pitch Document described Avatars as sharing the ability to envision the past, present and future, both literally

    and symbolically. Accessing this plane of pure truth is given as an Avatar's birthright and can be improved through

    study and practice. Avatars can manipulate and transmit the resulting visions through dreams to others. As far as

    established, only Creatures of Darkness suffer physical weakness or pain when their opposite makes use of his

    powers. Avatars can sense the existence of their moral opponent, but are unable to detect or identify them outside of

    close physical proximity. They can, however, easily detect and locate an Avatar of like kind over great distances

    with great accuracy.[11][17]

    These abilities contribute to the convergence of the two storylines in Carnivle .

    Terms and order of succession

    Example of an Avataric pedigree including names

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Determinismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telepathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telekinesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_healinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_%28spirituality%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moon_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0le%23Opening_title_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarot_cardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Crowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Hawkins_%28Carniv%C3%A0le%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incarnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar
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    Mythology of Carnivle 3

    Alpha

    Prophet

    (CoL)

    Prophet

    (CoD)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prophet

    (CoL)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prophet

    (CoD)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Prophet

    (CoD)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prophet

    (CoL)

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Prophet

    (Hilton)

    (CoL) *

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prophet

    (CoD)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prophet

    (Henry)

    (CoD)

    Prophet

    (Lucius)

    (CoL) *

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Prince (Ben)

    (CoL)

    Vectorus

    (f)

    Usher (Justin)

    (CoD)

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Vectorus

    (m)

    Omega (Sofie)

    CoL = Creature of Light

    CoD = Creature of Darkness

    = last Avatar of a dynasty without male offspring

    * = first Avatar of a new dynasty

    Daniel Knauf overlaid the Avatars of the fiction al unive rse with an elaborate order of succession by blood, similar to

    the ascent of royal families. The descriptors Royals , King and Prince are replaced in the series with Vectori , Prophet

    and Prince . Female royals like Queens and Princesses do not have a fictional counterpart and are instead replaced

    with the concepts of the Alpha , the Omega and the Usher . These Wild Card Avatars have special rules in addition to,

    or replacing, the normal ones. [12] Reviewers rarely focused on the significance of the mentioned Avataric terms and

    their implied characteristics in the story, despite detailed explanations by Knauf and the later public availability of

    Carnivle 's Pitch Document, setting out the complex mythological structure. [11]

    The first Prophet in the mythology of Carnivle is the Alpha . This creature is never mentioned in the series, but

    Knauf described her as a female who lived before the Flood and whose story was lost with the destruction of the

    Royal Library of Alexandria.[18]

    The Alpha spawned the first pair of Avatara , manifestations of some higher poweror House ; one is Light and the other Dark. [11][12] A Creature of Light and a Creature of Darkness have been born

    to each generation since, [19] and unlike the Alpha, they have always been male. [9]

    The Avataric Blood travels within families forming a dynasty . The first-born son of an Avatar receives a so-called

    mantle at birth that manifests him as an Avata r of a n ew generation; whether the new Avatar is Light or Dark is

    chance. [11][12][20] Therefore, there is one Avatar to each House per generation. [21] Giving birth to a new Avatar

    leaves the mother barren and insane. Before that time, she can give birth to an unlimited number of females from an

    Avatar. These children as well as their respective offspring are called Vectori , beings with Avataric Blood who are

    not themselves Avatara, and who thus become generationally further removed from an Avatar in the bloodline.

    While Vectori cannot become Avatara, as that mantle is only conveyed upon birth, they can still exhibit some minor

    powers and often show signs of insanity. [20][22]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Library_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deluge_%28mythology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_regnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_families
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    Mythology of Carnivle 4

    The eldest generational Avatar within a House is dominant and called the Prophet . He possesses blue blood, also

    called Vitae Divina .[12][23][24] The next in line is the Ascendant Prince . Any additional Avatara within the House are

    Princes ranked by generation. Although Avatara form blood dynasties from father to son, House affiliations can be

    mixed within a dynasty. If the youngest Prince in a dynasty dies, the dynasty is ended. Most dynasties only last on

    average three generations, since typical Avatara can be killed by any means. When a dynasty ends, the first male

    child born elsewhere in the world with the most Avataric blood will be a new Prince starting a new

    dynasty. [12][15][20]

    When a Prophet dies while an Ascendant Prince also lives, one of two things happens. If the Prophet is killed by his

    Ascendant Prince, the Prince will gain the mantle of the Prophet with a boon (full measure of power). For the boon

    to be passed, the Prophet must be of sound mind, and either willingly pass on the boon, or be taken by surprise so

    that he cannot put up a psychic defense. If however the Prophet is impaired, the Ascendant Prince may be driven

    insane. If a Prophet dies in any other way, the Ascendant Prince will be automatically raised to Prophet in his stead,

    without chance of a boon. [12][20][23][25]

    Two unique Av atars join t he Alpha as an exception to the Avataric rule. Carnivle 's Avataric mythology prophesied

    the Usher of Destruction thro ughout the ages as a harbinger of the En d Time s to usher in the Armageddon. He is

    known by a thousand names in a thousand books, but can only manifest once. [12][21][26] He appears as the TattooedMan in visions, [27] and he can only be killed with a weapon infused with the Vitae Divina that is thrust into the

    bough of his tree tattoo where his dark heart dwells. Injuries from such anointed weapons are said to never fully

    heal. [24][28][29][30] Also prophesied is the Omega (known in the Pitch Document as Omega The Destroyer and the

    Antichrist), whom Carnivle 's occult characters had assumed for a long time to be one and the same with the

    Usher. [9][11] The Omega is, like the Alpha, a female and the only other known exception to the male restriction in

    Avatar succession, [31] and because of the allusion to "the Beginning and the End" in naming, the Omega is

    commonly accepted as the last Avatar.

    Manifestation in the series

    Certain characters have seemingly supernatural abilities from the beginning of the series. Ben Hawkins and Brother

    Justin Crowe not only have common visions of two soldiers (one of them also appearing in a tuxedo) and a man with

    a tattooed tree on his chest, but also of each other. Ben can heal and resurrect beings at the cost of others' life, while

    Brother Justin can read and manipulate people's minds. [2][32] Ben and L odz, a blind mentalist of the c arnival,

    experience visi ons of the medieval Knights Templar. Carnival fortuneteller Sofie can communicate telepathically

    with her catatonic mother, who m she once sees bei ng raped by the Tatto oed Ma n.[33] The progressing story increases

    the importance of the two mysterious soldiers, who are revealed as Henry Scudder and Management. Strange words

    of unknown meaning appear throughout the series. Variations of the phrase "Every Prophet in his House " are

    repeated, seemingly without context. [34] Ben finds the repeating letter string TARAVATARAVA in a mineshaft, [35]

    which he is later able to interpret as Avatar .[36] Season 2 introduces the word Usher in particular relation to Brother

    Justin. [37] Management repeats this term to Ben in two instances. [27][30] After Management's death, Ben has sudden

    knowledge about Princes , Prophets and the Usher , even knowing to whom these terms apply, respectively. [38] The

    sentence "Sofie is the Omega " is seen once, written across a mirror without further explanation. [39] Sofie

    demonstrates powers and attributes similar to those of Ben and Brother Justin in the last Carnivle episode. [40]

    The context for some of these events is provided by the (fictionally used) Gospel of Matthias, a book in Season 2

    that connects the Templars to Ben's father. [41] Written in archaic English, reminiscent of the King James Bible

    translation, it contains parts of Samson's Season 1 prologue, mentions the Avatara , and alludes to an apocalyptic

    passage in the Book of Revelation. [42] It also contains etchings of a gnarled and bent tree, which in one image is

    attacked by a Knight Templar holding a knife. [43] Wilfred Talbot Smith interprets this book to Brother Justin,

    quoting, "By the hand of the Prince, the Prophet dies. Upon his death, the Prince shall rise,"[23]

    and "[Beware theUsher. A dark heart dwells where branches meet.] Anointed dagger plunge thee deep." [29] Management and Ben

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorized_King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorized_King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorized_King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorized_King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorized_King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Modern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortunetellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mentalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuxedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_and_Omega_%28Christianity%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antichristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armageddonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_Timeshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boon
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    Mythology of Carnivle 5

    repeat these verses independently of Smith. [30][38]

    What is an Avatar?

    As confirmed by Daniel Knauf and the Pitch Docu ment, the Avatar s of the current generation (at the end of Season

    2) are Ben as the Creature of Light and Brother Justin as the Creature of Darkness. [16] Justin is also the Usher,

    spiritually represented by the Tattooed Man. [16] Their respective fathers were Avatars of the previous generation:

    Henry Scudder was the Creature of Darkness, and Lucius Belyakov (Management) was the Creature of

    Light. [9][11][44] At each time, an Avatar's blood color mirrored his status. Ben's and Brother Justin's blood were red

    when they were Princes, [36][45] and upon becoming Prophets, their blood turned into Vitae Divina (blue

    blood). [46][47] Management had the Vitae Divina as well, [43] while Scudder's blood was never shown in the series.

    Scudder's father Hilton was an Avatar of undisclosed nature. [48] The mentalist of the carnival, Lodz, was merely a

    mortal who had once received Avataric skills from Scudder in exchange for his sense of sight. [11]

    Several women in Carnivle are tied to Avatars, b ut only two ha ve Avataric blood: Belyakov's daughter Iris is a

    Vectorus by definition, [22] and Justin's daughter Sofie is the Omega. [39] Although Sofie is two years older than Ben,

    her father's Avataric generation places her in the next Avataric generation. [9] The other affected women are human

    mothers who began to suffer from mental illness or strange behavior after giving birth to an Avatar. Ben's motherFlora was a religious fanatic who would not touch her son. [49] Scudder's mother Emma cut her eyes out and killed

    several of her family members the night Scudder was born. [50] Sofie's mother Apollonia became catatonic after

    Sofie's birth. [51] Justin's and his older sister Iris's mother receives no special mention in the series, but the Pitch

    Document mentions her chronic paranoid schizophrenia after Justin's birth. [11] As far as known, none of these

    mothers became pregnant after giving birth to an Avatar.

    Knauf hinted at more Avatars in a February 2005 chat: "What do Jesus, Caligula, Alexander the Great, Caesar,

    Buddha, Vlad the Impaler, Brother Justin, Ben Hawkins, Luscius [ sic ] Belyakov, Hilton Scudder, and Henry Scudder

    have in common?" [21] The Pitch Document stated, "If an Avatar was dedicated to developing and mastering his

    power, he could direct it with the precision of a scalpel. Such was the case with many of the Prophets, with Buddha,

    Jesus and Mohammed, with Caligula and Vlad Dracul." [11] In this early plot summary, Rasputin and the Borgiaswere Avatars as well. [11] But like other Avatars in Carnivle , none of these historical figures were explicitly revealed

    as such on the show.

    The Tattooed Man and the tree

    A man with a tattooed tree on his chest and back i s introduced in t he opening minutes of Carnivle 's pilot episode,

    and appears in many other Avataric visions and dreams: in Ben's and Brother Justin's common recurring dreams

    chasing Henry Scudder in a cornfield, in Ben's microsleep-like visions, in Sofie's visions of the rape of her mother,

    and in an extended vision of Brother Justin foreshadowing his dark future. Ben encounters a little boy with a similar

    tree painted to his chest and back late in Season 1. [52] Brother Justin finds this tree grown on a hill early in Season

    2,[45] which prompts him to get his chest and back tattooed accordingly. [42] The tree is also depicted in the show's

    Gospel of Matthias book, in a painting at the Templar Hall in Loving, New Mexico, and on many images in the room

    of Templar chaplain Kerrigan. [42] Management and Wilfred Talbot Smith imply the tree's significance for the

    resolution of Carnivle .[29][30]

    Show creator Daniel Knauf stated that the tree in Carnivle is the iconic Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the

    Garden of Eden. [53] Its implied meaning and power prompted him to place it on the Tattooed Man's chest because

    "this is where you will build your empire. This is what it all boils down, [...] and it just had a certain power." [53]

    Played by Don Swayze, the Tattooed Man is often depicted without a focus on his face, although a few frames in the

    pilot episode show him played by Clancy Brown (Brother Justin). [16] Knauf confirmed the Tattooed Man as the

    spiritual representation of the Usher of Destruction. [16]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Swayzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_of_Edenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_Knowledge_of_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borgiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasputinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlad_the_Impalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caligulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catatonic
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    Mythology of Carnivle 6

    Historical and cultural allusions

    Dust Bowl

    Dust storm in the Texas DustBowl, 1935.

    "Drought and pestilence fester in the very heart of this great land. Titanic sandstorms, the likes of which man has not seen since the

    day of the prophets. I ask myself, what are these things?"

    Brother Justin Crowe in "Milfay"

    The story of Carnivle takes place in the mid-1930s during the worst of the Great Depression, a time of massive

    social and political upheaval. Unemployment rates were high, and European fascism was on the rise, in the years

    leading up to the Second World War. People in the Great Plains suffered from the effects of the Dust Bowl. Farmers

    often not only ran into debt and lost their properties but also risked their health; dust pneumonia was a common

    cause of death. [54]

    Carnivle is a retrospective interpretation of these times. Okie Ben loses his m other and his farm to the dust when a

    carnival picks him up. While the carnival travels throughout the Southwestern United States, California preacher

    Brother Justin tends to the needs of Dust Bowl refugees, who slowly become his biggest supporters. Although

    Carnivle replaces the real sociological-scientific reasons for the drought conditions with fantasy elements and the

    presence of the Devil, it still addresses the Dust Bowl situation repeatedly. Samson's catch phrases are variations of

    "Let's shake some dust!" The episode "Black Blizzard" focuses on Ben and the carnival coping with a major dust

    storm. Rain only occurs twice in the show. The first occurrence is when Ben and Sofie copulate; the writers wanted

    to highlight that Avataric sex "affects the heavens". The second is when Brother Justin forcibly takes the Boon from

    Henry Scudder in the episode "Cheyenne, WY". [53][54][55]

    Religion

    A major part of Carnivle 's story is religion. [56] Samson's prologue in the pilot episode is based on a few

    introduction paragraphs on the Pitch Document's cover sheet that were initially not planned to be performed . [57] But

    whereas Samson's prologue only shortly mentions the Genesis creation narrative before introducing the fictional

    mythology, the original segment put more emphasis on the battle between God and Satan:

    "Before the Beginning, after the great celestial war that rocked the very foundation of Heaven and Hell,God and Satan established an uneasy truce. Never again would they face each other in direct

    confrontation. So God created the Earth, inhabiting it with the crafty ape he called Man. And henceforth,

    to each generation was born a creature of Light and a creature of Darkness, and they would gather to

    them men of ilk nature and thus, by proxy, carry on the war between Good and Evil." [11]

    Show creator Daniel Knauf believed Carnivle 's religious aspects stemmed from the epic of good and evil as a major

    fabric of the 1930s, [5][58] while executive producer Ronald D. Moore regarded religion as a way to express the

    struggle of good versus evil, faith, and the nature of man. [58] Neither the audience nor the actors were given advice

    on how to interpret the show's biblical imagery. Clancy Brown, the actor who portrayed Brother Justin, did not know

    whether his character was the Creature of Light or Darkness during the first season. He however thought that the

    visions made Brother Justin believe to be on a righteous mission of God until late in the first season. Compared to

    Brother Justin, Brown stated he practiced religion in moderate ways. [5][6]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_D._Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genesis_creation_narrativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveling_carnivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodes%23Season_1_%282003%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brother_Justin_Crowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADust-storm-Texas-1935.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_storm
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    Daniel Knauf felt that Brother Justin shares patterns with certain religious leaders who were often persecuted for

    their delusional visions. Historical figures like Father Coughlin, Aimee Semple McPherson and Brigham Young

    served as inspiration, [26] although the writers refrained from re-telling their particular stories. [58] Daniel Knauf

    originally thought of making Brother Justin a Protestant minister, but when the producers needed to decide on a

    specific religious affiliation, Knauf contested their plans to make him a Catholic priest. [59] Knauf, a Catholic

    himself, [5][60] settled on the Methodist denomination, which he perceived as significantly less clichd, suspicious or

    controversial. [59] When asked whether God had influenced him to write the story, Knauf replied no. [5]

    Carnivle relies on other religious symbols and parallels for its mythology. The National Shrine of the Little Flower,

    funded by Father Coughlin in the 1930s, was an inspiration for the temple in Brother Justin's vision in the episode

    "Los Moscos". This vision foreshadows the world that Justin will potentially build as he comes to power as a radio

    preacher. The producers planned to use radio towers instead of regular steeples for the temple; the design also

    incorporated Eastern European domes and Western European cathedrals. In the same vision, the Tattooed Man

    appears near a tree that resembles the iconic Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and implies that Justin is the

    Usher . According to Knauf, the Usher represents a "timeless character who shows up in all different cultures", [26]

    and who is "there to usher in the Armageddon" [26] as "the harbinger of End times". [12]

    Knights Templar

    The Knights Templar symbol in

    Carnivle .

    Carnivle introduces the Knights Templar, a medieval Christian military order, in

    the late Season 1 episode "Lonnigan, TX", where Ben meets the freak finder

    Boffo Phineas. When Ben comes in contact with Boffo's ring, he experiences a

    powerful series of visions of the Knights Templar practicing rituals, putting heads

    on spikes, and being burned at the stake. The ring bears a red-crossed symbol, and

    when Samson passes a trinket with the same symbol to Lodz, the mentalist has the

    same visions as Ben and falls to the floor chanting "in hoc signo vinces" ("in this

    sign you will conquer"). The Knights Templar remain a recurring subplot until

    Ben discovers the symbol's significance in early Season 2. The Lodge of the

    Benevolent Order of Templar has its last appearance in the mid-Season-2 episode

    "Old Cherry Blossom Road", where the escaped convict Varlyn Stroud uses it to

    track Ben. When Wilfred Talbot Smith asks for the location of the Saunire

    manuscript late in Season 2, Scudder answers that it is hidden in

    Rennes-le-Chteau. [61]

    Despite being of only tangential importance to the series' two seasons, the Knights Templar have an elaborate

    backstory that was left untold due to the cancellation. The Pitch Document described the fictional Order, then simply

    called the "Order Templar", as a fraternity of fellow travelers that was once charged by the Roman Catholic Church

    with locating and aiding the Avatars. [11] Knauf said both Henry Scudder and his father Hilton were members of theTemplars; Scudder was so because he wanted access to their knowledge and library. [9][15] The Saunire manuscript

    would have been "mildly relevant" for the future storyline. [62]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rennes-le-Ch%C3%A2teauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauni%C3%A8rehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_hoc_signo_vinceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Execution_by_burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACarnivale_Knights_Templar_Symbol.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armageddonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_Knowledge_of_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_%28Christianity%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigham_Younghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aimee_Semple_McPhersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Coughlin
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    Trinity

    The real Trinity tower.

    The Season 2 episode "Los Moscos" has Management urge Ben to

    seek Scudder; Ben needs to learn the name of the preacher of his

    dreams (Brother Justin) to prevent a future catastrophe. An

    induced vision transports Ben into a desert where he suddenly

    hears an alarm-like noise. A massive explosion occurs, followedby a rising mushroom cloud. When Ben opens his eyes from the

    blast of dust, Justin kneels in front of him and asks "Ye offspring

    of serpents, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?" [45]

    Ben drives past this location one episode later in "Alamogordo,

    NM". [42] In a shared vision in the episode "Creed, OK", Ben and

    Sofie kiss in a desert, surrounded by bright light and swirling

    dust. [63] Season 2 takes place in 1935.

    Reviews interpreted these visions as Ben's challenge to find and

    defeat Brother Justin; Ben has to ultimately stop the creation of theatomic bomb as "the world's march towards doomsday." [32][64]

    The Season 1 prologue already suggested this interpretation,

    mentioning "a false sun explod[ing] over Trinity," at which point

    "man forever traded away wonder for reason." [65] The Trinity test

    near Alamogordo, New Mexico was humankind's first test of a nuclear weapon in 1945, and Daniel Knauf would

    have finished Carnivle 's six year run with the explosion of an atomic bomb as the beginning of the "Age of

    Reason". [58][66] Still, Knauf's story is "not about the deployment of the bomb, it's more about the invention of the

    bomb," with the focus "around Alamogordo and the Trinity test site rather than Hiroshima and Nagasaki." [67] Much

    research was put into the visual effects of the explosion. Stock footage of the first beats of nuclear explosions and a

    self-created explosion of 300 gallons of gasoline were used for reference. The ground effects and blowing dust werecreated with combinations of volumetric computer graphics smoke, and the fireball of the nuclear explosion was

    built from Hubble images of the Sun. [67] Knauf left the interpretation of the kiss vision open to both the characters

    and the audience. [68]

    Tarot divination

    The tarot readings of fortunetellers Sofie and her mother Apollonia advance the plot significantly. [69] Sofie's

    readings in the pilot episode induce visions in Ben that give insight into his healing powers of his childhood. [19]

    Season 2 shows Sofie's attempts to leave her former job, which is repeatedly interrupted by tarot cards reappearing.

    Another of her readings sets Ben on a journey to Scudder, the man he has been looking for since the beginning of the

    series. [63][70]

    When incorporating tarot symbolism into the show, show creator Daniel Knauf started with the Rider-Waite tarot

    deck and then took liberties in interpretation. [68] The same deck was used in the series and in several web games, as

    tarot divination played a significant part in Carnivle 's online marketing. The producers had wished to provide a

    "personalized, interactive tarot-card reading experience similar to what is depicted in the series". [56] The official

    HBO website collaborated with RealNetworks to offer Fate: The Carnivle Game , a downloadable game based on

    tarot symbolism available for trial and purchase. [71]

    Carnivle 's opening title sequence features tarot cards that are panned in and out of in camera perspective; these

    cards were digitally designed based on paintings and are not available for purchase. As the creative team behind the

    opening titles stated, it was their goal "to create a title sequence that grounded viewers in the mid-1930s, but that alsoallowed people to feel a larger presence of good and evil over all of time." [69][72] The creators offered a detailed

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0le%23Opening_title_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RealNetworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rider-Waite_tarot_deckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rider-Waite_tarot_deckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarot_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATrinity_tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_test
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    interpretation of the tarot cards in the opening titles, and covered topics like good and bad, heaven and hell, wars,

    and the age of science as the antireligion in the 1930s. The following list specifies the tarot cards featured in the

    opening sequence, the provided keywords and the used artwork. [7]

    "The World" Completion. Perfection. Eternal life. The Last Judgment by Michelangelo.

    "Ace of Swords" Ardent love. Ardent hate. A vanquisher is born. Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Dor.

    "Death" Transition. Change. Death. The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Brullov. "King of Swords" A powerful commander. A wise counselor. A judge. St. Michael Victorious by Raphael.

    "Temperance" Moderation. Balance. Harmony. The Peasant Dance by Pieter Bruegel.

    "The Magician" Originality. Confidence. Skill. Crucifixion by Josse Lieferinxe.

    "The Tower" Sudden change. Disruption. Downfall. The Battle between the Romans and the Carthaginians

    by Jean Fouquet.

    "Judgement" Renewal. Rebirth.

    "The Moon" Deception. Disillusionment.

    "The Sun" Success. Joy. Creation of the Sun and Moon by Michelangelo.

    Reception, interpretation and legacyExecutive producer Ronald D. Moore was confident that Carnivle was one of the most complicated shows on

    television, [73] while show creator Daniel Knauf admitted that "you may not understand everything that goes on but it

    does make a certain sense." [54] In stating that Carnivle was meant to be a demanding show with a lot of subtext,

    Knauf refrained from giving explicit clues. He did not wish his intent as an author to supersede the viewer's

    interpretation. [8][28]

    Interpretations during the run of Carnivle

    "If Carnivle asks a central question, it's this: What is the link between Hawkins and Crowe, and what do their dreams have to do

    with reality? Are these visions of the future, residue of the past, or an allegory for the present? [...] I found myself desperatelywishing that [Michael J. Anderson (Samson) would start speaking backwards again], partly because then at least something in

    Carnivle would make a little sense."

    Dennis Cass of Slate in reviewing the first two episodes [74]

    Reviewers of the first three episodes interpreted Carnivle 's story as being full of myth and allegory. The show was

    seen as more than just a human-scaled metaphor of good and evil, with the power of spirits as one of the show's

    strongest elements. [1][2][75] Some reviewers were deeply confused and described almost everything as "mysterious"

    the characters and their powers and abilities, characters and scenarios within visions, the whole carnival

    wondering how it all fit together. [32] The visions of the two main characters were shortly addressed, [32]

    distinguishing between violent and benign visions, [75] but parallels between the visions and the beings of good and

    evil were not necessarily drawn. The characters' stories were described as unfolding in "zig-zagging starts, moving

    back and forth in time and space, dropping oblique clues along the way." [2]

    Carnivle 's central premise was considered "cloudy", "unconventional", and filled with "convoluted symbolic

    interpretations of historical events" after Daniel Knauf had told TV critics that he regarded the 1930s as "the last

    great age of magic" being ended by an atomic bomb to herald the Age of Reason. [32] Many reviews quoted and

    commented on Samson's prologue to explain both the apocalyptic premise and the mythology of the show. [1][2][3]

    Some reviews asserted that the good and evil creatures described in the prologue were Ben and Justin, preparing for

    a final battle. [1][3] Still, many reviews were reluctant to state who of the main characters was good and who was

    evil, [1][3] aware that it might take some time until this question was answered for sure. [3] Ben and his healing powers

    led most reviewers to believe that he was the good creature, [2] and that Justin was a demon or at least a dangerous

    zealot who received instructions from either God or Satan. [1][32] Some reviews described the question of Ben's

    parentage as one of the big puzzles and the show's driving mystery, [1][32] but refrained from defining further details

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slate_%28magazine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_from_Another_Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_D._Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_and_Moon_creation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moon_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judgement_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fouquethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Battle_between_the_Romans_and_the_Carthaginians.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tower_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josse_Lieferinxehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crucifixion_by_Josse_Lieferinxe_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magician_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._014.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperance_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sanmichele_satana_raffaello.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Swordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Brullovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Day_of_Pompeiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Dor%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Destruction_of_Leviathan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ace_of_Swordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World_%28Tarot_card%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antireligionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_and_bad
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    of the series. The lack of revelation of the characters' roles was apparent by the end of the first season, although

    critics expected Sofie to gain significance later in the story. [76]

    DVD reviews for Season 1 and previews for the Season 2 premiere had the advantage of retrospective on the first

    season, and some reviewers continued to consider the show's mythology convoluted, circuitous, "peek-a-boo" and

    silly. [32][64] The significance of the prologue was emphasized again, [65][77] while previous reviewers' character

    descriptions, the good-versus-evil theme and the assumed story merge wer e generall y repeated. The good nature of Ben and evil nature of Brother Justin seemed clearer to most reviewers, [77] [78] with "many bizarre coincidences that

    seem to imply a deeper and more sinister connection" between the two main characters. [79] Visions were summarized

    as disturbing and grotesque, [60][80] dreams as cryptic and mysterious, and abilities as unexplainable. [65][81] Henry

    Scudder was noted to be "connected to everything and everyone", [65] and it was considered Ben's job to piece

    together the mystery of his own past. [80] The events of early Season 2 were said to mark a shift in the story from

    mystery to journey, with Ben accepting and exploring his powers, while Brother Justin was seen completely

    embracing his evil nature. [82][83] Reviewers regarded Sofie's turn in the final episode as an unexpected new threat in

    the story. [64]

    Reception and analysis of themesCarnivle was often compared to David Lynch's 1990s mystery TV series Twin Peaks and John Steinbeck's 19 39

    novel The Grapes of Wrath .[58][84][85] Matt Roush of TV Guide called Carnivle "the perfect show for those who

    thought Twin Peaks was too accessible", [86] whereas the show reminded Salon.com's He ather Havrilesky of the

    "disappointment you feel as a kid when you come to the last few pages of The Grapes of Wrath ."[84] She argued that

    a "surreal Twin Peaks -style shockfest [...] hardly bears repeating," especially if it "avoid[s] the 'hugging and learning'

    of mainstream television [by serving up] such a steady diet of anguish and dashed hopes that viewers refuse to take

    the risk of making an emotional connection." [84] Carnivle , as The Australian stated, "seems to have been conceived

    in essentially literary terms" which "can sometimes work on the page but is deadly on the large screen, let alone a

    small one. It's almost like a biblical injunction against pretension on television." [87] A reviewer admitted his

    temptation to dismiss the first season of Carnivle as "too artsy and esoteric" because his lack of involvement

    prevented him from understanding "what the heck was going on, [which] can be a problem for a dramatic television

    series." [88] TV Zone however considered Carnivle "a series like no other and [...] the fact that it is so open to

    interpretation surprisingly proves to be one of its greatest strengths." [76] Carnivle was lauded for showing "the

    hopelessness of the Great Depression to life" [84] and for being among the first TV shows to show "unmitigated pain

    and disappointment", [84] but reviewers were not confident that viewers would find the "slowly unfolding sadness" [84]

    appealing over long or would have the patience or endurance to find out the meaning of the show. [78][84]

    Fate and legacy of the mythological storytelling of Carnivle

    Viewership did drop significantly in Season 2, and Carnivle was cancelled in 2005 after two of six planned seasons.

    In a post-cancellation interview, Daniel Knauf was positive that someone would let him finish his story someday, if

    not as a television series, then possibly as a series of features or graphic novels. Knauf approached Marvel Comics to

    continue the future Carnivle storyline that he had kept to himself. They s eemed int erested, but HBO, who own the

    show and the characters, would not confer their rights. [89][90] During the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike,

    Knauf stated that "an idiosyncratic show like Carnivle would never be greenlit today," and claimed that present-day

    television included a high percentage of "talking heads" with "the vast majority of television writers [not being]

    visual storytellers." [91] Enjoying his creative freedom as graphic storyteller, he has considered directing his efforts

    away from television series creation. [91] Meanwhile, the mythology of Carnivle remains in the public conscience.

    In 2008, Alessandra Stanley of the Australian newspaper The Age remembered Carnivle as a "smart, ambitious

    series that move[s] unusual characters around an unfamiliar setting imaginatively,"[92]

    while A.V. Club called theshow "a fantastically rich series with a frustratingly dense mythology". [93]

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    References[1] Gilbert, Matthew (September 12, 2003). "'Carnivale' atmosphere gets lost in pretentious new HBO series" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/

    globe/ living/ articles/ 2003/ 09/ 12/ carnivale_atmosphere_gets_lost_in_pretentious_new_hbo_series). boston.com. . Retrieved 2007-08-29.

    [2] Stanley, Alessandra (September 12, 2003). "TV WEEKEND; Carnies, Dust Bowl, Apocalypse" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.

    html?res=9407E3DF103BF931A2575AC0A9659C8B63). nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.

    [3] Poniewozik, James (September 7, 2003). "HBO's Cirque du So-So" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,483299,00.

    html). time.com. . Retrieved 2007-07-31.[4] "Clancy Brown" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ behind/ clancy_brown. shtml). hbo.com. . Retrieved 2007-10-17.

    [5] Loh, Sherwin (October 9, 2004). "Circus Of Life" (http:/ / www. themidway. org/ articles/ 20041009-1. html). The Straits Times - Singapore.

    . Retrieved 2007-10-20.

    [6] Mahadevan, Jeremy (October 10, 2004). "Come Join The Carnivale" (http:/ / www. themidway. org/ reviews/ 20041010-01. html). Asia

    Africa Intelligence Wire. . Retrieved 2007-10-20.

    [7] "Carnivle Opening Credits" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ behind/ credits/ index. html). hbo.com. . Retrieved 2007-08-12.

    [8] Callaghan, Dylan (2005). "In the Ring with Good and Evil" (http:/ / www. wga. org/ subpage. aspx?id=553). wga.org. . Retrieved

    2007-09-17.

    [9] Chat with Daniel Knauf (April 18, 2005). Summarized (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 18955) and archived

    in parts (http:/ / tv.groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 18967) at Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). Retrieved

    on 2007-08-01.

    [10] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (June 14, 2007). "Re: Dark Avatars not being the aggressor" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/

    message/ 33015). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-08-02.

    [11] Pitch Document (CARNIVALE Backstory and Mythology.doc) and character biographies (CHARACTER BIOS TEXT ONLY.doc) at

    Yahoo Carnivale HBO Files (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ files/ ) (registration required) (July 1, 2007). Character

    biographies previously auctioned at the Clancy Brown Fan Club Charity Auction (http:/ / cbfccharityauction. blogspot. com/ ) (May 16 30,

    2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-05.

    [12] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (February 22, 2005). "Re: Prophet, Prince, Usher" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/

    12275). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-07-28.

    [13] ""One More Look, Behind the Curtain" Daniel Knauf" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ behind/ daniel_knauf2. shtml). hbo.com. .

    Retrieved 2007-08-11.

    [14] Cox, Ana Marie (January 19, 2004). "Dust Bowl Passion Play" (http:/ / www. themidway. org/ reviews/ 20040119-01. html). In These

    Times. . Retrieved 2007-11-29.

    [15] "Dan Knauf chats live March 1, 2005" (http:/ / www. mooncross. net/ carnivale/ transcripts/ chat_knauf. html). mooncross.net. March 1,

    2005. . Retrieved 2007-08-30.[16] Blighton, Beth (February 15, 2005). "Dan Knauf Interview" (http:/ / www. carnycon. com/ bally/ dan. html). carnycon.com. . Retrieved

    2007-08-02.

    [17] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (March 15, 2005). "Re: Why no reaction from Ben?" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/

    message/ 15665). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-08-18.

    [18] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (April 19, 2005). "Re: Carnivale season 2" (http:/ / boards. hbo. com/ thread. jspa?threadID=threadID=300000617&

    messageID=600094669#600094669). HBO Forums Carnivle. . Retrieved 2007-08-01.

    [19] Rodrigo Garca (2003-09-14). "Milfay". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 1. HBO.

    [20] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (March 23, 2005). "Re: Power transfers?" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 16463).

    Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-07-28.

    [21] Chat with Daniel Knauf. carnycon.com (offline) (February 20, 2005). Archived in parts at Yahoo Carnivale HBO (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo.

    com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 11906) (registration required). Retrieved on 2007-07-28.

    [22] Michael Strang (2006). Carnivle: Complete Season 2 "Magic & Myth" (DVD). HBO Home Video. (Based on Daniel Knauf's note onYahoo Carnivale HBO via Beth Blighton (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 15046) from March 10, 2005

    (registration required)).

    [23] Jeremy Podeswa (2005-01-09). "Los Moscos". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 1. HBO.

    Wilfred Talbot Smith: "You bleed like a man. He is still alive. [...] By the hand of the Prince, the Prophet dies. Upon his death, the Prince

    shall rise. [...] The Gospel of Matthias. Chapter 3, verses 26 through 28. [...] You have to kill him with your own hands... Henry Scudder."

    / Brother Justin: "Then what?" / Smith: "You'll be the prophet. The Usher. [...] Kill him [Scudder], and you will receive the divine

    blood."

    [24] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (June 10, 2007). "Re: even more Carnivale Questions" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/

    message/ 32913). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-08-01.

    [25] Todd Field (2005-03-13). "Cheyenne, WY". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 10. HBO.

    Wilfred Talbot Smith (to Brother Justin about Henry Scudder): "His mind must be clear during the passing. If he is impaired or

    delusional, the result would be disastrous. [...] Madness, or even death. [...] The only way to receive the full measure of the boon is if it'sfreely granted, in sound mind, by the prophet. [...] He [Scudder] would have no choice if you took him by surprise. [...] You must take the

    boon by force. [...] But if you hesitate, he may escape, and the boon will forever be lost to you."

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Fieldhttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/32913http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/32913http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/15046http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HBO_Home_Videohttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/11906http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/11906http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/16463http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29http://boards.hbo.com/thread.jspa?threadID=threadID=300000617&messageID=600094669#600094669http://boards.hbo.com/thread.jspa?threadID=threadID=300000617&messageID=600094669#600094669http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/15665http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/15665http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://www.carnycon.com/bally/dan.htmlhttp://www.mooncross.net/carnivale/transcripts/chat_knauf.htmlhttp://www.themidway.org/reviews/20040119-01.htmlhttp://www.hbo.com/carnivale/behind/daniel_knauf2.shtmlhttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/12275http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/12275http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://cbfccharityauction.blogspot.com/http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/files/http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/33015http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/33015http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/18967http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/18955http://www.wga.org/subpage.aspx?id=553http://www.hbo.com/carnivale/behind/credits/index.htmlhttp://www.themidway.org/reviews/20041010-01.htmlhttp://www.themidway.org/articles/20041009-1.htmlhttp://www.hbo.com/carnivale/behind/clancy_brown.shtmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,483299,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,483299,00.htmlhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E3DF103BF931A2575AC0A9659C8B63http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E3DF103BF931A2575AC0A9659C8B63http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2003/09/12/carnivale_atmosphere_gets_lost_in_pretentious_new_hbo_serieshttp://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2003/09/12/carnivale_atmosphere_gets_lost_in_pretentious_new_hbo_series
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    [26] "Creating the Scene Justin's Vision" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ behind/ creating_the_scene/ index. html). hbo.com. . Retrieved

    2007-09-29.

    [27] Jack Bender (2005-01-16). "Alamogordo, NM". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 2. HBO.

    Management: "You have seen the Usher. The tattooed man. [...] Samhain, Necrotus, Khaybet, Lord of Shadows. A thousand names in a

    thousand books, but they all mean the same. The Usher of Destruction."

    [28] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (March 2, 2005). "Re: the fetus revisited (my take)" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/

    13714). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-08-02.

    [29] Tim Hunter (2005-02-27). "Outskirts, Damascus, NE". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 8. HBO.

    Wilfred Talbot Smith: "Your enemy has received his boon. [...] What concerns me more is this business you mentioned with the knife.

    '[From The Gospel of Matthias:] Anointed dagger, plunge thee deep.'" / Brother Justin: "'Anointed'?" / Smith: "Infused with Avataric

    blood. If he has it in his possession along with the boon, he not only has the strength, but the means to destroy you."

    [30] Tim Hunter (2005-02-27). "Outskirts, Damascus, NE". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 8. HBO.

    Belyakov (to Ben in a vision): "Behold the Usher. A dark heart dwells where branches meet. Anointed dagger plunge thee deep."

    [31] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (April 18, 2005). "Re: Carnivale season 2" (http:/ / boards. hbo. com/ topic/ Carnivale-Archives/ Carnivale-Season-2/

    300000617?start=14220& #msg600090957). HBO Forums Carnivle. . Retrieved 2007-08-01.

    [32] Flynn, Gillian (January 26, 2005). "TV Review Carnivale (2003)" (http:/ / www. ew. com/ ew/ article/ 0,,1021106,00. html). ew.com. .

    Retrieved 2007-09-11.

    [33] Scott Winant (2003-11-02). "Lonnigan, Texas". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 8. HBO.

    Jack Bender (2003-11-09). "Insomnia". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 9. HBO.

    [34] Jeremy Podeswa (2003-09-21). "After the Ball is Over". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 2. HBO.

    Waitress (to Ben and Brother Justin in a shared dream): "Every prophet in his house."

    Jeremy Podeswa (2003-11-16). "Hot and Bothered". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 10. HBO.

    Templar (to Sofie): "Every prophet in her house."

    Tucker Gates (2005-02-13). "The Road to Damascus". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 6. HBO.

    Child Sofie (to Sofie in a vision): "Every prophet in her house."

    Scott Winant (2005-03-27). "New Canaan". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 12. HBO.

    Black-eyed Sofie (to Sofie in a vision): "This is your house."

    [35] Tim Hunter (2003-10-12). "Babylon". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 5. HBO.

    [36] Rodrigo Garca (2003-11-30). "The Day that was the Day". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 12. HBO.

    [37] Jeremy Podeswa (2005-01-09). "Los Moscos". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 1. HBO.

    Wilfred Talbot Smith (reading ancient text): "And that you know he is true by his words, the Usher will declare..." / Brother Justin (on

    the radio): "The greatest Commandment, brothers and sisters, is... " / Smith and Brother Justin (in unison): "Thou shalt be strong."

    Brother Justin (hearing his own voice in a vision when the Tattooed Man cuts his own hand revealing blue blood): "He is the Usher."

    Smith: "I'm here for the Usher." / Brother Justin: "What?" / Smith: "The Usher?"

    [38] Tim Hunter (2005-02-27). "Outskirts, Damascus, NE". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 8. HBO.

    Ben: "'By the hand of the Prince, the Prophet dies. Upon his death, the Prince shall rise.' The Prince, that's me. Management was the

    Prophet. It's all in this book. He needed me to kill him. [...] When I killed him, everything he was, everything he knew, everything he

    believed, he gave it to me. He had to. He knew that was the only chance I had against the Usher." / Samson: "The Usher?" / Ben: "Alexei

    Belyakov, his son."

    [39] Rodrigo Garca (2005-03-06). "Lincoln Highway". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 9. HBO.

    Written with lipstick across a mirror by Ruthie (possessed by Lodz): "Sofie is the Omega -L"

    [40] Scott Winant (2005-03-27). "New Canaan". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 12. HBO.

    [41] Jeremy Podeswa (2005-01-09). "Los Moscos". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 1. HBO.

    Written inside the Gospel of Matthias: "Benevolent Order of Templar Chapter 106 Loving, New Mexico Robert Morgan; James

    Parks; Carlton Smith; Eugene Shoben; Gregory Austin; Henry Scudder."

    Templar Frank Mooney: "They showed up one day, him [Scudder] and another fella. [...] Ten, twelve years ago. [...] Scudder, he got real

    cozy with our chaplain, Kerrigan. And he stole some books out of our library. [...] Holy books, Gospels. And then they lit out."

    [42] Jack Bender (2005-01-16). "Alamogordo, NM". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 2. HBO.

    [43] Tim Hunter (2005-02-27). "Outskirts, Damascus, NE". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 8. HBO.

    [44] Todd Field (2005-03-13). "Cheyenne, WY". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 10. HBO.

    [45] Jeremy Podeswa (2005-01-09). "Los Moscos". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 1. HBO.

    [46] Rodrigo Garca (2005-03-06). "Lincoln Highway". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 9. HBO.

    [47] Dan Lerner (2005-03-20). "Outside New Canaan". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 11. HBO.

    [48] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (March 23, 2005). "Re: Power transfers?" (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/ CarnivaleHBO/ message/ 16517).

    Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-08-31.

    http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/16517http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Lernerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hunter_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Benderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Winanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hunter_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hunter_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Winanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tucker_Gateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Podeswahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Benderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Winanthttp://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1021106,00.htmlhttp://boards.hbo.com/topic/Carnivale-Archives/Carnivale-Season-2/300000617?start=14220msg600090957http://boards.hbo.com/topic/Carnivale-Archives/Carnivale-Season-2/300000617?start=14220msg600090957http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hunter_%28director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hunter_%28director%29http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/13714http://tv.groups.yahoo.com/group/CarnivaleHBO/message/13714http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Knaufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniv%C3%A0lehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Carniv%C3%A0le_episodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Benderhttp://www.hbo.com/carnivale/behind/creating_the_scene/index.html
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    [49] "Ben Hawkins Played by Nick Stahl" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ cast/ character/ ben_hawkins. shtml). hbo.com. . Retrieved

    2007-08-18.

    [50] Steve Shill (2005-01-30). "Old Cherry Blossom Road". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 4. HBO.

    [51] "Apollonia Played by Diane Salinger" (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ cast/ character/ apollonia. shtml). hbo.com. . Retrieved

    2007-08-18.

    [52] John Patterson (2003-11-23). "Day of the Dead". Carnivle . Season 1. Episode 11. HBO.

    [53] Daniel Knauf (2006). Carnivle: Complete Season 2 "Magic & Myth" (DVD). HBO Home Video.

    [54] Carnivle: Complete Season 1 "Making of Carnivle" (DVD). HBO Home Video. 2004 .[55] Dehnart, Andy (January 6, 2005). "'Carnivale' Returns Please Let There Be A Plot" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 6746712/ ).

    MSNBC. . Retrieved 2007-01-02. List of Carny lingo (http:/ / www. hbo. com/ carnivale/ lingo/ episode01. shtml) at hbo.com. Retrieved

    2007-10-07.

    [56] Wallenstein, Andrew (August 15, 2003). "Marketing HBO's 'Carnivale'" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071013115814/ http:/ /

    hollywoodreporter.com/ hr/ search/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1956696). ho llywoodreporter.com. Archived from the original (http:/

    / www. hollywoodreporter. com/ hr/ search/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1956696) on 2007-10-13. . Retrieved 2007-08-05.

    [57] Daniel Knauf, Howard Klein, Rodrigo Garca (2004). Carnivle: Complete Season 1 "Milfay" audio commentary (DVD). HBO HomeVideo.

    [58] Summer 2003 Cable TCA Press Tour (July 10, 2003). Transcript at centimes.demon.co.uk (http:/ / www. centimes. demon. co. uk/

    Fragments/ carnivaletcatranscript. html). Retrieved on 2007-08-11.

    [59] Knauf, Daniel (fboffo) (July 14, 2006). "Re: Stray thoughts on HBO's meddling, etc." (http:/ / tv. groups. yahoo. com/ group/

    CarnivaleHBO/

    message/

    29014). Yahoo Carnivale HBO (registration required). . Retrieved 2007-07-28.[60] Tuohy, Wendy (December 16, 2004). "Freaking hell" (http:/ / www. theage. com. au/ news/ TV--Radio/ Freaking-hell/ 2004/ 12/ 14/

    1102787083353. html). theage.com.au. . Retrieved 2007-08-17.

    [61] Todd Field (2005-03-13). "Cheyenne, WY". Carnivle . Season 2. Episode 10. HBO.

    Wilfred Talbot Smith: "Henry, I spoke with Bennington. He says you have the Saunire manuscript. Where is it? Where? [...]" / Henry

    Scudder: "The priory, behind the sacristy." / Smith: "Where?" / Scudder: "Rennes-le-Chteau."

    [62] "Highlights from the Dan Knauf Chat" (http:/ / www. savecarnivale. org/ html/ carniecast_knauf. htm). savecarnivale.org. September 11,

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