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Civics & Economics
MONSTER Review Packet!
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GOAL 1 – Colonial America MONSTER REVIEW!
Colonies
New England Region – MA, NH, CT, RI, triangle trade, middle passage, Puritan (Mass Bay Colony),City on a Hill – John Winthrop, Pilgrim (Plymouth), Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (RI) - religious dissenters, New England Town Meetings – direct democracy
Middle Region – NY, DE, NJ, PA, William Penn – Quakers, trade, farming, bread basket Southern Region – MD, VA, NC, SC, GA, cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo,), large plantations, indentured servant &
slave labor, John Smith – Jamestown, James Oglethorpe – founded Georgia as a debtors colony, Maryland Toleration Act
Foundational Events and Documents Magna Carta (1215) – Limited government, taxation requires consent Bacon’s Rebellion – settlers in western Virginia rebel against government, showed frustration over governmental
control by wealthy planters, displayed willingness to rebel against an oppressive government Mayflower Compact (1620) – Established the concept of self-government (popular sovereignty) Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)– First representative legislative body in the colonies Maryland Toleration Act – Religious freedom for Christians, including Catholics Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – First written constitution in the colonies English Bill of Rights – Established established protection of rights of the accused John Peter Zenger Case (1735) – Established idea of freedom of the press Great Awakening – Development of religious ideas other than the Church of England, growth of American Identity Albany Plan of Union (1755) – Ben Franklin’s attempt to unite colonies for common defense, American Identity
Road to the Revolution Salutary neglect – English policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations Mercantilism – Exploitation of colonies for the benefit of the mother country, trade restrictions were placed on
the colonies by Great Britain French and Indian War – Colonies & Great Britain vs. French & Indians, dispute over Ohio Valley territory
o major significance= war debt caused salutary neglect to end! Series of taxes and declarations imposed by Great Britain = Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act (Boston
Massacre), Declaratory Act, Tea Act (Boston Tea Party), Intolerable (Coercive) Actso major significance = resulted in growing colonist discontent
Common Sense – written by Thomas Paine, advocated that colonies should declare independence Declaration of Independence (1776) – primary author = ThomasJefferson
o uses John Locke’s ideas of natural rights & “Social Contract Theory” to justify separation from EnglandAfter the Revolution
Treaty of Paris (1783) – ended Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation – first government after the Rev. War. Majorweaknesses of Articles of Confederation included = no national courts, no Congressional power to levy
taxes, difficult to change, no regulation of trade, no enforcement of laws passed, no national currency Only positive outcomes of Articles of Confederation:
o Land Ordinance (1785) – organized western land into townships, 1st governmental aid toward public educationo Northwest Ordinance (1787) – Outlined steps for statehood
Shay’s Rebellion – revealed the weaknesses of the Articles, led by outraged farmersConstitutional Convention
Delegates originally met to revise the Articles of Confederation Major Compromises:
o Virginia and New Jersey Plans – resulted in the Great Compromise large states satisfied by House of Representatives and small states by Senate
o 3/5 Compromise – Slaves = 3/5 of a person for the purpose of representation.o Other conflicting issues: tax on exports, slave trade regulations, presidential elections (Electoral College)
Federalist vs. Anti-federalist Federalists- favored a strong federal govt., supported Constitution, Madison, Hamilton, John Jay wrote the
Federalists Papers to encourage ratification of the Constitution Anti-Federalists – feared strong federal govt., opposed the Constitution, supported states rights, wanted the Bill
of Rights, George Mason, John Hancock, Patrick Henry Constitution ratified after Bill of Rights were added
GOAL 1 – Review Questions
1. What was the first document in the colonies to establish the concept of self-government?
2. What was the first permanent English colony in the New World? What was the purpose of this settlement?
3. What groups settled in the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay areas? What was the purpose of these settlements?
4. Which colony was set up as a debtors’ colony?
5. Which region of colonies was known as the “Bread-Basket” Colonies?
6. What was the first written constitution in the colonies?
7. What document allowed religious freedom to all Christians, including Catholics?
8. What document limited the power of the English monarch in 1215?
9. What was the first representative assembly in the colonies?
10. What colonial case established freedom of the press?
11. What is meant by salutary neglect? Did the colonists like this idea?
12. How did Britain’s practice of salutary neglect encourage the growth of an American Identity?
13. What conflict led to the end of salutary neglect?
14. England placed trade restrictions on the colonies. England benefited from these trade restrictions. This describes what economic theory?
15. What are John Locke’s natural rights?
16. John Locke believed that man’s natural state is free but man chooses to form a government to protect his property. What theory does this describe?
17. What did Thomas Paine encourage in his pamphlet, Common Sense?
18. Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence?
19. What was the first government after the Revolutionary War?
20. What rebellion was led by farmers in Massachusetts that illustrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
21. Ultimately, why were the Articles of Confederation weak?22. How should a state be represented in Congress according to the Virginia Plan?
23. How should a state be represented in Congress according to the New Jersey Plan?
24. Describe the Great Compromise and the legislature that this plan established.
25. What compromise settled this dispute of how slaves should be counted for the purpose of representation?
26. What political party supported the ratification of the US Constitution?
27. What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?
28. What was added to the US Constitution that satisfied the Anti-Federalists?
GOAL 2 – The US Constitution MONSTER REVIEW!
5 Basic Principles of the US Constitution Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Separation of Powers
Checks & Balances (Montesquieu) Federalism
Organization of the US Constitution Preamble – States the purpose of the Constitution Article I – Legislative Branch: Bicameral, House of Representatives and Senate Article II – Executive Branch: President, VP, mentions advisors of the President (cabinet) Article III – Judicial Branch: US Supreme Court (US Congress can create lower federal courts) Article IV – Full Faith and Credit Clause, Relations among states Article V- Provisions for Amendments Article VI – Supremacy Clause Article VII – Ratification Bill of Rights Amendments 11-27
Major Clauses of the US Constitution Supremacy Clause – Federal law is supreme to state law Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause – Congress is given the power to do all things necessary and proper to
carry out their powers Full Faith and Credit Clause – States must recognize laws, public records and court decisions of other states Establishment Clause – A state cannot establish a religion Free Exercise Clause – Citizens can practice whatever religion they choose Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment) – A state cannot discriminate against its citizens
Types of Powers Delegated Powers – Powers given to the federal government. Expressed Powers –Powers written in the Constitution
o Ex: Congress has the power to establish lower federal courts and the power to declare war Implied Powers – Power given to the federal government by the Necessary & Proper Clause. These are powers
suggested by the expressed powers. Inherent Powers – Powers that the federal government is assumed to have because it is a sovereign state. Reserved Powers – Powers that the US Constitution does not grant to the federal government but does not deny to
the states.o 10th Amendmento Ex: Establish schools, conduct elections
Concurrent Powers – Powers that both the National and States governments possess and exerciseo Ex: Power to tax
US Congress (Legislative Branch) House of Representatives (lower house)
o Term Length: 2 yearso Qualifications: must be 25 yrs. old, US citizen for 7 yrs. and resident of state he or she representso Non-legislative Powers: power to impeach (accuse) the President, elect President if no candidate wins
majority of Electoral voteso All money (revenue) bills must begin in the House
Senate(upper house)o Term Length:6 yearso Qualifications: must be 30 yrs. old, US citizen for 9 years and resident of state he or she representso Non-legislative Powers: holds the trial for impeachment, must approve all Presidential appointments
and treatieso The Senate has the power to filibuster. Cloture is a vote that limits floor debate and ends filibuster.
Bill to Law - Bills must be passed in both houses and then signed by the President to become law. If the President vetoes a bill, Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote. Most bills die in a standing committee. Pigeonholing a bill is when the committee ignores the bill. A Conference Committee meets to come to a consensus on a bill. A joint committee is a committee that has members of both houses.
Congressional Leadership - Speaker of the House is leader of the House of Reps. Vice Pres. is the “official” leader of the Senate; President Pro Tempore is “day-to-day” leader of the Senate. Majority & Minority Party floor leaders, Party Whips.
US President (Executive Branch) US President
o Term Length: 4 yearso Qualifications: must be 35 years old, a natural born citizen and live in the US for at least 14 yearso Term Limit: Can only serve as President for 2 terms or maximum of 10 years (22nd Amendment)
Roles of the President - Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief of State, Legislative Leader, Party Leader Chief Diplomat and Judicial Leader
Presidential Succession Act of 1974 - President vacancies are filled in this order:1. Vice President2. Speaker of the House3. President Pro Tempore4. Leaders of Executive Departments in order of creation
Executive Depts. - State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health & Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education. Veteran Affairs, Homeland Security
Executive Agencies- IRS, ATF, FBI, DEA, OSHA, FDA, CDC, FAA, FEMA, Secret Service, CIA, FCC, EPA War Powers Act1973–President must notify Congress within 48 hours when troops are sent into battle. These
troops must be brought home after 60 days unless Congress gives its approval for them to stay longer or unless Congress declares war.
US Supreme Court (Judicial Branch) Total of 9 justices serve on the Supreme Court – 1 Chief Justice (John Roberts) Majority, Dissenting, Concurring Opinions Original and Appellate Jurisdiction Congress has the power to create lower federal courts US Court of Appeals = appellate jurisdiction US District Court (trial by jury) = original jurisdiction
Checks and Balances Executive Branch- can name nominees for Court, veto legislation, pardons Legislative Branch- can refuse nominations for Court, override vetoes, impeach the pres. or judges Judicial Branch- can deem laws or presidential actions unconstitutional
Amending the US Constitution Proposal: either by 2/3 of Congress or national convention requested by 2/3 of the state legislatures Ratification: either by 3/4 of the state legislatures or by conventions held in 3/4 of the states
Court CasesMust know significance and if each case extends or limits the rights of citizens
Plessy v. Ferguson Engle v. Vitale Mapp v. Ohio Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier McCullouch v. Maryland Gideon v. Wainwright Worcester v. Georgia
Texas v. Johnson Tinker v. Des Moines Dred Scott v. Sanford Gibbons v. Ogden Furman v. Georgia Olmstead v. US Brown v. Board of
Education
Swann v. CMS Board of Education
Miranda v. Arizona Roe v. Wade New Jersey v. T.L.O. Marbury v. Madison The Leandro Case
Important Terms - writ of habeas corpus, ex post facto, bill of attainder, writ of certiorari
GOAL 2 – Review Questions
1. What basic principle of the US Constitution means that the people are the source of all governmental power?
2. What term means one federal government and several state governments?
3. What basic principle of the US Constitution means that the government is not all powerful and it can only do what the people allow it to do?
4. Power in the US federal government is divided between the legislative, judicial and executive branch. What basic principle does this describe?
5. The Necessary & Proper (Elastic) Clause grants Congress what type of powers?
6. Why does the US Constitution state that revenue billsmust originate in the House ofRepresentatives?
7. What are the two methods of proposing an amendment to the US Constitution?
8. What are the two methods of ratifying a change to the US Constitution?
9. Who is the president of the Senate?
10. What is the title of the leader of the House of Representatives?
11. What are the three Constitutional requirements to be President?
12. What branch has the power to appoint justices to the US Supreme Court?
13. During the bill-to-law process, what three options does the president have after a bill has passed through both houses of Congress?
14. What is the advisory body of the President called?
15. What are the three types of independent executive agencies? Provide an example of each.
16. If both the President and Vice President were to die, who would assume the role of Presidency?
17. Which executive department is responsible for enforcing federal law?
18. What executive department was established after 9/11
19. What are the three levels of federal courts in the US?
20. How many justices serve on the US Supreme Court?
21. The written opinion of the US Supreme Court is also known as the opinion.
22. If a justice disagrees with the opinion of the court he/she writes a(n) opinion.
23. If a justice agrees with the opinion of the court but for different reasons he/she writes a(n) opinion.
24. What Supreme Court case states that schools may censor school sponsored publications despite First Amendment protections?
25. Brown v. Board of Education extended which amendment’s protection of equal protection under the law?
GOAL 3 – State and Local Government MONSTER REVIEW!
NC State Government Federalism – division of power between a central government and several state governments- Executive Branch: Governor, Lieutenant Governor (4 year terms)
o Governor has the power of clemency o Requirements to be NC Governor = 30 years old, 5 years US citizen, 2 years resident of NC
- Legislative Branch: General Assembly o NC House of Representatives (120)
Impeachment procedures - same as federal government Leader of the NC House is called the Speaker of the House
o NC Senate (50) Trial for impeachments - same as federal government Representation by population - different from federal government Leader of the NC Senate is the Lieutenant Governor
- Judicial Branch: NC Supreme Courto 7 justices – 1 Chief Justiceo 4 levels of NC Courts
NC Supreme Court NC Court of Appeals NC Superior Courts NC District Courts
Important NC Court Cases State v. Mann (1830) – established the Supremacy of the NC Constitution Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School District (1970) – busing can be used to desegregate schools Leandro v. NC– NC must provide a “sound, basic education” for all students (especially disadvantaged)
- As a result, the state closely monitors the quality of education that students are receiving and legislators have allowed the creation of charter schools (schools that receive state funding but are excused from meeting many public school regulations)
Local Government Types of local government – County, City, and TownshipsLocal Officials – mayor, town/city council, county commissioners, sheriff, Board of EducationLocal Law – Statute – laws passed by legislature
Ordinance – rule enacted by a local governmentCharter – a city’s basic law
Taxes and Financing GovernmentFiscal Policy = is the money policy of the gov’t including spending, taxing and coining moneyRevenue ($ collected) v. Expenditures ($ need to spend) Regressive Taxation = tax that hurts taxpayers of lower income than higher income (poor pay a higher % of income)Progressive Taxation = tax that taxes higher income at a higher rate than lower income (the more you make, the more you pay)
Federal TaxesProgressive Taxes = income tax*, corporate income tax, estate tax, gift tax, custom dutyRegressive Taxes = excise tax (on the manufacture or consumption of a good or service) payroll taxes (social insurance taxes – Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid), tariffsEntitlement Programs (Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid) = largest federal expense
State and Local TaxesProgressive Taxes = income tax*, corporate income tax, estate tax, gift tax, county property tax*Regressive Taxes = sales tax, excise taxEducation = largest expense for state budgets
GOAL 3 – Review Questions
1. What is the NC legislature called?
2. What is the term that describes a law passed by a legislature?
3. What is the term for a rule enacted by a local government?
4. Who is the chief executive of our state?
5. Who is second in command of the NC Executive branch? (title, not name)
6. List the four levels of courts in NC.
7. What did Swann vs. CMS offer as a solution for segregated schools?
8. What NC Supreme Court case said that NC must provide a “sound and basic education” for all students?
9. What are charter schools? Why did the NC legislature allow for the creation of charter schools?
10. What elected official is responsible for enforcing law in unincorporated areas at the local level?
11. A state’s National Guard is controlled by which government official?
12. What is the greatest source of revenue for both federal and state government?13. What is the largest expenditure for the federal government? What is the largest expenditure for state government?
14. What is an excise tax? Provide an example.
GOAL 4 – Political Parties and Elections MONSTER REVIEW!
Political PartiesPolitical parties are organizations that promote certain ideas and people. Functions of Political Parties
Nominate Candidates Inform Voters Ensure candidates are qualified
Help govern in Congress and State Legislatures Act as watchdogs (especially of officials of other
parties)Federalists and Anti-federalists were the first two political parties in the USToday, the US has a two party system - Republicans and DemocratsPolitical Spectrum
Left (Liberal) ----- Moderate ----- Right (Conservative)Radical – extreme left Reactionary – extreme right, opponent of progress and changePlanks- are the individual components of a political party’s platformPlatform - formal statement of the party’s principles and objectives, written at each party’s National Convention
ElectionsCandidate - an individual running for political officeNomination - naming those who will seek officeDelegate - an individual that represents the interests of a larger group. Delegates are often sent to conventions.Primary elections - an election where registered voters elect a candidate that will run in a future election. All states use some form of primary election to select Presidential candidates.
closed primary = only declared party members can vote open primary = any qualified voter can vote, no matter which political party they belong to run-off primary = used to determine the winner when no majority is obtained in a primary election
Non-partisan Election - elections in which candidates are not identified with political partiesGeneral Elections - elections in which final selections of office holders are madeInitiative – voters of a state can propose a law by gathering signatures & having the proposition placed on the ballot
Referendum – legislatures send issues to be voted directly by the people Recall Election - voters can remove an official from officeGrassroots - political movements at the lowest level means that people from within a community are working
together to bring about political change.Political Machine - a local or state political organization that is so successful at winning elections that its candidates
almost always win (headed by a big “boss” & involves corruption)Voting
Suffrage- the right to voteUniversal Voting Requirements – Citizenship, Age, ResidencyOther voting requirements – registration, poll tax (banned by 24th amendment), literacy (no longer a requirement)Voter Apathy = the primary reason why people don’t votePolling Place - a place where voters cast their voteExit Poll - a survey taken after you have voted to ask for whom you voted in the election.
used to predict the results before the official results are countedPrecinct - the smallest political division
Precincts are formed to organize small groups of voters People from the same precinct will vote at the same polling place.
Ballot - voters cast their votes on ballotsGerrymandering
Electing the PresidentThe Electoral College officially elects the President and Vice PresidentEach state’s electoral votes are decided by the number of Senators + the number of RepresentativesNC has 15 electoral votes (2 Senators + 13 Reps.)California has the most electoral votes because it has the largest population538 total electoral votes (100 Senate, 435 House, 3 for DC due to the 23rd Amendment)270 votes (majority) are required to win the presidencyIf no candidate receive 270 electoral votes
- House elects the Pres.- Senate elects the VP
Voting Amendments14- Establishes citizenship, guarantees all persons equal access to public facilities15- Right to vote cannot be denied based on race19- Right to vote cannot be denied based on sex24- Outlawed poll taxes26- Voting age is 18
CampaigningPolitical Action Committees (PAC) - non- party private groups organized to elect government officials in order to promote the groups interests- PAC’s play a major part in giving money to candidates in hopes for legislation to be passed in their favor
Soft Money - non regulated money for campaigns Hard Money - campaign money that is regulated
PropagandaMass Media- communication that reaches a vast audience (TV is the most reliable form of mass media)
Propaganda Techniques Glittering Generalities, Bandwagon, Name Calling, Card-Stacking, Just Plain Folks, Celebrity Testimonials, Symbols/Transfer
Slander – false verbal statement that defames a personLibel – published words that falsely defame a person
Interest Groups Interest groups – members share certain views and work to shape public policy (Ex. ACLU, NAACP, AARP, NEA)Lobbying – interest groups pressure legislators in hopes that legislation would be passed.
Solving Problems
Negotiation –discussing an issue between two or more parties with competing interests with an aim of coming to an agreementArbitration – opposing sides consult with a third party and that third party in turn provides a legally binding decision that solves the dispute
Mediation – a third party helps the disagreeing parties come to agreement (this agreement is not legally binding)
GOAL 4 – Review Questions
1. A majority of citizens do not vote because they are apathetic. What does apathetic mean?
2. What kind of party system does the US have?
3. What are the dominant political parties in the US?
4. Label the five groups on the political spectrum below.
5. What is the difference between a party’s platform and a plank?
6. Where is a party’s presidential candidate officially named and a party platform decided upon?
7. What are interest groups and why do they form?
8. What do we call a person who goes to speak to legislators on behalf of their interest groups in hopes that legislation would be passed in their favor?
9. What term describes non-party private groups organized to elect govt. officials in order to promote their group’s interests? (These groups give money to political candidates).
10. Why do many people criticize interest groups for having too much influence in the political process?
11. List three universal voting requirements in the US.
12. Explain the difference between a primary election and general election.
13. Why would citizens hold a recall election?
14. How do we determine the number of electoral votes for each state?
15. How many electoral votes are there in the Electoral College? How many are needed to win the presidency?
16. If no presidential candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes, who selects the president?
17. If no presidential candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes, who selects the vice president?
18. What amendment gave women the right to vote?
19. What amendment set the voting age at 18?
20. What amendment guaranteed that all citizens have equal access to public facilities?
21. What amendment gave African Americans the right to vote?
GOAL 5 – Law & Politics MONSTER REVIEW!
Jurisdiction = power to hear a caseTypes of Jurisdiction
Exclusive = power of the federal courts alone to hear a caseConcurrent = Federal and State courts share the power to hear casesOriginal = the power of a court to hear a case firstAppellate = the authority to review decisions of inferior courts
US Court SystemArticle III of US Constitution created the Supreme Court and allows US Congress to create any needed inferior courtsFederal Court system has jurisdiction in only cases involving
- US Constitution- Federal law- Maritime laws- Suits where the US Govt. is involved
- Between states- Citizens of different states- Foreign govt.- Ambassadors
US Supreme CourtHighest US CourtHas original and appellate jurisdiction (primarily final appeals court)Power of Judicial Review = power to determine if a law is in agreement with the US Constitution
- established by Marbury v. MadisonUS Court of Appeals
Designed to relieve caseload of the US Supreme Court12 US Courts of Appeals, has appellate jurisdictionReasons why someone may appeal: district court followed a wrong procedure, did not apply the law correctly or introduction of new evidence Court of Appeals may make 3 possible rulings: uphold, overturn or remand
US District CourtsFederal trial courts created by the CongressHears both civil and criminal cases that are Federal crimes94 US District Courts, has original jurisdiction NC is in the 4th US District Court.
Criminal & Civil Court Proceedings Vocabulary Felony – a serious crime like murder, rape, kidnapping, etc. Misdemeanor – relatively minor crimes Arrest Warrant – court order authorizing a person’s arrest Bail – money put up by an accused person that guarantees he will show up for the trial or they lose the money Hearing – pre-trial meetings to try to settle motions and to investigate accusations Bailiff – an officer of the court that maintains order during a trial Court Docket – calendar showing the cases the court will hear Adversarial Nature of the Courts - trial has two opposing sides – defense & the prosecution
- Prosecutor – a lawyer that starts and carries out a legal action (the state)- Defendant – is the person or party accused of a crime or injury in a trial
Subpoena – order for a person to appear in court to produce documents or to testify Summons – a notice directing someone to appear in court to answer a complaint or charge or to be a juror Torts – wrongful acts for which the injured party has the right to sue over Compliant – formal notice that a lawsuit is being brought, names defendant and plaintiff Plaintiff – is the person or party filing the lawsuit in a trial Indictment – a formal charge by a grand jury Perjury – lying under oath Petit Jury – is a trial jury of the accused person’s peers Grand Jury – a formal group that looks to see if there is enough evidence to try an accused person Preliminary Hearings – meetings to decide if there is enough evidence for a trial or to settle motions by lawyers Arraignment - call defendant before a court to answer an indictment Plea – when an accused person tells the court if they are innocent or guilty
Plea Bargaining – an agreement when the defendant agrees to plead guilty but to a lesser charge or sentence Settlement – an agreement between 2 sides of a trial to not to go to trial & usually some money is paid Verdict – the finding of a jury or judge in a trial Sentence – the fines, probation or sentence a guilty person receives from a criminal trial Acquittal - defendant is found not guilty & is released Capital Offense – a crime so serious that the death penalty is considered Appeal – to ask a higher court to review a court case for mistakes
Conflict ResolutionNegotiation Compromise ConsensusNegotiation=form of conflict resolution in which one party may or may not use a third party to bargain for terms that benefit one or both parties
- Mediation = third party (person) guides the arguing parties to a solution- Arbitration = third party makes the decision for the arguing parties based on evidence given in a formal
setting (legally binding)Compromise= two arguing parties give up certain demands in order to accomplish a mutual goalConsensus= general agreement is made by all parties after careful consideration of the opinions of all members of the group
GOAL 5 – Review Questions
1. What are the three levels of US Federal Courts?
2. The power to hear a case first is known as jurisdiction.
3. The power to hear a case from an inferior court is known as jurisdiction.
4. What three verdicts may an appellate court judge make when deciding a case?
5. What kinds of cases deal with disputes between private parties that usually result in the award of money or a fine?
6. In conflict resolution, what is the difference between arbitration and mediation?
7. Explain the primary benefits of resolving conflicts through consensus. 8. What is the difference between a felony and misdemeanor criminal case? Provide an example of each.
9. The hears all the evidence of the case to decide if there is enough evidence to bring the case to trial.
10. A Grand Jury hearing can lead to a(n) also known as a formal charge.
11. At what point in the criminal trial process does the accused enter a plea?
12. In criminal cases, the burden of proof rests with the
13. What term means lying under oath?
14. Explain the difference between an acquittal and a “hung” jury.
15. The accused can plead guilty and then receive a lesser punishment. What is this known as?
16. What court case guarantees the right to an attorney?17. What right guaranteed by the 5th amendment means going through the procedures of a trial?
18. What amendment extends the responsibility of upholding due process to the states?
19. What court case claims that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in the court of law?
20. What Supreme Court case allows the federal government to restrict the rights of individuals during a time of national crisis?
GOAL 6 – Rule of Law MONSTER REVIEW!
HISTORY OF LAWCode of Hammurabi- 1st known system of written law, “eye for an eye” concepts10 Commandments- moral lawsJustinian Code – based on Roman law, justice, punishments should fit the crimeJurisprudence- study of the lawFoundations of American Law- Magna Carta, Eng. B of R, Mayflower Compact, D. of I., Constitution
TYPES OF LAWCommon Law- law based on precedent, stare decisis- “let the decision stand”Statutory Law- law enacted by a legislatureAdministrative Law- regulations placed by federal, state, and local executive offices
(CDC, FDA, FCC, FTC, CPSC, FAA, NASA, CIA, ICC)Constitutional Law- laws interpreting the ConstitutionCriminal/Civil LawInternational Law- treaties and agreements among nations
HOW TO BE INFORMED ABOUT LAWSTown meetings, media, public hearings/forums, mailings (franking privilege)“Ignorance of the law is no excuse”“Presumed knowledge of the law”
INFLUENCING LAWInterest groups try to shape law to benefit their organizations; PACsInitiative- citizens can propose new laws through initiative and grassroots movements
LAW ENFORCEMENTFederal- Secret Service, FBI, National Guard, DEA, ATF, US Marshals, Fed. Bureau of Prisons, CISState- SBI, NC Highway PatrolLocal- CMPD
PUNISHMENT4 Theories of Punishment: retribution, rehabilitation, incapacitation, deterrenceMitigating/Aggravating Factors8th Amendment- no excessive bail, nor cruel or unusual punishmentCapital PunishmentPreventative DetentionIncarceration- prison, jailProbation, parole, community service, house arrest, monetary compensation, boot camp, juvie3 Strikes Law, Mandatory Sentencing
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 14th AmendmentsCourt Cases- Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, Mapp v. OhioWrit of habeas corpus, no bill of attainder laws, no ex post facto laws
GOAL 6 – Review Questions
1. What was the first know system of written law?
2. What set of Roman laws established the idea of justice as well as the concept that the punishment should fit the crime?
3. What set of moral codes has greatly influenced laws that the US enforces today?
4. What type of law is set by executive agencies?
5. What executive agency protects the consumer by setting regulations on products sold in the market?
6. What executive agency regulates television and radio?
7. What executive agency regulates space exploration?
8. What executive agency is responsible for preventing the spread of infectious diseases?
9. Common law is based on
10. What does it mean to be incarcerated?
11. Explain the difference between parole and probation.
12. What amendment protects the accused from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment?
13. __________________________________ laws are prohibited by the US Constitution and allow the accused to be punished without a trial.
14. What amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?
15. Speedy and public trial by an impartial jury is guaranteed by the _______________ Amendment.
16. What right guaranteed by the 5th Amendment claims that one cannot be forced to testify against himself?
17. What right guaranteed by the 5th Amendment ensures procedural fairness?
18. What right guaranteed by the 5th Amendment claims that one cannot be tried for the same crime twice?
GOAL 7 – Economic Fundamentals MONSTER REVIEW!
EconomicsNeeds vs. WantsGoods and Services
ScarcityScarcity: Our needs and wants are unlimited but resources are limitedBecause of scarcity we must answer some economic questions
What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?
Renewable vs. non-renewable resourcesEconomic Decisions
Trade-offOpportunity costs
“Guns and butter”Thinking at the margin
Production4 Factors of Production: land, labor, capital (Physical vs. Human capital), entrepreneurship
ProductivityProduction Possibilities Curve/FrontierUnderutilizationLaw of Diminishing Marginal ReturnsIncentive
Costs of ProductionFixed CostsVariable CostsTotal Costs
Marginal CostsMarginal RevenueCost-Benefit Analysis
Becoming More ProductiveSpecializationDivision of laborAssembly LineTechnological advances: robotics, inventions, innovation and automation
LaborBlue collar vs. White collar workers Wage vs. salary
Free Market EconomyMarket – arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange money for goods and servicesFree Market Economy – individuals own the factors of production and make their own economic decisionsCircular flow of the economy (physical and monetary flow between households and firms)5 Basic Concepts of a Market Economy:
Private ownership of resources, self-interest motive, consumer sovereignty, markets where goods and services are exchanged, competition
Adam Smith “The Father of Economics” Wrote Wealth of Nations (division of labor, workers should specialize, the invisible hand, self- interests are
the motivating force of the market, competition is the regulating force of the market) Laissez Faire Economic Philosophy
GOAL 7 – Review Questions
1. What is the fundamental economic problem?
2. List the four factors of production.
3. Explain the difference between physical capital and human capital.
4. What factor of production is each of the following? (If capital tell what kind of capital)A. office buildingB. waterC. job trainingD. hammerE. worker that places goods in boxesF. roadsG. CEO of FedEx
5. What types of workers are typically paid a wage and perform manual labor?
6. Doctors and lawyers would be an example of what type of worker?
7. Jan wants to go out to eat with her friends but she also needs to study for a test. Jan decides to stay home and study. What is Jan’s opportunity cost in this situation?
8. We discussed the example of guns and butter in class. Why can a society not produce all of the guns and all of the butter that it desires?
9. If one thinks about the benefits of using one more unit, what is this called?
10. What is the degree to which resources are being used efficiently to produce goods and services?
11. What graph shows ways to use an economy’s resources?
12. What term do we use to describe using fewer resources than an economy is capable of using?
13. In what ways could an economy increase their productivity and promote economic growth?
14. An assembly line is an example of breaking down labor into smaller parts to increase productivity. What term describes this?
15. Growth in an economy can cause the frontier to shift to the
16. Ben owns a pizza shop. He is trying to decide if he should open his store on Thursday evenings. Tell what kind of costs each of the following will be.
A. Wages to pay workersB. Mortgage payment for the building C. The money earned by opening the pizza shop one additional day. D. The additional cost of opening the store on Thursday evenings.
17. What major work, written by economist Adam Smith, provides the foundation for a free-market economic system?
18. Adam Smith introduced what concept that depicts that the market will regulate itself?
19. What economic philosophy means that the government should generally not intervene in a market economy?
20. What term describes that the consumer decides what goods are available in the market?
21. What characteristic of a market economy means that sellers work to gain consumer business by lowering prices or offering advantages to buying their product?
GOAL 8 – US Economic System MONSTER REVIEW!
Economic Systems Traditional Economy: Ritual, custom and tradition answer the questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.Command Economy: The central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and serviceMarket Economy: All economic decisions are made by individuals (the US has a market economy)Mixed Economy: Economic systems that combine characteristics of more than one type of economy.
Political Philosophies and Economic SystemsCommunism Socialism Capitalism
DemandDemand: The desire to own something and the ability to pay for itDemand CurveLaw of Demand: price and demand have an inverse relationship. Demand ScheduleSubstitutes ComplementsShift in the demand curve (change in external factors)
price of a substitute price of a complement
change in income consumer expectations
consumer tastes population size
Movement along the demand curve (change in price)Elasticity of Demand: a measure of how consumers react to a change in price
Elastic Demand– change in price affects the quantity demanded (ex. soft drinks) if a good has many substitutes then its demand is elastic
Inelastic Demand – change in price does not affect the quantity demanded (ex. medicine)
SupplySupply: The amount of goods availableSupply curveLaw of Supply: price and supply have a direct relationshipSupply scheduleShift in the supply curve (change in external factors) - cost of an input, change in technology, government regulations, change in taxes, govt. subsidy)Movement along the supply curve (change in price)Elasticity of Supply: a measure of the way quantity supplied reacts to a change in price
Elastic Supply – change in price affects the quantity supplied Inelastic Supply – change in price does not affect the qty. supplied (ex. Van Gogh painting)
Supply and DemandEquilibrium / DisequilibriumShortage – qty. demanded is greater than qty. suppliedSurplus – qty. supplied is greater that qty. demanded
Government Intervention in a market economyPrice ceilings Price floors
Inflation – general increase in the prices of goodsDeflation – a substantial drop in prices
Keynesian EconomicsJohn Maynard Keynes – it is sometimes necessary for the govt. to step in and regulate the economy. Fiscal policyExpansionary Policy (during recession)
Govt. should increase spending Govt. should decrease taxes
Contractionary Policy(during inflation) Govt. should decrease spending Govt. should increase taxes
Market StructuresPerfectly competitive markets: always efficient, at equilibrium, many buyers and sellers, sellers sell identical products, buyers are well informed about products, sellers are able to enter and exit the market freely. (few markets are perfectly competitive b/c of barriers)Monopoly: A market dominated by a single seller
Sherman Antitrust Act – banned monopoliesOligopoly: A market in which a few large firms dominate
Business OrganizationsSole Proprietorship – unlimited liability, limited life, limited access to resources, easy start-up, sole receiver of profit Partnerships – unlimited liability, partners do not have absolute control, larger pool of assetsCorporations – (owned by stockholders, profits called dividends) limited liability, transferable ownership, difficult to start upFranchise – a business established under an authorization to sell a company’s goods in a particular areaCorporate Combinations
Horizontal merger, vertical merger, conglomerateLabor
Labor UnionsStrikeRight to work laws
Collective bargainingMediationArbitration
Stock MarketStockholder, dividends, capital gains, capital loss, NYSE, NASDAQ, Bull Market, Bear Market, Mutual Fund
Money and the Fed3 uses of money = Medium of exchange, Unit of Account, Store of ValueCharacteristics of Money = Durability, Portability, Divisibility, Uniformity, Limited Supply, AcceptabilityFiat moneyRepresentative money (commodity money)Federal Reserve (12 regional banks)
regulate the distribution & flow of money implement monetary policy control the amount of currency available
Functions of Banks – store money, save money, loan moneyCollateralFDICCDs, Money markets, Savings Bonds
Karl MarxCommunist Manifesto – foundations for communismWorkers of all lands, unite!Proletariat and Bourgeois
GOAL 8 – Review Questions
1. What type of economic system is based on ritual and custom?
2. How are all economic decisions made in a command economy?
3. Who makes economic decisions in a market economy?
4. How are prices determined in a free-enterprise economic system?
5. Capitalism is associated with what type of economy?
6. What economist wrote Communist Manifesto and explained the foundations of communism?7. What diagram shows the movement of goods/services and money from firms to households and from households to
firms?
8. Provide an example of an activity that would take place in the factor market.
9. What type of economic activities would occur in the produce market?
10. According to the Law of Demand, as price increases, demand
11. According to the Law of Supply, as price increases, supply
12. Consider the demand for pillowcases. If the cost of pillows increases to $200.00, what will happen to the demand for pillowcases?
13. Consider the demand for Skittles. If the cost of Starbursts drops to 10 cents, what will happen to the demand for Skittles?
14. What term is used to describe the point at which supply and demand intersect?
15. Any point at which supply and demand is not at equilibrium is called ___________________.
16. What effect would a shortage of goods have on prices in a market economy? How would a surplus affect prices?
17. How would a high unemployment rate influence consumer spending?
18. What type of market is controlled by a single seller?
19. How do antitrust laws help maintain competition and protect consumers?
20. What type of business organization allows the owner to be the sole receiver of profits and make all business decisions?
21. What type of business organization has limited liability?
22. What are the profits of stockholders called?
23. Explain the three types of corporate combinations that occur.
24. What term describes an organization that works to improve wages and working conditions?
GOAL 9 – Influences on the US Economy MONSTER REVIEW!
Measuring the EconomyGDP – Gross Domestic Product - The value of goods produced within a countries borders- Nominal vs. Real GDP- Per capita GDP- Standard of living
GNP – Gross National Product- The value of goods and services produced within one year, plus the value of goods produced by citizens
living abroad, minus income earned by foreigners in the countryCPI – Consumer Price Index- A measure of the change in prices. Measures the purchasing power of the dollar (Base Year = 100)
The Business Cycle Expansion: a period of economic growth, real GDP risesPeak: when GDP stops risingContraction: a period of economic decline, real GDP fallsTrough: when GDP stops falling
Regulating BusinessExecutive Agencies regulate business- FTC (antitrust laws), EPA (Environmental Protection), OSHA (workplace Safety), CPSC&FDA (Consumer
Protection), FCC (Communication), EEOC (Employment, affirmative action, labor disputes)- Deregulation: removal of govt. controls over the market (laissez faire)
Movement of ResourcesHuman Resources- immigrant workers- migrant workers
Capital Resources - companies move where they can maximize profit
TradeTrade – exchange of goods and/or services for money or other good and servicesBartering – Exchanging goods for other goods
Nations must trade with one another because resources are distributed worldwide and nations specialize. Trade barriers – quotas, tariffs, and embargoTrade Agreements: NAFTA, EU, WTOGlobalizationFavorable vs. Unfavorable Balance of TradeMeasuring Trade – exchange rate, appreciation vs. depreciation of the dollar
Economic DevelopmentHistorically nations have been labeled as 3rd (agricultural), 2nd (communist) & 1st (industrialized) World Countries. Today we label countries as Developed Countries and Developing Countries (less developed countries)
Primary measure for Developed/Developing is per capita GDPOther measures of development - energy consumption- labor force- consumer goods- literacy
- life expectancy- infant mortality rate- infrastructure
World Bank IMFGlobal Concerns of economic development - Out-sourcing, child labor, human rights violations, environmental violations
Monetary Policy Contractionary Policy (tight money) – during inflation- Decrease govt. spending- Increase taxes- Increase reserve requirement
- Increase interest rates- Increase the discount rate
Expansionary Policy (easy money) – during recession, depression- Increase government spending- Decrease taxes- Decrease reserve requirements
- Decrease interest rates- Decrease the discount rate
Economic Conditions and Policy DecisionsClean Air & Water ActNot in my Back Yard debateCuban Economic Embargo
OPEC Oil EmbargoZoning LawsBuilding Codes
GOAL 9 – Review Questions
1. measures the value of products produced by a country’s citizens.
2. measures products produced within a country’s borders.
3. GDP is GDP measured in constant, unchanging prices.
4. List the four phases of the business cycle and explain what occurs during each phase.
5. Explain the difference between fiscal policy and monetary policy.
6. In periods of inflation, the government would use a policy
7. In periods of recession, the government would use a policy
8. Tell if each situation corresponds with an expansionary policy or a contractionary policy. (try this first without using your notes to check your understanding of fiscal policy)
A. Government decreases taxes
B. Government raises reserve requirement
C. Government decreases spending
D. Government decreases interest rates
E. Government increases the monetary supply
9. Describe the transition from a barter system to monetary system.
10. How do banks use deposits from customers?
11. What was created to insure customer deposits if the bank fails?
12. What is the primary measure for determining if a country is developed or developing?
13. Explain the impact of increasing economic interdependence on the lives of consumers.
Goal 10 – Civic Responsibilities in American Democracy
1. is the study of the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
2. Explain the difference between a civic duty and civic responsibility. Provide TWO examples of each.
3. What does the phrase E Pluribus Unum mean? Why is it used to describe the diversity American society?
4. Describe the importance of tolerancein a culturally diverse society.
5. What government agency is responsible for assisting immigrants with the naturalization process?
Personal Financial Literacy
Consumer – Someone who buys a product or serviceIncome – The money you receive from all sources: Salary/wages, rent, interest, dividends, investment returns, insurance payments, government transfer payments (Social Security, welfare, food stamps, medicare, etc.)Disposable Income – The money left over after all taxes have been paid.Discretionary Income – The money left over after paying taxes and necessities
Consumer Rights and Responsibilities
Consumer Bill of Rights – 1. The right to a safe product 2. The right to be informed 3. The right to choose 4. The right to be heard 5. The right to redressComparison Shopping - Gather information, use advertising, avoid emotional decisions, decide where to buy, use a cost-benefit analysis, consider alternatives.Report Faulty Products or Services – Report problems immediately, do not fix the product yourself, check the warranty, contact the seller and/or the manufacturer, keep accurate records, be polite and professional seek a solution not a confrontation
Budgets and Planning
Budget – an accurate record of the money you earn and spend. A plan to match your expenses with your income.Income - The money you earnExpenses – The money you spendBudget Planning – Make a list of all the money you spend in a specified period like a month. Categorize the spending into sections like rent, food, utilities, clothing, transportation, entertainment, personal items, donations, gifts and savings.
Record all the income you receive from all sources during the same period. Analyze the data and make decisions – do you need more income? Can you work extra hours or get a second job? Can you reduce or eliminate any expenses? Differentiate between needs and wants. Set Goals – Set short term, medium term and long term goals. Use your budget to make a plan to achieve those goals. Make spending changes as necessary.
Credit
Credit – Borrowing money to pay for something now while promising to repay it later.Lender – The person who loans the moneyBorrower – The person who receives the loaned moneyAnnual Percentage Rate (APR)- The cost or interest rate of the loanCollateral – Property such as a house or car that a borrower pledges as security for a loan
Sources of Credit – Banks, Credit Unions, Finance companies. Credit Cards.Uses of Credit – Large purchases like a house, a car, furniture, appliances, consumer goods.Managing Credit – Pay off debt as quickly as possible. Pay off entire bill immediately, if possible. If not, make regular monthly payments. Do not skip a payment. Pay as much as possible. Paying the minimum on high interest loans and credit cards can double or triple or more the cost of the goods purchased. Bankruptcy – a legal judgement against you for failure to pay your debts. This judgement can remain on your credit rating for 7-10 years making it impossible for you to get a loan or credit for anything.
Savings and Investing
Saving – to put money aside to use later.Savings Account – putting funds in an interest bearing instrument at a bank or similar financial institutionInterest – the payment received for lending moneyPrincipal – the amount of money you deposit in a savings account or borrow in a loan.Checking Account – type of bank account that lets you deposit funds and write checks against the deposits. These accounts usually do not pay interest and charge small fees.Check – a legal instrument that is used for payment of debt.Return – profit earned from investmentStock – certificates that represent partial ownership of a company.Dividend- a portion of the company earningsBond – a loan to a company or government. Corporate Bond - The company pays the bondholder interest but the bondholder does not own a piece of the company like stock.Government Bond – Government borrowing money from the people to pay for its expenses. Mutual Funds – Pools of stocks and bonds that people can invest in instead of individual stocks and bonds thereby reducing the risk involved in purchasing individual stocks and bonds.
1. ___________ is the cost of credit expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed.
2. A _________________ judgement remains on a person’s credit rating for at least seven years making it almost impossible to get a loan.
3. Comparison shopping means that a consumer should consider ____________________ in addition to the one product that attracts them.
4. The money you put into your savings account is called the ______________________.
5. The bank adds _________________ to the money you deposited in your savings account.
6. Some companies pay stockholders _______________________ based on the number of shares they hold.
7. The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act is an example of protection under the ________________________________
8. To avoid paying interest on a credit card, a consumer should _______________________ in full.
9. Compared to stocks, mutual funds are considered a _________ risky investment.
10. Savings benefits both __________________ and _____________________.
11. In order to best manage your money, it is a good idea to create a financial plan or ____________.
12. A budget or financial plan should include all your ___________ and __________________ over a specified period of time, like a month.
13. Use a budget to help you reach your financial _______________.
14. When you analyze the data in your budget, you can decide to _________________ what you earn or what you spend.
15. A ___________ is a legal document that you use to pay your bills instead of cash.
