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IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE)

e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 7, Issue 1 (Jan. - Feb. 2020), PP 06-17

www.iosrjournals.org

DOI: 10.9790/019X-07010617 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page

Wicking Behavior of Cotton Spandex Yarns Differing in Twists

and Tension

Hafijur Rahman1, Yang Yunchu

1*, Mostaria Amin Mitu

1

Fashion Design and Engineering, Zhejing Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R China.

Abstract: The Comfort properties of textiles are extremely important. It's sometimes more important than the

aesthetic properties when the garment is next to the skin. Among all comfort properties, good absorption and

easy drying are one of the most requirements. Wetting and wicking are two related processes. A liquid that does

not wet fibers cannot wick into a cloth, and wicking can only occur when fibers assembled with capillary spaces

between them are wetted by a liquid. Research is concerned with the wickability and other mechanical

properties of cotton yarn with twist levels, and tension levels. wickability was determined by a wicking tester

which was specially constructed for this research.The results showed that twist had a significant effect on the

wickability of cotton yarns. Tension imposed also showed a significant effect on wickability in that higher the

tension, lower the wickability. Use Washburn’s equation and it is suggested that in studying wickability both the

time exponents ‘K’ and intercept ‘C’ have to be considered to have a better understanding of wickability.

Key words: cotton spandex yarn,yarn twist, yarn tension, porosity, wicking height

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Date of Submission: 12-03-2020 Date of Acceptance: 27-03-2020

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I. Introduction Clothing comfort is a vital facet for any garment used for activewear and leisurewear. Every human

sweat throughout totally different varieties of activities. A vital feature of any fabric is; however, it transports

this water out of the body surface and creates the user feel comfy.

Clothing manufactured from performance materials is claimed to be designed not just for fashion or

simply a passive protects the skin however to critically influence the comfort and performance of the user. Mills

and makers have designed these materials to manage wet, regulate temperature, and supply protection from the

encircling setting. They're designed to act with and modify the heat-regulating operation of the skin because the

close setting interacts with them [1]

. Mainly, the fabric area unit designed to stay the body dry throughout

vigorous athletic activities. Keeping the body dry, particularly throughout weather sports, ensures that the user

doesn't lose heat unnecessarily by having wet skin. Interaction of fabric with wetness affects the two main

classes of body comfort: sensory and thermo physiological [2]

. Sensorial comfort pertains to the satisfaction of

the user because the cloth or garment is perceived by the essential senses of the body [3]

. This kind of comfort

could also be littered with however a fabric feels against the skin, however, it seems to the attention, however it

smells, or perhaps however it sounds. Within the case of performance fabrics worn in hot climates, however, a

material feels to the user is one of the most important attributes. Performance materials facilitate to make sure

that the contestant doesn't begin to feel dank as a result of, in general, “dry feel higher.”

Thermo physiological comfort describes, however, the material controls the microclimate, that is that

the air encompassing the body. This kind of comfort is crucial throughout activities performed in colder

climates. as an example, polyester-based materials don't conduct heat, and thus, the air between the body and

also the material will increase in temperature because of denial of body heat [4]

. This is often one in each of the

explanations of why polyester fabric as a base layer in atmospheric condition sports. If the bottom layer material

absorbs and retains wetness, it loses this property and its ability to stay the body heat is lost. In general, this kind

of comfort describes however hot or cold the material causes you to feel. Comfort is also outlined as a nice state

of psychological, physiological and physical harmony between a personality's being and therefore the

atmosphere. All three aspects area unit equally vital since folks feel uncomfortable if any one of them is absent [5]

. Comfort isn't a property however a condition of mind. The human mind responds with varying degrees of

satisfaction to the dynamic atmosphere. This perception includes the result of covering between body and

atmosphere. The number of properties of fibers, yarns, fabrics, and clothes area units considerably associated

with comfort and should be taken into consideration in manufacturing attire things [6]

.

Fabric properties rely on fiber properties, yarn structure, material structure and therefore the

mechanical and chemical finishing treatments given to the material. Of the varied fiber properties, fiber type,

fineness, cross-sectional form, crimp, length and surface properties square measure extraordinarily necessary.

The yarn structure governs the yarn properties made from a fiber with a given set of fiber properties. Variety of

Wicking Behavior of Cotton Spandex Yarns Differing in Twists and Tension


yarn like filament yarn rough-textured yarn and small stuff made on completely different spinning systems,

twist level, unevenness and visual aspect of yarns have a major influence on comfort and alternative properties

of materials. The material structure includes yarn linear densities, sett, weave, crimp levels and might influence

such important material properties like thickness, cover, bulk density, mechanical and surface behavior that have

an instantaneous relation with material comfort opine Mehta and Narrasimham [7]

. The term wetting is typically

wont to describe the displacement of solid air interface with a solid-liquid interface. Wetting behavior is usually

characterized by the worth of the contact angle inside the liquid. The absorption of water (or of the other liquid)

by a textile is basically determined by 2 parameters. The primary is that the surface energy of the fiber materials,

and also the second is that the capillary effects of the yarn recommend Mahltig and Textor [8]

. A drop of wetting

liquid impromptu wicks into the yarn thanks to the capillary forces related to the given structure and pure

mathematics of the void areas between the filament‟s remarks bird genus et al., [9]

. In keeping with Harnett and

Mehta [10]

„wettability‟ is that the initial behavior of the material, yarn or fiber once brought into contact with a

liquid. It conjointly describes the interaction between the liquid and also the substrate before the wicking

method.

A spontaneous transport of a liquid driven into a porous system by capillary forces is termed wicking

as a result of their caused by wetting; wicking is that the result of spontaneous wetting during a capillary system.

Wetting and wicking are two connected processes. A liquid that doesn't wet fibers will not wick and wicking can

solely occur once fibers assembled with capillary areas between them are wetted by a liquid. Fiber wettability is,

therefore, a necessity for wicking states Kissa [11]

. Capillarity will be outlined because of the microscopic motion

or flow of a liquid underneath the influence of its own surface and surface forces within the slender tubes,

cracks, and voids. The physical phenomenon relies on the united forces of cohesion and adhesion. once the

forces of adhesion between the tube and also the tube walls are bigger than the forces of cohesion between the

molecules of the liquid, then capillary motion happens quote Sharabaty et al., [12]

. It's a development within

which the surface of a liquid is determined to be elevated or depressed wherever it comes into contact with a

material. The wetting and wicking of fiber mass represent a category of flows that have essential scientific and

sensible significance on that technology like fiber lubricating and process fiber-reinforced composite producing

and fiber net bonding and coloring is primarily based. Wetting and wicking behavior of the many client products

like baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, and sport and alternative protecting clothes are essential in

deciding their business success recommend screenwriter et al., [13]

. It‟s conjointly been all over by Minor et al [15]

. That yarn intersections act as new reservoirs and feeds all branches equally. This finding can become

progressively vital once differing types of knit structures area units compared. It has been theorized by several

researchers that the flow of a fluid in a very cloth is essentially ruled by the network structure of the material

and undue to the fiber sort [14,15,16,17]

.Yarns of artificial fibers, on the opposite hand, square measure compact,

well-aligned and sleek, leading to a coffee contact angle [18]

.

In order to establish more detailed information about wicking behavior and the relationship between

yarn twist and tension, in this study, demonstrated the wicking height on yarn twist and tension.

II. Materials and Methods 2.1 Wicking Apparatus of Yarns

Figure 1 Wicking apparatus for yarns



2.2 Working Procedure

This instrument was made up of a metal stand where a plastic frame hangs and a ruler attached on both

sides of the frame to record the height of water traveled along with the yarns. Distill water was set on the

bottom. As it is difficult to measure single yarn wicking height and sometimes the yarn has some problem so to

avoid the unusual results, use 10 yarns at a time and took the average result. The length of yarns was 30cm and

both ends of the yarns were attached in the plastic frame to keep separated from each other. Figure 1shows the

instrument developed for examining the wicking of yarns. The frame holder is fixed on the top of the metal

fixed clamp holder in which the frame was hung vertically. Once the yarns were in contact with the distilled

water, height was recorded by a digital camera to observe the capillary rise along the length of yarn.

Thespecimens were suspended in a reservoir of distilled water with their bottom ends immersed vertically at a

depth of 1 cm in the water. The wicking heights were measured and recorded every min for 10min. Every group

of samples tested five times, and the average value calculated. In a similar manner, the cotton yarns with various

twist levels and tensions with twist levels were subjected to wicking behavior. While testing the wickability of

cotton yarns differing in a twist with tension, a weight was tied to ends of the yarns (fig. 1).

3 Results and Discussion

Table 3.1 shows the properties of cotton spandex yarns with various twist levels.

Table 3.1 Properties of cotton spandex yarns with various twist levels Yarn Properties

twist per cm 5.2 7 8.2 12.3

Yarn Diameter 0.3070 0.2783 0.1950 0.1730

Twist factor (K) 21 30 35 51 Elongation (%) 13.01 12.76 11.25 10.60

Single yarn strength (gms) 552.1 358.5 269.7 132.2

It is found the yarn diameter is found to be higher at lower twist levels and as the twist level increases, yarn

diameter decreases. This is due to the reduction of pore sizes resulting in higher packing factors. Figures show

the trend.



Table 3.2 shows the packing factor values for cotton spandex yarns with various twist levels.

Table 3.2 Packing factor for cotton spandex yarns with various twist levels

sample code packing factor

5.2 TP cm 0.15

7 TP cm 0.245

8.2 TP cm 0.415

12.3 TP cm 0.531

From Table 3.2 it is clear that like the twist level increases, the packing factor increases, due to the reduction of

pore sizes in higher twist levels.

3.1 Effect of Yarn Twist on Wickability

Figures 5,7, and 9 show the wickability of various yarns and the figures are presented below.

Table 3.3 Regression values and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex yarns with various twist levels

(Height and Time)

Sample code Slope(cm/min) Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

5.2 TP cm 0.558 3.293 R2= 0.986 Y = 0.558x + 3.293

7 TP cm 0.476 2.533 R2= 0.983 Y = 0.476x + 2.533

8.2 TP cm 0.385 1.9 R2= 0.979 Y = 0.385x + 1.9

12.3 TP cm 0.337 1.527 R2= 0.972 Y = 0.337x + 1.527

Figure 6 shows the relationship between the packing factor and slopes. It is apparent that as the packing density

decreases, slopes decreases.

Figure 7 Wicking behavior of cotton spandex yarns with various twist

levels- Square root of Time and Height

Figure 8 Slope values (Square Root of Time &

Height) versus packing factor



Table 3.4 Regression equation of the form H=Kt½ + constant and correlation coefficient for various twist levels

Sample code Slope(cm/min) Intercept(cm) Correlation Coefficient Regression Equation

5.2 TP cm 2.398 0.973 R2= 0.999 H= 2.398(t) + 0.973

7 TP cm 2.05 0.545 R2= 0.998 H= 2.05(t) + 0.545

8.2 TP cm 1.664 0.282 R2= 0.999 H= 1.664(t) + 0.282 12.3 TP cm 1.458 0.103 R2= 0.997 H= 1.458(t) + 0.103

Table 3.5 Regression values of the form log (h)=h log t + constant and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex

yarns with various twist levels

Sample code

Time exponent

/Slope(K) Intercept(cm) Correlation Coefficient Regression Equation

5.2 TP cm 0.4 0.525 R2= 0.994 Log(h)= 0.4(t)+ 0.525

7 TP cm 0.428 0.413 R2= 0.995 Log(h)= 0.428(t)+ 0.413

8.2 TP cm 0.452 0.288 R2= 0.997 Log(h)= 0.452(t)+ 0.288

12.3 TP cm 0.479 0.192 R2= 0.997 Log(h)= 0.479(t)+ 0.192

The wicking time was plotted against the wicking height in the first method and the regression equation

and correlation coefficient were computed and shown in Table 3.3. Cotton yarns with lower twist levels show

higher values of slope and intercept followed by higher twist levels. Higher the slope and intercept, better the

wickability and vice versa. The correlation between height and time was found to be good. Wickability in higher

twists is minimum due to the decrease in pore sizes, tortuosity of the fibers and permeability affecting irregular

fiber path due to twist. It was observed that using the yarn linear density, the wicking rate decreases with an

increase in the amount of yarn twist. This may be due to the presence of discontinuous capillaries and tortuous

paths the liquid has to take.

In the second method, the wicking height was plotted against the square root of time and the correlation

coefficient and regression equations were computed. Table 3.5 shows the slopes and intercept values (Model

assumed Kt ½ + constant, where K is the slope. It is apparent that in both cases, the trend followed is the same.

The correlation between wicking height and the square root of time, wicking height and wicking time was found

to be good for all the yarns. Slopes values obtained from the different methods of analysis of wicking were

plotted against the packing factor to illustrate the trend.

It is interesting to note that the slopes obtained from the raw data depict wickability in the sense that

the higher the slope, the greater the wickability and vice versa. The time exponent h which was computed from

log h-log t curves, on the other hand, show contradictory results as they have been calculated from the model of

Laughlin and Davies (1961). In this case, cotton yarns with lower twist levels which showed higher slopes from

raw data showed opposite results. Intercepts also provide useful information on wickability. Slope and intercept

values obtained from log h and log t have been plotted to illustrate the trend. A lower value of K indicates good

wickability and the correlation between K and C is found to be negative.



3.2 Effect of Tensions on Wickabilityof Various Yarns

Table 3.6 Regression values and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex yarns with 5.2TPcm at different

tension levels (Height and Time)

Sample code/g Slope(cm/min) Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 0.448 3.067 R2= 0.984 Y= 0.448x + 3.067

5 0.385 2.4 R2= 0.979 Y= 0.385x + 2.4

8 0.333 1.78 R2= 0.983 Y= 0.333x + 1.78

12 0.258 1.173 R2= 0.962 Y= 0.258x + 1.173

The relationship between wickability depicted by slope and tension is shown in Figure 14. It is apparent that as

the tension increases, wickability decreases.

Table 3.7 Regression equation of the form H=kt1/2

+ constant and correlation coefficient for 5.2TPcm at

different tension levels

Sample code/g Slope(cm/min) 1/2 Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient (R2 Regression Equation

2 1.929 1.196 R2= 0.999 H= 1.929(t) + 1.196

5 1.664 0.782 R2= 0.999 H= 1.664(t) + 0.782

8 1.433 0.391 R2= 0.998 H= 1.433(t) + 0.391

12 1.119 0.076 R2= 0.994 H= 1.119(t) + 0.076





Table 3.8 Regression values of the form log (h)=S log t + constant and correlation coefficient for cotton

spandex yarns with 5.2 TP cm at different tension levels

Sample code/g

Time

exponent

/Slope(K) Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 0.367 0.488 R2=0.994 Log(h)= 0.367(t)+ 0.488

5 0.393 0.382 R2=0.996 Log(h)= 0.393(t)+ 0.382

8 0.426 0.26 R2=0.995 Log(h)= 0.426(t)+ 0.26

12 0.486 0.072 R2=0.996 Log(h)= 0.486(t)+ 0.072

The relationship between wickability depicted by slope and intercept is shown in Figure 7.23. It is apparent that

as the slope decreases, intercept increases.

Table 3.9 Regression values and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex yarns with 7 TP cm at different



2 0.391 2.68 R2= 0.983 Y= 0.391x + 2.68

5 0.342 1.807 R2= 0.978 Y= 0.342x + 1.807

8 0.282 1.7 R2= 0.98 Y= 0.282x + 1.7

12 0.282 0.8 R2=0.98 Y= 0.282x + 0.8





Table 3.10 Regression equation of the form H=St 1/2 + constant and correlation coefficient for 7 TPcm at


Sample code/g Slope(cm/min)1/2 Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 1.684 1.046 R2= 0.999 H= 1.684(t) + 1.046

5 1.479 0.521 R2= 0.999 H= 1.479(t) + 0.521

8 1.215 0.368 R2= 0.997 H= 1.215(t) + 0.368

12 1.215 -0.379 R2= 0.997 H= 1.215(t) – 0.379


spandex yarns with 7 TP cm at different tension levels


2 0.367 0.43 R2= 0.994 Log(h)= 0.367(t)+ 0.43

5 0.435 0.263 R2=0.996 Log(h)= 0.435(t)+ 0.263

8 0.397 0.235 R2= 0.993 Log(h)= 0.397(t)+ 0.235

12 0.597 -0.054 R2= 0.998 Log(h)= 0.597(t)+ 0.-054



Table 3.12 Regression values and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex yarns with 8.2 TP cm at different



2 0.215 2.867 R2= 0.939 Y = 0.215x + 2.867

5 0.173 1.52 R2= 0.954 Y = 0.173x + 1.52

8 0.133 0.547 R2= 0.955 Y = 0.133x + 0.547

12 0.081 0.233 R2= 0.945 Y = 0.081x + 0.233



Table 3.13 Regression equation of the form H=St 1/2 + constant and correlation coefficient for 8.2 TP cm at


Sample code /g Slope(cm/min)1/2 Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 0.943 1.931 R2= 0.988 H= 0.943(t) + 1.931

5 0.754 0.777 R2= 0.994 H= 0.754(t) + 0.777

8 0.581 -0.026 R2= 0.994 H= 0.581(t) – 0.026

12 0.355 -0.117 R2= 0.987 H= 0.355(t) – 0.117




spandex yarns with 8.2 TPcm at different tension levels

Sample code /g Slope(cm/min) Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 0.243 0.442 R2= 0.996 Log(h)= 0.243(t)+ 0.442

5 0.325 0.169 R2= 0.997 Log(h)= 0.325(t)+ 0.169

8 0.537 -0.272 R2= 0.991 Log(h)= 0.537(t) - 0.272

12 0.662 -0.639 R2= 0.976 Log(h)= 0.367(t) - 0.639

Table 3.15 Regression values and correlation coefficient for cotton spandex yarns with 12.3 TP cm at different



2 0.135 1.427 R2= 0.866 Y = 0.135x + 1.427

5 0.104 0.76 R2= 0.903 Y = 0.104x + 0.76

8 0.041 0.293 R2= 0.796 Y = 0.041x + 0.293

12 No Wicking



Table 3.16 Regression equation of the form H=Kt 1/2 + constant and correlation coefficient for 12.3TPcm at


Sample code/g Slope(cm/min) 1/2 Intercept(cm) Correlation Co-efficient Regression Equation

2 0.604 0.814 R2= 0.945 H= 0.604(t) + 0.814

5 0.458 0.3 R2= 0.967 H= 0.458(t) + 0.3

8 0.185 0.105 R2= 0.875 H= 0.185(t) + 0.105

12 No Wicking


spandex yarns with 12.3 TPcm at different tension levels


2 0.31 0.123 R2= 0.976 Log(h)= 0.31(t)+ 0.123

5 0.39 -0.146 R2= 0.983 Log(h)= 0.39(t) – 0.146

8 0.454 -0.601 R2= 0.877 Log(h)= 0.454(t) – 0.601

12 No Wicking

Figures 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and 33 show the wickability of various yarns with

different twist levels and tensions.

In the first method of analyzing wicking, the wicking time was plotted against the wicking height and

the regression equation and correlation coefficient were computed and shown in Tables 3.6, 3.9, 3.12 and 3.15.

Cotton yarns subjected to minimum load showed higher values of slope and intercept followed by maximum

loads. When the tension is increased, there is a gradual decrease in wicking and this may be attributed to the

commencement of the locking of the yarn structure that resulted in the change of the yarn "tortuosity" which

hindered continuous liquid pumping. Also, the yarn diameter diminishes due to higher tensions which leads to



Poisson's effect. This agreement with the findings of Nyoni and Brook. Higher the slope and intercept, better the

wickability and vice versa. The correlation between height and time was found to be good.

In the third method of analyzing wicking, the wicking height was plotted against the square root of

time and the linear regression analysis was computed (Model assumed Kt ½ + constant, where K is the slope). It

is apparent that cotton yarns subjected to minimum load showed higher values of slope and intercept compared

to maximum loads. The wicking trend followed here is the same. The correlation between wicking height and

the square root of time was found to be good for all the yarns.

It is interesting to note that the slopes obtained from the raw data depict wickability in the sense that

the higher the slope, the greater the wickability and vice versa. The time exponent K which was computed from

log K-log t curves, on the other hand, shows contradictory results as they have been calculated from the model

of Laughlin and Davies (1961). In this case, cotton yarns subjected to minimum loads showed higher slopes

from raw data reported opposite results as evidenced from Figures 16, 22, 28 and 34. Intercepts also provide

useful information on wickability. A lower value of K and the higher value of C indicates good wickability. A

negative correlation between K and C has been noticed and thus both are to be considered for interpreting

wickability. In all the cases, the time exponent K was less than Washburn‟s predicted time exponent of 0.5,

which was attributed to the non-uniformity of the capillaries and the simultaneous occurrence of wetting,

wicking liquid dispersion, and evaporation.

Figures 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30 and 32 show the relationship between wickability depicted by slopes

and tensions. Slopes values obtained between height and time, and wicking height and the square root of time

have been plotted against tensions to illustrate the trend Kamath et al., (1994). It is apparent that as tension

increases, wickability decreases.

III. Conclusion Wickability is affected by the packing factor due to the decrease in pore sizes, tortuosity of the fibers

and permeability affecting irregular fiber path due to twist. By increasing the yarn twist, the radius of capillary

channels decreases. It is noticed that when the tension is increased the wickability reduces due to the higher

packing factor. The yarn wicking behavior was dependent on the structure of the constituent fibers, their

orientation in yarn, the yarn structure, the pretension, and the load applied. Hence, it is found that the higher the

twist and load, the lower the wickability. Twist and tension are the important parameters that affect wickability

which in turn affect the comfort characteristics. When the tension is increased, packing factor increases which

contributes to the reduction in wicking.

Acknowledgements This work has been supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Y17E060034) and Zhejiang

Province Science and Technology Innovation Project for College Students (2018R406059, 2019R406028).

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