Hydrological information systems for integrated waterresources management

WHYCOS Guidelines

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World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)

Cover photos

Front: Direzione Servizi Tecnici di Prevenzione, Regione Piemonte, D. Juntawonsup (UNEP/Select), WMO, IFAD/Louis Dematteis, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate

Back: M. Marzot/FAO, Marion Goshawk, NOAA

© 2005, World Meteorological Organization

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Hydrological information systems for integrated water resources management

WHYCOS Guidelines For development, implementation and governance

October 2005

WMO/TD-No. 1282

Hydrology and WaterResources Department

World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The WHYCOS Guidelines are a product of collaboration involving a number of individuals,groups and institutions. Without their input, support and hard work, these Guidelinescould not have been produced.

We are especially grateful to the WHYCOS International Advisory Group (WIAG), whichsaw a need to develop these Guidelines, and the WHYCOS Coordination Group (WCG),which ensured input from, and internal coordination within, the WMO Secretariat.Particular thanks go to Mr Stefan van Biljon of the Department of Water Affairs andForestry of the Republic of South Africa and Mr Datius Rutashobya, former chairperson ofWIAG and president of the Commission for Hydrology (CHy), who prepared the first draftof the Guidelines. Thanks are also due to the other members of the WIAG and WCG andthe CHy Advisory Working Group (AWG), for providing comments.

We wish to recognize and thank all institutions and individuals that have contributed data,photographs, pictures and figures. They include Vaisala (page 8), the Norwegian WaterResources and Energy Directorate (page 12), SIAP+Micros (pages 14 and 16), theCambridge Water Department (page 15), SEBA (page 17), E.H. Al-Majed (page 19) and J.-P. Gaucher/Météo-France (page 23).

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FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. WORLD HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OBSERVING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1 The initial concept of WHYCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 Evolving concept of WHYCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 Mission of WHYCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 WHYCOS objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 WHYCOS principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.6 Regional Hydrological Cycle Observing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.6.1 Primary objectives of a HYCOS component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6.2 Secondary objectives of a HYCOS component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.6.3 Associated HYCOS components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4. DEVELOPMENT OF HYCOS COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1 Project stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1.1 Request stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1.2 Concept stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1.3 Proposal stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.1.4 Preparatory implementation stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.5 Field implementation stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1.6 Post-project stage (operation and maintenance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. IMPLEMENTATION OF HYCOS COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 Improvement of national and regional hydrometric networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.1.1 Site selection for new stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1.2 Upgrading and modernizing existing stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.1.3 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.2 Data collection and transmission system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.2.1 Data transmission in real time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.2.2 Data transmission in near real time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.3 Development and implementation of a regional water resourcesinformation system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3.1 National data centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3.2 Regional data banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.3.3 Preparation of information and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.3.4 Information dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.4 Financial arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.4.1 World Meteorological Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.4.2 External support agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4.3 National Hydrological Services (NHSs – national implementing agencies) 22

CONTENTS

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5.5 Project sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225.5.1 Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.5.2 Robustness of the project elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.5.3 Capacity-building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6. GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF HYCOS COMPONENTS 246.1 Governance – Project Steering Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.2 Management structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2.1 National implementing agency – National Hydrological Service . . . 256.2.2 Project implementing agency – Project Regional Centre . . . . . . . . . . 256.2.3 Project executing agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.2.4 Project supervising agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.1 Project monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2 Post-project evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8. POLICY AND COORDINATION ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.1 Data exchange and dissemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.2 WHYCOS coordination mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8.2.1 The WHYCOS Coordination Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.2.2 The WHYCOS International Advisory Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8.3 Collaborating centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.3.1 Criteria for a collaborating centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.3.2 Tasks of a collaborating centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

AnnexesI Example of an agreement between the participating countries and the

Project Regional Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32II Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) — Exchange of hydrological data and products . . . . . 34III Hydrological products from HYCOS projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

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Integrated water resources management(IWRM) calls for an informed participation ofdifferent stakeholders concerned withsustainable development. Timely, accurateand comprehensive information aboutwater resources derived from hydrologicalinformation systems forms the basis foreffective water resources management.Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainabledevelopment, recognizes that the monitor-ing and assessment of water resources, interms of both quantity and quality, requireadequate meteorological, hydrological andother related data. Also, the 2005 WorldSummit called for assistance to developingcountries' efforts to prepare IWRM andwater efficiency plans as part of theirnational development strategies.

Unfortunately, the capability to collect andmanage water resources-related informa-tion within countries remains inadequate inmany parts of the world. This situation oftenarises from a lack of adequate financialsupport from national governments in viewof demands from other competitive sectors.As a result, data collection networks aredeteriorating, and the ability of NationalHydrological Services (NHSs) to provideinformation on the status and trends ofwater resources is declining. The effect ofthese shortcomings is that water resourcesdevelopment options are not explored totheir full potential, with the consequent sub-optimal use of both physical and financialresources.

In order to address these issues, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)launched the World Hydrological CycleObserving System (WHYCOS) concept in1993 to overcome such obstacles thathinder the achievement of sustainabledevelopment. WHYCOS operates at global,basin and local level. It is made of regionalcomponents known as the Hydrological

Cycle Observing System (HYCOS). Owing tothe central role of water within the Earthsystem and in human activities, observationof the global water cycle has both direct andindirect benefits. It helps detect climatechange and variability through the observa-tion and analysis of trends in precipitation,stream flows and other water cycle vari-ables.

At the basin and regional levels, water cycleinformation contributes substantially tovarious elements of sustainable develop-ment and poverty alleviation such as water resources assessment and planning;ecosystem and water quality monitoring;flood forecasting and drought monitoringand prediction; agriculture developmentand fisheries management; and humanhealth.

At the local level within a country, it bringstogether various agencies and builds thecapacities of institutions involved in theobservation and monitoring of such dataand development of protocols and standardprocedures for the exchange of information.Common national water informationsystems allow confidence building amongvarious users and stakeholders.

WHYCOS, an umbrella programme ofWMO, is a combined effort of its partners,participating countries, regional and basininstitutions, international agencies andfinancial partners.

In light of the experience gained from theimplementation of regional HYCOS proj-ects, the WHYCOS International AdvisoryGroup (WIAG), which is the coordinationmechanism of the programme for policyguidance, has called for a commonapproach to the development and imple-mentation of HYCOS components. TheGuidelines presented here are therefore

FOREWORD

aimed at ensuring that each project remainsconsistent with the WHYCOS objectives,while responding to local needs, realitiesand changing situations. The Guidelines setout the roles played by different partners forthe successful implementation of WHYCOS.The system is a unique tool for the protec-tion, use and management of waterresources in a sustainable manner. As such,it contributes to poverty alleviation.

The Guidelines should help achieve theobjectives of the International Decade forAction "Water for Life" (2005–2015). They aredesigned to serve as guidance for the mainstages of project formulation and implemen-tation including initiation, development,

realization and management, as well asmonitoring and evaluation, of HYCOS proj-ects. It is expected that the information in thisbrochure should allow for the exchange ofexperience, data and information amongdevelopment projects and activities andthereby help in developing and improvingthe implementation of HYCOS components.

(M. Jarraud)Secretary-General

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Water is one of the most highly valued natu-ral resources. It exerts an enormous influenceon a nation's economy, and almost everyaspect of development is closely linked to theproper utilization of water. It is the key elementfor both environmental conservation andeconomic development and as such shouldbe managed through an integrated approachto land use, water supply and waste manage-ment. With due attention to all the paralleluses of water in nature and society, as well asthe evident linkages between upstream land,water use and downstream opportunities, themost evident unit of such integration shouldbe the catchment or river basin.

Given the uneven distribution of waterresources globally, it is evident that waterscarcity is not a global problem but hasstrong regional connotations. Waterresources can only be understood within thecontext of the dynamics of the water cycle.When one calculates the amount of freshwa-ter available for human use, what counts isnot the total sum of global freshwaterresources, but the rate at which freshwaterresources are renewed or replenished by theglobal hydrological cycle and how they areharnessed and sustained. There is an enor-mous disparity between the huge volume ofsalt water and the tiny fraction of freshwater.Some 97.5 per cent of the total volume of theworld’s water is estimated to exist in theoceans and only 2.5 per cent as freshwater.Nearly 70 per cent of this freshwater isconsidered to occur in the ice sheets andglaciers in the Antarctic, Greenland and inmountainous areas, while a little more than30 per cent is estimated to be stored asgroundwater in the world’s aquifers (seefigure opposite). In order to assess the levelof water availability, adequate meteorologi-cal, hydrological and other related data areneeded on the gross amount of water avail-able in a basin. This requires a betterunderstanding of the water cycle by which

water evaporates from oceans and otherwater bodies, accumulates as water vapourin clouds, is transported by wind, and returnsto oceans and other bodies of water as rainand snow, surface runoff or groundwater (seefigure overleaf).

According to the World Water DevelopmentReport (March 2003), rapid growth of theworld’s population has been one of the mostvisible and dramatic changes in the worldover the last hundred years. Populationgrowth has huge implications on variousaspects of water resource use. Althoughwater is a renewable resource, it is onlyrenewable within limits, and the extent towhich increasing demands can be met isfinite. On a global level, water supplies percapita decreased by a third between 1970 and1990, and there is little doubt that populationgrowth has been, and will continue to be, oneof the main drivers of change in patterns ofwater resource use. This increasing demand

Freshwater 2.5%

Saline (oceans) 97.5%

Soil moisture 0.113%

Atmospheric water 0.049%

Surface water 0.735%

Groundwater 30.16%

Ice and permanentsnow 68.95%

Rivers 0.7%

Swamps 24.6%

Lakes 74.7%

Earth’s water Freshwater Fresh surface water

Distribution of water onEarth

1. INTRODUCTION

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for water can also increase the chance ofconflicts among different users and ripariancountries. Many countries are trying tobalance their water supplies with thedemands of a rapidly growing population.

It is important to investigate and analyse theissues surrounding water in the global andregional context. The world is changing at anever-increasing pace. Many of these changesare having an impact on how we, humans,utilize the world’s water. Short-circuiting of theland phase of the hydrological cycle byincreasing the amount of evaporation andreducing the amount of water reaching seashas a significant impact on the circulation ofthe ocean currents, which has likely conse-quences on the regional activities of thehydrological cycle.

The global climate change scenario has thepotential to have a significant impact on theavailability of water resources both in timeand space. Climate variability and change areincreasingly affecting the water resources ofmost countries. High temperatures anddecreased precipitation as predicted by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) climate change scenarios not onlylead to decreased water supplies but alsocause deterioration of the ecosystem. This,

together with land degradation, has a seri-ous impact on the already fragile waterresources.

The increasing frequency of floods resultsin the loss of lives and property, causeswidespread crop destruction and affectseconomic development in many parts ofthe world. Drought and desertification arealso threatening human survival in manyregions of the world. Apart from humansuffering, damage is inflicted on thewatersheds, parts of which are left at themercy of the climate after the naturalvegetation has been stripped away byhuman activity. It is estimated that before2050, when the global water demand willhave doubled, a quarter of the total aver-age flow of all the rivers in the world willhave been committed to use. Under thesecircumstances, planning and decision-making on all water-related issues mustachieve new levels of sophistication, relia-bility, and acceptance at national, basinand/or regional levels. Regional and globalcooperation must be improved above all inthe field of data and information gatheringand dissemination. Such cooperation inthe area of floods, droughts and othernatural disasters is imperative if the globalcommunity is to reduce, mitigate and, insome cases, prevent the impacts of naturaldisasters.

The hydrological cycle

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Aware of the increased pace in the demand forwater, as well as an increased realization of theimportance of the environment, the UnitedNations Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiroin 1992, produced Agenda 21 as a blueprint forthe future. The chapter on freshwater (chapter18) in Agenda 21 recognized that knowledgeof the hydrological cycle, in terms of quantityand quality, forms the essential basis for effec-tive water resources management. There hasalso been the realization that the need formonitoring systems, data storage andarchives, resources assessment and pollutionprotection and control are slowly beingpushed to the back stage. As a result of a lackof hydrological information, numerous waterresources development schemes cannot bedesigned optimally, with a consequentwastage of financial resources. Their sustain-ability depends largely on adequate andaccurate basic information on the state ofwater resources. Country reports of the UnitedNations Development Programme(UNDP)/World Bank Sub-Saharan AfricaHydrological Assessment highlighted thedecline of monitoring networks, absence ofcomputer-based archives and lack of qualifiedstaff as a result of cuts in funding to hydro-logical services. This situation is true for manycountries, including a number of developedcountries, and is not confined only to Africa.

Indeed, the availability of hydrological infor-mation for the work of international scientificprogrammes which require water-relatedinformation, such as research into the globalhydrological cycle, and those related toclimate variability and change, such as theWorld Climate Programme (WCP) and theGlobal Climate Observing System (GCOS)1,has been far from satisfactory. Globally,hydrological data have been assembled athydrological data centres such as the GlobalRunoff Data Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz,Germany, and the International Groundwater

Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), in theNetherlands. Regional data sets are alsoassembled under the auspices of the FRIENDproject, implemented by the United NationsEducational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO). It has been foundthat these data sets are also not spatiallyrepresentative and often lack quality.

To address these problems, the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO), with thesupport of the World Bank, launched theWorld Hydrological Cycle Observing System(WHYCOS) in 1993, as a worldwide networkof key stations linked by satellite with an asso-ciated quality-controlled database. It consistsof a number of regional components knownas HYCOS. Each HYCOS project, while follow-ing common guidelines and standards, istailored to meet the needs of the participatingcountries. One decade after launching theWHYCOS concept, and equipped with theexperience gained from the implementationof the regional HYCOS projects, there is aneed to bring a common approach to devel-opment and implementation and ensure thateach project remains consistent with theWHYCOS objectives, while responding tolocal needs and constraints and allowing theexchange of experience, data and informationamong other components.

The present Guidelines should help developand improve the implementation of futureHYCOS components. They aim to enable thedevelopment and implementation of compo-nents adapted to local realities and changingsituations, whilst pursuing overall WHYCOSobjectives. These Guidelines are designed toserve as guidance for the main stages of initi-ating and implementing HYCOS components.

2. BACKGROUND

1 World Meteorological Organization (2000):

Establishment of a Global Hydrological Observation

Network for Climate (WMO/TD-No.1047), Geneva.

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The Guidelines are addressed to all thosewho are currently, or might soon become,interested in developing HYCOS compo-nents, including, but not limited to, policyand decision makers, the NationalHydrological Services (NHSs) of participatingcountries, external support agencies (ESAs),

transboundary river/lake basin organizations,local basin councils and commissions, scien-tific communities, other relevantinternational organizations and programmesas well as those who will be in charge ofpreparing new projects and evaluating theirperformance.

AGENDA 21 (excerpt from chapter 18)

PROTECTION OF THE QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES: APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES

18.1. Freshwater resources are an essential component of the Earth's hydrosphere and an indispensable part ofall terrestrial ecosystems. The freshwater environment is characterized by the hydrological cycle, including floodsand droughts, which in some regions have become more extreme and dramatic in their consequences. Globalclimate change and atmospheric pollution could also have an impact on freshwater resources and their availabilityand, through sea-level rise, threaten low-lying coastal areas and small island ecosystems.

18.2. Water is needed in all aspects of life. The general objective is to make certain that adequate supplies ofwater of good quality are maintained for the entire population of this planet, while preserving the hydrological,biological and chemical functions of ecosystems, adapting human activities within the capacity limits of nature andcombating vectors of water-related diseases. Innovative technologies, including the improvement of indigenoustechnologies, are needed to fully utilize limited water resources and to safeguard those resources against pollution.

18.3. The widespread scarcity, gradual destruction and aggravated pollution of freshwater resources in manyworld regions, along with the progressive encroachment of incompatible activities, demand integrated waterresources planning and management. Such integration must cover all types of interrelated freshwater bodies,including both surface water and groundwater, and duly consider water quantity and quality aspects. The multisec-toral nature of water resources development in the context of socio-economic development must be recognized, aswell as the multi-interest utilization of water resources for water supply and sanitation, agriculture, industry, urbandevelopment, hydropower generation, inland fisheries, transportation, recreation, low and flat lands managementand other activities. Rational water utilization schemes for the development of surface and underground water-supply sources and other potential sources have to be supported by concurrent water conservation and wastageminimization measures. Priority, however, must be accorded to flood prevention and control measures, as well assedimentation control, where required.

18.4. Transboundary water resources and their use are of great importance to riparian States. In this connection,cooperation among those States may be desirable in conformity with existing agreements and/or other relevantarrangements, taking into account the interests of all riparian States concerned.

18.5. The following programme areas are proposed for the freshwater sector: (a) Integrated water resources development and management; (b) Water resources assessment; (c) Protection of water resources, water quality and aquatic ecosystems; (d) Drinking-water supply and sanitation; (e) Water and sustainable urban development; (f) Water for sustainable food production and rural development; (g) Impacts of climate change on water resources.

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WHYCOS is a framework programme, consist-ing of HYCOS components on the regionaland/or basin scale. As a bottom up approach,from the country to the global scale, theHYCOS components should primarily focus onstrengthening the technical and institutionalcapacities of NHSs through regional and basinprojects. They should support the NHSs tobetter fulfil their responsibilities, by improvingthe availability, accuracy and dissemination ofwater resources data and information throughthe development and implementation of appro-priate national water resources informationsystems, thereby facilitating its use for sustain-able socio-economic development.

3.1 THE INITIAL CONCEPT OF WHYCOS

The WHYCOS concept was born in responseto the absence or obsolescence of accurateand timely accessible data and informationin real or near real time on freshwaterresources in many parts of the world, partic-ularly the developing countries. WHYCOS isa WMO programme with the ultimate objec-tive to promote and facilitate the collection,exchange, dissemination and use of water-related information, using moderninformation technologies. A number ofregional HYCOS components collectivelyform the building blocks to constitute theWHYCOS programme, through whichhydrological and meteorological variablesare captured and transmitted via satellite toregional databases established at theRegional Centres (RCs). The WMO GlobalTelecommunication System (GTS) or theInternet were considered to be the media fordata transmission. WMO ensures imple-mentation and maintenance of the globalconcept provided that the data are consis-tent with and conform to the standardsoutlined in the WMO Technical Regulations(WMO-No. 49) and the Guide toHydrological Practices (WMO-No. 168).

3.2 EVOLVING CONCEPT OF WHYCOS

While the initial concept of WHYCOS withits sound objectives and principles remainsthe same, a slightly different approach to itsimplementation, based on the experience ofpractical application, has been followed forquite some time and is recommended forthe future.

To begin with, emphasis had been placed onthe concept of a global network of 1 000stations and a global water informationsystem to capture data and information onthe hydrological cycle. It is argued that, to acertain extent, this focus was at the expenseof what should have been a major thrust ofthe WHYCOS concept, in a bottom upapproach, by supporting regional and coun-try HYCOS components. This gave rise toscepticism in certain circles about the objec-tive of capturing data at regional and nationallevel. Questions were raised as to whoseinterests were being served – those of thecountry or region, or the global demand fordata? The issue is addressed in theseGuidelines by emphasizing that the primaryobjective of the programme remains countryor basin based, while meeting global needs,which, in turn, support water resourcesmanagement at the basin level.

Further, based on the experience gainedfrom implemented projects, a revision of

3. WORLD HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OBSERVING SYSTEM

Meteorological satellite

Regional Centre

NationalMeteorologicalService

Dedicated line

National Hydrological Service

End-users

WHYCOShydrological

station

WHYCOShydrological

station

Other centres

GRDC

NationalHydrological

Service

Nationalnetwork

GTSINTERNET

BORDER BORD

ER

WHYCOS: General scheme of data collection and dissemination network

World HydrologicalCycle ObservingSystem (WHYCOS)

6

the emphasis on modern instrumentation,modern information technologies andreliance on the Internet as the sole vehiclefor data transfer is required. The originalapproach was not very successful owing toweak telecommunication infrastructure,especially in the developing countries.Unfortunately, automated and unattendedstations experienced vandalism and theftand this hindered the full, successful implementation of HYCOS projects.

3.3 MISSION OF WHYCOS

The WHYCOS mission is: “To strengthen the technical and institu-tional capacities of National HydrologicalServices to collect and transmit, in real ornear real time, hydrometeorological dataand information of a consistent quality,thereby improving water resources assess-ment and management and promotingregional and international cooperation indata collection, sharing and research.”

3.4 WHYCOS OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of WHYCOS are:

(a) To establish a global network of nationalhydrological observatories that provide

information of a consistent quality,transmitted in real or near real time tonational and regional databases, viaexisting telecommunication systems,such as the GTS, and the Internet;

(b) To promote regional and internationalcooperation in pursuing research inclimate change and its impact on water-related issues by improving the qualityof data collection and sharing at allappropriate levels;

(c) To promote and facilitate the dissemina-tion and use of information technologyon water-related issues.

3.5 WHYCOS PRINCIPLES

WHYCOS stipulates the following principles:

(a) WHYCOS complements and supple-ments the existing national datacollection, processing and productpreparation capacities.

(b) There must be committed long-termnational participation in WHYCOS, and participating countries shouldensure the sustainability of HYCOS components.

(c) There should be a free exchange of dataamong all the participating countriesand the international community atlarge.

(d) Monitoring sites should be selected insuch a way that data so collected cancover the widest possible use.

(e) The participating countries should, as faras possible, contribute to the establish-ment of new stations under the WHYCOSprogramme, in addition to maintainingexisting ones.

3.6 REGIONAL HYDROLOGICALCYCLE OBSERVING SYSTEM

WHYCOS is being developed in the form ofregional components referred to as HYCOS,each of which meets the priorities expressedby the NHSs and end-users of the participat-ing countries. They are all considered in a

Mt Kenya GAWstation

7

global perspective and should followcommon guidelines and standards during theidentification, preparation and implementa-tion stages.

3.6.1 Primary objectives of a HYCOScomponent

The primary objectives of a HYCOS compo-nent are to collect data on the hydrologicalcycle to improve the accuracy, availability,dissemination and ease of use of waterresources data and information needed byplanners, decision makers, scientists and thepublic through the development and implementation of appropriate national waterresources information systems on the basinscale at national and regional level. In addi-tion, it provides hydrological data andinformation in real or near real time for theearly warning and mitigation of impacts ofwater-related natural disasters. The objectivesof each HYCOS component have to be clearlydefined at the project proposal stage. Theprimary objectives could be one, or a combi-nation, of the following:

(a) To support regional institutions and NHSsin discharging their relevant regional andnational responsibilities in support of: (i) integrated water resources manage-

ment (IWRM);(ii) water resources assessment;(iii) flood forecasting and warning;(iv) groundwater monitoring and

assessment;(v) water quality monitoring;

(b) To strengthen and build the capacity ofregional institutions for cost-effective andsustainable water resources informationsystems and data dissemination by NHSs;

(c) To supplement existing hydrologicalobserving programmes, especially interms of observation networks;

(d) To improve the quality of hydrological andrelated data and information by adoptinginternational standards;

(e) To support development, implementationand maintenance of appropriate modern-ized regional and national databases;

(f) To support greater efficiency in the acqui-sition and dissemination of water-relatedinformation, and development of regionaland national water resources informationsystems by encouraging and facilitating

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FLOODS

It has been determined that long-term climatic changes (Pleistocene ice ages) have been caused byperiodic changes in the distribution of incoming solar radiation due to the variations in the Earth’sorbital geometry. However, it has been considered that the major potential mechanism of climatechange over the next few hundred years will be the warming of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Anumber of gases that occur naturally in the atmosphere in small quantities are known as “green-house gases”. Water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane and nitrous oxide trap solar energy inmuch the same way as do the glass panes of a greenhouse or a closed automobile. This naturalgreenhouse gas effect has kept the Earth’s atmosphere some 30°C hotter than it would otherwise be,making it possible for humans to exist on Earth. Human activities, however, are now raising theconcentrations of these gases in the atmosphere, thus increasing their ability to trap energy. Theenhanced greenhouse gas effect is expected to cause a high temperature increase globally (1 to3.5°C) and this is expected to give rise to changes in hydrological systems (globally, the greenhousegas effect is expected to elevate average precipitation by 5 to 15 per cent and evapotranspiration by10 to 20 per cent). This hydrological change, as with the change in climate variables, will varyregionally around the globe, raising the risk of extreme events such as floods or droughts. Impactstudies on local and regional scales are needed to assess how different regions will be affected.The impact of expected climate change will affect almost all sectors of human endeavour.

8

cooperation among countries sharing thesame water resources.

3.6.2 Secondary objectives of a HYCOScomponent

The secondary objectives of HYCOS compo-nents are to:

(a) Support international efforts to under-stand the global hydrological cycle andthe global atmospheric processes;

(b) Provide improved knowledge on thestatus and trends of the world's freshwa-ter resources, as a basis for settingpriorities and planning international actionand providing advisories to governments;

(c) Serve global scientific interests in termsof characterizing hydrologicalvariability, detecting climate change anddeveloping the ability to predict impactsof climate change, thereby helping

evolve a sustainable adaptation strategyfor water resources management in thecountries;

(d) Strengthen cooperation between NHSsand National Meteorological Services(NMSs), which are key players in provid-ing relevant information in the field ofsustainable water resources managementand early warning and forecasting ofwater and related hazards through sharing physical, financial and humanresources and integration of the informa-tion for better efficiency.

3.6.3 Associated HYCOS components

A number of networks or projects for whichhydrological observation is a key elementalready exist or are being developed andimplemented at the initiative of regional orbasin institutions without the involvement ofWMO. These networks/projects, if they fulfilthe following criteria, should be recognizedformally as associated HYCOS components(A-HYCOS). The criteria for a system to berecognized as an associated component ofWHYCOS are:

(a) Fulfilment of the above-stated conceptand objectives;

(b) Compliance with prescribed standards orguidelines;

(c) Addressing of regional issues in IWRM;(d) That requests for regional cooperation

should emanate from an appreciablepercentage of countries, or from countriescomprising a significant portion (morethan three-quarters of countries or area)of a particular basin or group of basins;

(e) That funding shall be provided accordingto a basin or regional grouping approachand not to individual countries;

(f) Commitments made by governments asregards the ownership and maintenanceof the HYCOS infrastructure after projectimplementation (sustainability principle).

Hydrometeorologicalstations during winterand spring measuring

water qualityparameters, water flow

and basicmeteorological

parameters

9

4.1 PROJECT STAGES

A number of preliminary activities are neces-sary for the successful development andimplementation of a HYCOS component andits long-term sustainability. Such a projectshall be developed in stages involving WMOand all the potential partners and participat-ing countries, with each stage requiring closercooperation, wider acceptance and funding.HYCOS components go through variousstages as defined in the following paragraphs.

Project initiation stages

Stage A: Request stageStage B: Concept stageStage C: Project proposal stage

Project implementation stages

Stage D: Preparatory implementation stageStage E: Field implementation stage

Post-project stage

Stage F: Project maintenance stage

WMO will provide financial support for theinitiation stages to ensure the preparation ofa concrete proposal that is attractive to donorsand assist in seeking funds from ESAs for theimplementation stages.

4.1.1 Request stage

A regional institution or river basinauthority recognizing the need forcooperation in water resources orstrengthening hydrological services canmake a request for the development of aHYCOS component under the umbrella ofWHYCOS. After receiving the request fromthree-quarters of the countries sharing thebasin or countries within whose jurisdictionmore than three-quarters of the basin areafalls (at least two countries), it should

convey its intentions to WMO through anofficial written request. Should no formalregional grouping or river basinorganization exist, the NHSs of thecountries sharing a basin can approachWMO individually; WMO will theninvestigate the feasibility of the project as abasin or regionally based HYCOS.

4.1.2 Concept stage

At the concept stage, a project profile isprepared and presented as a short projectconcept document (PCD), as an expression ofintent of the countries to work together anddevelop a HYCOS component. It is essentiallybased on consultation or preliminary discus-sions between WMO or its representative andthe requesting institution(s). It should mainlydescribe the current status of hydrologicalnetworks, the issues that need to beaddressed, and should clearly identify theobjectives of the project. The concept docu-ment should contain the general agreementof NHSs from the interested participatingcountries to broadly concur to work under theprinciples of cooperation incorporated inthese Guidelines (see annex I). The WMO

4. DEVELOPMENT OF HYCOS COMPONENTS

StageA

StageB

StageC

StageD

StageE

StageF

WMO

DONORS

The projectcycle

10

Secretariat will then prepare the project profilein collaboration with the interested countriesor regional institution(s). Preparation of theproject profile is funded by WMO as an activ-ity under the Hydrology and Water ResourcesProgramme (HWRP) of WMO.

4.1.3 Proposal stage

The successful implementation of the activi-ties listed below is seen as a prerequisite forthe preparation of a project proposal and lateridentification of ESAs and establishment of aHYCOS component.

Based on the project profile, the interestedcountries should reach a preliminary agree-ment to proceed with formulating the projectproposal and further establishing a HYCOS.Such a preliminary agreement should be

endorsed at a senior decision-making leveland cover the following points:

(a) The primary and secondary objectives tobe met, which, amongst others, will deter-mine the kind of data to be collected andthe information required by end-users;

(b) Criteria for the selection of sites to beincluded in the HYCOS network, accord-ing to the stated objectives;

(c) Establishment of the RC and its role andresponsibilities and the way in which theRC will finally be selected by the countries;

(d) Data and information disseminationpolicy. An agreement among the NHSsparticipating in the project on sharing thehydrological data and information gener-ated by the project is a prerequisite for theimplementation and execution of all thesubsequent project activities; this shouldtake account of WMO Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) and Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) (seeannex II).

After receiving commitments from the inter-ested participating countries in the form of apreliminary agreement to work in accordancewith these Guidelines, WMO, in collaborationwith the countries or a regional institution,will prepare a project proposal. The projectproposal is to be developed based on consul-tations with all the interested participatingcountries and the regional institution(s) initi-ating the component. The participatingcountries are expected to provide input in theform of the status of the existing hydrologicalnetwork, the existing gaps therein, the desiredobjectives and expected needs of the coun-tries with respect to the network andcapacity-building. The project proposal shouldcontain the preliminary agreement among theparticipating countries committing themselvesto the project. The proposal should identifylinks between the HYCOS component and theongoing related projects in the region. Itshould also specify the proposed activities,expected results and input from the countriesthemselves as well as those expected fromexternal sources. The document shouldprovide a rough estimate of costs as well asthe schedule for implementation once the

Stage Actors Action

1. Requeststage

2. Conceptstage

3. Proposalstage

6. Post-projectstage

4. Preparatoryimplementation

stage

5. Fieldimplementation

stage

Regional institution,river basin

authority (if notexisting, then NHS)

WMO

Interested countries,WMO

ESA

NHS, PMU, ESA,WMO

NHS, WMO

Request to WMO

Project profile

Project proposal

Detailed projectdocument (DPD)

Fieldwork,training activities

Operation andmaintenance

PMU

PRC

PSC

RC

Development ofHYCOS components

11

project proposal finds financial support. Thedocument should serve as a basis for solicit-ing financial support from ESAs. WMOprovides the necessary technical and financialsupport and input to ensure an acceptableproject proposal.

4.1.4 Preparatory implementation stage

The implementation stages of a HYCOS proj-ect call for intensive funding over a long periodof time and are taken up after identifying apotential financial partner who may expressinterest in funding one or both of the imple-mentation stages of the project. In the formercase, after formulation of the detailed projectdocuments (DPDs), other ESAs will be solicitedto participate and support the project.

The preparatory implementation stageinvolves the development of a DPD. Thepreparation of such a document calls forextensive consultations with all the partici-pating agencies and stakeholders and isessentially seen as an activity that is finan-cially supported through extrabudgetaryresources and goes on to identify the ESAs.Ideally, the stage has to be funded by an ESA

that has interest in financing the full imple-mentation stage, as this is essentially thepreliminary stage of project implementation.The format of such a document should closelyrelate to the requirements of the ESA.

It should be kept in mind that the unit for theintegrated sustainable development andprotection of surface freshwater resources isa basin. Therefore, networks and related waterresources information systems should bedesigned accordingly. However, for a numberof reasons – especially political, administrativeand financial reasons – some HYCOS compo-nents have been, and might be, designed andimplemented on a regional basis and gobeyond one basin or cut across basins; thissituation should be avoided as far as possible.It shall be possible, therefore, for a countrysharing more than one river basin to partici-pate in more than one HYCOS project.

While preparing the DPD, it should beremembered that it is being developed prima-rily as a vehicle for promoting appropriate,robust and affordable technology and shouldbe able to create national ownership, therequirements of which have to be clearly iden-tified and officially endorsed at different levels

BALTIC

IGAD

PACIFIC PACIFIC

SADC-1

CARIB-CIC

MED

AOC

NIGER MEKONG

HKH

Implemented

Under implementation

Advanced development

Preparatory stage

ARCTIC

VOLTASADC-2

WHYCOS is implemented in theform of regional HYCOSprojects

12

of responsibility and interest: political,economic, scientific and technical. At thedetailed project preparation (DPP) stage,WMO contributes through identifying thetraining and capacity-building needs of thecountries to ensure that the long-termsustainability of the project is ensured.

The DPD will cover all the technical andadministrative details and field activities, suchas the network to be strengthened, the sitesto be equipped and the type of equipment tobe installed, with a detailed budget and workplan. The preparatory implementation stageis devoted to initiating activities for the imple-mentation of the project. It will includeidentification of a Project Steering Committee(PSC) and a Project Regional Centre (PRC) andthe establishment of the Project ManagementUnit (PMU) and the administrative and finan-cial arrangements with the RC. Variouselements of the project should be preparedwith due consideration for the issues raised inthe following paragraphs.

4.1.5 Field implementation stage

This stage is devoted to fieldwork andincludes procuring equipment, upgrading,

strengthening and installing new stations,establishing a regional database and information system and training activities.NHSs will be fully responsible for the field-work at national level in their country. Theywill provide financial support for the installa-tion costs of the stations and other logisticsupport required. The PMU will facilitate andcoordinate the field activities. The ESAs willfinancially fully support all activities duringthis stage including the running costs of thePMU and the costs of the executing, super-vising agency. The implementation of theproject will be supervised by WMO throughregular monitoring, mid-term evaluation (tobe submitted to the PSC) and training activi-ties. A detailed governance and managementstructure for the implementation stages isdescribed in section 6. WMO, with the supportof the PRC and the PMU, should prepare afinal completion report at the closure of theproject to document the lessons learned andhow to improve and adopt best practices insubsequent HYCOS projects.

4.1.6 Post-project stage (operation andmaintenance)

Once the project period comes to an end andthe donors fulfil their financial commitments,the participating countries will maintain thenetwork and continue the activities under theproject to ensure its sustainability. At thisstage, participating countries should agreeand decide on the continuance of the exis-tence and functioning of the RC and theregional database. They should also continuetheir cooperation in the exchange of data andinformation. Through its continuous associa-tion with the NHSs, WMO should support thecountries in this effort.

Post-project evaluation should be carried outthree years after the closure of the project; thisshould form part of the commitment by thedonor agencies at the DPP stage.

Hydrometric stationstransmit data via

satellite

13

The following paragraphs provide broadguidelines for the DPP stage. A somewhatdetailed discussion is provided for certaincases with a view to work towards long-termsustainability (section 5.5) of the project fromthe detailed project formulation stage and isbased on the experience gained from HYCOScomponents already implemented underWHYCOS. The activities of a HYCOS projectgenerally consist of the following categories:

(a) Improvement of national and regionalhydrometric networks;

(b) Establishment of a data collection andtransmission system;

(c) Development and implementation of aregional water resources informationsystem;

(d) Capacity-building.

The work plan for the project and the projectimplementation plan form part of the projectitself and should be drawn up by the imple-menting agency or the PMU and endorsed bythe PSC.

5.1 IMPROVEMENT OF NATIONALAND REGIONAL HYDROMETRICNETWORKS

It must be kept in mind that WHYCOS doesnot replace existing hydrological observingprogrammes, especially in terms of observa-tion networks, but supplements them. Ananalysis of the existing network has to becarried out in accordance with the procedureslaid down in the WMO Guide to HydrologicalPractices (WMO-No. 168) and the gaps iden-tified in relation to the overall water resourcesassessment and management in the partici-pating countries. The existing network shouldalso be evaluated for any deficiencies. Basedon these studies, and keeping in view theoverall primary objective and overall scope ofthe project, the hydrological stations to be

included in the project network should beselected. The selected network stations shouldfulfil the agreed common objective of the proj-ect. To ensure the sustainability of the system,it is recommended that all available equip-ment be studied and that the most suitabledata collection and transmission system forthe region be selected.

5.1.1 Site selection for new stations

The selection of hydrological stations shouldbe governed by the principles of networkdesign (chapter 20 of the WMO Guide toHydrological Practices) and the proposed useof the data. The location of a particular stationshould be guided by the criteria laid down inthe Guide. In addition, the following require-ments should be met when selecting the sitefor setting up a data collection platform (DCP):

(a) The site is readily accessible for the instal-lation and operation of the DCP;

5. IMPLEMENTATION OF HYCOS COMPONENTS

MED-HYCOS DCP inCroatia

14

(b) Facilities for telemetry or satellite relaycan be made available, if required.

5.1.2 Upgrading and modernizing existing stations

Analysis of the existing networks may neces-sitate the modernization of some importantexisting stations that are vital to the overallobjectives of the HYCOS component and canprovide the regional database with therequired data for archiving. When choosinga selected HYCOS network station, in addi-tion to responding to identified needs and inaccordance with criteria set by the WMOGuide to Hydrological Practices and ISO stan-dards, it should meet the followingrequirements:

(a) A long historical record should beavailable;

(b) A stable rating curve should be available;

(c) Time series should be homogeneous andstationary (the absence of which may indi-cate major consumptive water use);

(d) Access should be easy; (e) Data collected should, as far as possible,

reflect not too diverse a hydrological andclimatic regime.

5.1.3 Instrumentation

Parameters

A HYCOS hydrological network station shouldbe equipped for measuring the following setof variables:

(a) Precipitation;(b) Temperature; (c) Humidity;(d) Water level:

(i) in rivers: to be converted to flow ratevia a calibration table;

Multi-purpose datalogger and

interfacing devices

15

(ii) in lakes or reservoirs: for environ-mental and/or managementobjectives;

(iii) groundwater: in observation bore-holes or wells;

(e) Water quality (if guided by the objective).

Wherever required, and possible, additionalvariables such as wind speed and directionand solar radiation can be included.

Detailed specifications for the instrumentsshould be established while preparing the DPD.

Data collection platforms

All sensors should be connected to a DCPforming an “intelligent” data collectionsystem and on-site data logger. The mainadvantages of such a system as compared toother solutions are:

(a) Elimination of human error in the readingof instruments;

(b) Minimization of gaps caused by observa-tion failure;

(c) Avoidance of errors in reading or digitiz-ing from graphical recording charts orpaper tapes;

(d) Direct transfer of the digital data into elec-tronic databases;

(e) Modulation of the rhythm of data acquisi-tion according to the dynamics of each ofthe variables measured and the realneeds.

These instruments should be compatible withthe GTS as regards frequency and format.

Appropriate technology

Successful and sustainable HYCOS imple-mentation requires the use of appropriatetechnology for a particular site. The instru-ments to be installed should be standard,simple, maintainable at a reasonable cost andappropriate for their intended functions, witha high level of demonstrated reliability androbustness. Variations in climatic conditions

and technological and infrastructure facilitiesavailable in the participating countries haveto be given due consideration while selectingthe project equipment. Although WMOpromotes the utilization of modern equip-ment for monitoring, with the resultantspeedy access and dissemination of data,because of vandalism experienced in certainparts of the world, an alternative approachmay be required.

Threats to the performance of instrumenta-tion may be classified as (a) instrumentfailure; (b) natural hazards such as floods andlightning; or (c) theft or vandalism. It must berealized that instrumentation is fragile anddoes not tolerate errors in installation or elec-trical coupling beyond its tolerable limits. Thepossibility of theft and vandalism should beconsidered when selecting instruments andthe location of stations. The most successfulprotective measure to combat theft andvandalism is to deploy a local observer towatch over the station who also takes gaugeplate readings at regular intervals as a cross-check. Such control readings are useful as aquality check of the data. Moving away fromautomated modern equipment and commu-nication systems towards older or basictechnologies, however, introduces greaterlevels of human intervention. It may also bedifficult to implement such asystem in very remote places,and human error in readingsmay affect the quality of dataand slow down data transmis-sion. Although not desirable,this is more acceptable than avandalized system withcomplete data breakdown.

It is, therefore, recommendedthat, in the detailed projectdesign, preference be given tothe utilization of modern tech-nology, with recourse to older orbasic technologies being madeonly when equipment security isa major concern. In such a case,it is obligatory to have a writtenagreement or memorandum of

Water-resources monitoring

16

understanding (MoU) between the participat-ing country or river basin authority and thePRC regarding the frequency of data trans-mission and the maximum acceptable timelapse between reading and transmission ofdata to the project network. Although moredifficult to implement, it is possible to usesuch a ‘mix’ of technologies to obtain greatersustainability.

Water quality

Measurement of water quality variables, suchas conductivity, dissolved oxygen and turbid-ity, is optional, but has great value for earlywarnings of accidental pollution events.Water quality stations should be establishedin consultation and cooperation with thenational agency primarily responsible forwater quality monitoring. Fixed water qualityinstrumentation (such as conductivity probes)prove to be unreliable in certain hostile envi-ronments. Two possible options are the useof portable water-quality instrumentationand/or cooperation with the national or basin

authority water quality monitoringprogramme. If well designed, structured andoperational, the latter option is advisable. Ifthis is not the case, the HYCOS project shouldprovide the necessary support to the appro-priate national agency to implement a waterquality monitoring network, which shouldform part of the stakeholders’ group at thenational level. Alternately, or in addition, iden-tified water quality variables should bemonitored by hydrologists or techniciansfrom the national service, basin authority orPRC using portable instrumentation. Thismay not be the ideal solution when accidentalpollution monitoring is one of the primeobjectives.

5.2 DATA COLLECTION ANDTRANSMISSION SYSTEM

5.2.1 Data transmission in real time

HYCOS stations should transmit data in nearreal time if the primary objective of the networkso dictates and should therefore be equippedwith an appropriate transmission system. Thetransmission of data in real or near real time isa prerequisite for the early warning andmanagement of floods and accidental pollutionevents. Satellite technology has the greatestadvantage despite the initial capital outlay forthe equipment. The latest advances in instru-mentation in terms of low power consumptionare very attractive. Use of satellite telemetrythrough meteorological satellites and the GTSof WMO is of great advantage since it isprovided free of charge for registered WMOprogrammes such as WHYCOS.

However, it may be appropriate to point outthat the choice of telemetry is not necessar-ily related only to the degree of urgency ofdata required at the receiving point. Twoother functions of telemetry have to be keptin mind while making the choice. One of themain reasons for using telemetry is tosecure and speed up data transmission andto permit remote monitoring of the status ofthe condition of the instruments and theDCPs, thus reducing the requirement for

Satellite

telemetric

station

Primary

ground

station

(automatic data reception as e-mails)

Workstation

User 1

Stations with satellite data transmission

Internet

Workstation

User n

Workstation

User 3

Workstation

User ...

Workstation

User 2

International waterresources informationsystem

17

regular visits for data collection. The systemshould be selected to best meet needs andto cope with the ground conditions andavailable infrastructure.

5.2.2 Data transmission in near real time

It is important to note that data transmissionfrom the field to a national data centre (NDC)need not necessarily be in real time. For certainnormal operational purposes, such as themanagement of reservoirs and hydroelectricplants, near-real-time data may suffice. Thetable above lists various technologies, whichmay be considered and evaluated for use inHYCOS for obtaining data in near real time.

These options range from a very basicsystem, utilizing the services of an observerwho can also operate as a flood warningofficer, to more advanced satellite-basedsystems. A basic system, if consideredappropriate for the primary objective of thecomponent, may be considered for incorpo-ration into a HYCOS if other communicationmeans for the transfer of data from the field

to an operational centre are not available. Insuch a case, the data will have to beconverted from analogue to digital form atthe centre. The main disadvantages of sucha system are reliance on the human elementand a longer delay between measurementand final use or archiving. Ancillary advan-tages of such a basic system are thecreation of jobs, duality of reasonableresponsibilities of the observer (data captur-ing and flood warning officer) andprotection against vandalism and theft.

Technology

Observer and floodwarning officer

Landline telephone

Radio

Cellular telephone

Meteoburst

Satellite

Equipment andinstallation costs

Negligible (gaugeplates and communicationmedium)

Low

Expensive (repeaterstations required)

Low

Very expensive

Expensive

Cost of maintenance and

operation

Salary of observer

Low

Medium to high (technician for maintenancerequired)

Low

Medium to high (technician for maintenancerequired)

Low

Reliability duringfloods

Acceptable

Not acceptable

Risky but acceptable

Risky

Acceptable only forvery large catchments

Acceptable

Form of data atpoint of

measurement

Analogue

Analogue/digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Advantages/disadvantages and comments

The officer fulfilstwo important duties

Prone to breakdownsduring floods

Lightning protectioncompulsory. Theftand vandalism

Prone to overloading.Emergency channelrequired.Theft andvandalism

Requires masterstations and serviceprovider.Theft andvandalism

Theft and vandalism

Comparison of differentdata transmissionoptions

Data transmissionstation in Turkey

18

Use of older communication technology,such as a radio system, should also beexplored. A land-based radio system isrestricted in terms of distance, but repeaterstations may be utilized. A number of localobservers may report to a central nodeequipped with satellite transmission tech-nology. At such a node, all the informationcan be integrated and further transmitted viasatellite to a regional or national centre.Observations can either be carried out manu-ally or by using electronic instrumentationand sending them to a satellite base wherethey are converted into a digital format andtransmitted to the project network. The maindisadvantages of such a system are thenumber of nodes within a data chain and thepossibility of failure caused by human inter-vention. It is possible that, after closeranalysis, ‘mixed technology’ solutions, suchas use of cellular or radio transmissionsystems in conjunction with the satellitetransmission, may be feasible.

However, only generalized statements interms of cost and operation can be made atthis stage. An in-depth analysis and investi-gation of circumstances in the country;policies to combat poverty; availability ofsupporting technologies such as landlines,

GSM systems in remote places, and so on,should be carried out at the detailed projectformulation stage, and the best solutionshould be adopted.

It is recommended that an MoU be drawn upbetween participating NHSs and the RC,addressing the issues of maintenance ofequipment, calibration of stations and valida-tion/verification of data.

5.3 DEVELOPMENT ANDIMPLEMENTATION OF AREGIONAL WATER RESOURCESINFORMATION SYSTEM

The establishment of a regional data bank(RDB) is one of the main activities of anyHYCOS project. An information systemincludes the following sub-activities:

(a) Establishment of NDCs;(b) Establishment of an RDB;(c) Preparation of information (products);(d) Dissemination of information.

5.3.1 National data centres

Each country is expected to validate all rawdata and maintain all related information andproducts of concern to the country at the NDC.A HYCOS project presents a unique opportu-nity to create data storage and archives for theexisting NHS databases through data storageand retrieval systems. When electronic databanks do not exist, or are being developed bythe NHSs, assistance should be provided foreither upgrading or replacing the databasesunder the project. The possibility of using astandard database for the HYCOS compo-nents should be explored as the projectprovides advantages of economy of scale andimmediate availability of a tried-and-testedappropriate database for national use andthereby avoids the development of a numberof different databases.

For this purpose, NDCs at the NHSs partici-pating in the project should be equipped with

Data communication

19

appropriate computing equipment and e-mailand Internet connection in order to ensure aswift and reliable channel for receipt andexchange of data and products during theimplementation of the project, and afterwards.The responsibility of processing all the datafrom the HYCOS stations within the countrywill lie with the NHSs of the country. TheNHSs should regularly update rating curvesand other relevant metadata for the stationsin the HYCOS network. Sets of software forprocessing and analysing raw data shouldalso be made available.

Additional equipment, such as routers,modems and dedicated data receivers, maybe required for computer networking, links tothe WMO GTS or use of cellular phones orradio transmission for the hub. Each partici-pating NHS has to be provided with thenecessary equipment and receive relevanttraining for its operation and maintenance.Training on using and adapting suchprogrammes for the local environment shouldalso be encouraged.

5.3.2 Regional data banks

An RDB is essentially for the storage anddistribution of data related to the meteorolog-ical, hydrological and other related waterresources information for all the participatingcountries through the NDCs, which act asnodes. The hub of the RDB shall be set upunder the PRC. The computer storage systemat the NDC located within the NHSs of thecountry shall be connected to the hub. Toguard against accidents and attacks byviruses, a mirror image of each country’s data-base will be maintained in the RDB computersat the PRC. Products and information, whichare transboundary in nature, will be providedusing the RDB.

Whatever data transmission system isselected, the RDB should be able to receivethe raw data directly from the Internet or GTS(in the case of near-real-time data transmis-sion) which must be replaced later byquality-checked validated data and data from

other stations not included in the HYCOSnetwork.

The RDB should ideally be integrated withWeb application software to enable thecreation of a dynamic web site. The NHSsparticipating in the project and the RC shouldensure easy data exchange by choosing logi-cal or compatible data formats and data fieldswithin the RDB. Automatic routines should bedeveloped to facilitate the exchange of datawith databases which may have differentformats. Compatibility with existing databasesdeveloped under other HYCOS componentsshould also be taken into account in the data-base design.

5.3.3 Preparation of information andproducts

National and basin-wide/regional productsshould be developed to support sustainablesocio-economic development in the countries,to provide sound information for the sharingof water in transboundary river basins, fore-cast water-related hazards and issue warnings.These products should be identified during theproject proposal phase. These could includeregular information on the current situationand the trends of water resources, forecasts ofnatural hazards, statistical analysis of hydrom-eteorological data, spatial distribution of

Information disseminationvia satellite

20

hydrological parameters, physical characteris-tics of the river basins, etc. (see annex III). Ithas the advantage of informing the public aswell as national and international organiza-tions of the current state of the river. Suchknowledge of the river dynamics of a regionhas the advantage of creating awareness,understanding and cooperation.

As far as possible, a comprehensive list ofdata products and information needs shall beassessed at the DPP stage and included in thework plan of the implementation stage. Allproduct development activities should beundertaken in close consultation with the end-users, and their value and effectivenesscontinually evaluated using appropriate feed-back systems.

5.3.4 Information dissemination

The IWRM concept, now universally adoptedfor sustainable development, requires acomplete flow of information across variousjurisdictional boundaries within a country andwithin the basin. To ensure this seamless flow,the available tools provided by informationtechnology in the form of the World WideWeb should be effectively utilized. The devel-opment of a web site should be one of thesub-activities of each HYCOS project for theexchange of data and information among thevarious countries participating in the HYCOSand among various users within the country.The level of information to be placed on theInternet should be decided during the detailedproject formulation stage, in consultation withthe countries. These consultations should takedue consideration of the commercial interestsof the participating organizations.

Web design should allow easy access to dataon the RDB and fast dissemination of hydro-logical data and products in text and graphicformat. The tools developed for this purposein the framework of other HYCOS projectscould provide a technical basis for possiblespecific development. Each HYCOS web siteshould be connected to the WHYCOS portalmaintained by WMO for the exchange of

information and experience among variousHYCOS components.

5.4 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

Data and information related to water areessentially a public good. This is more so inthe context of the new IWRM paradigm, inwhich all stakeholders, including the generalpublic, are expected to participate in theprocess. As such, basic hydrological datacollection should be, and is generally seen as,providing a public service and is largelyfunded through public finances. However,during recent years, the move towards amarket economy has blurred this concept andpublic funding for maintaining basic hydro-logical data is on the decline. The WHYCOSprogramme is an attempt to reverse this trendby providing initial support for an improve-ment of the existing network. However, thelong-term responsibility for the sustainabilityof the network remains with the nationalgovernments. This section describes thefinancial arrangements envisaged for thedevelopment, execution, management andsustainability of the HYCOS components,including during project execution.

WHYCOS is one of the major programmes/projects undertaken to address these issues. Itis a project undertaken under the BasicSystems in Hydrology subprogramme of theHWRP of WMO. Since the magnitude of theproblem being addressed through this projectis vast, it cannot be handled through the regu-lar budgetary resources of WMO. Support frominternational and bilateral funding agencies toimprove hydrological data networks forms oneof the pillars of the WHYCOS programme.

5.4.1 World MeteorologicalOrganization

As described earlier, the project cycle startswith interested countries making a request toWMO for the development of a HYCOScomponent. WMO assists the interested coun-tries or regional institutions making the

21

request in the initial stages of the project byundertaking negotiations and other relatedactivities from its regular budget. After receiv-ing a commitment from the countries tocomply with the WHYCOS Guidelines and anMoU to cooperate to develop the project,WMO prepares a project proposal for submis-sion to potential donors. The cost of theseactivities is met by WMO, which also under-takes to assist the countries and the regionalinstitutions in seeking funds for the projectimplementation stages.

WMO will supervise the project implemen-tation stages to ensure that the project isimplemented in accordance with theWHYCOS objectives and in line with theseGuidelines and will contribute towards thepreparation of DPDs and the regular evalua-tion and assessment of projectimplementation. The activities undertaken bythe WMO Secretariat in performing its func-tions in the implementation stages arefinanced through project funds. The expendi-ture is categorized in two parts: a fixed unitcost component and a reimbursable compo-nent. The fixed unit cost is based on theman-months expected to be spent on super-vising and providing technical support. The

reimbursable cost covers the activities that areactually carried out under the project such astravel expenditure in connection with the proj-ect activities, consultants engaged in carryingout project-related activities, etc. Both thesecosts are subject to overhead charges according to WMO financial rules.

5.4.2 External support agencies

Donors will supervise the financial aspects ofthe project. The role of ESAs (donors) inHYCOS components is to:

(a) Provide financial support to the project;(b) Provide financial guidance and supervi-

sion to the executing agency (EA), theproject implementing agency (PIA) andthe PMU;

(c) Ensure that the expenditure and tender-ing procedures of the project are carriedout according to the rules and financialregulations of the donor agency.

By definition, a HYCOS componentgenerally covers large areas and activitiesinvolving a number of countries, and theimplementation of the project maycontinue over a period of several years.Thus, the cost of the projectimplementation stage is substantial andmay not fall within the interest zone of asingle donor. In such a case, it would benecessary to pool resources from differentdonors through different channels(international, regional, bilateral). This alsomeans that sometimes it might bepreferable to limit the size of HYCOScomponents. However, as the number offunding sources increases, a number ofconstraints and problems arise, notably inthe financing aspects (i.e. application ofrules, eligibility of countries to grants,tendering procedures, etc.), which oftendiffer from one donor to another. Moreover,for the sound evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of their contribution, somedonors prefer to fund an identified stand-alone project rather than contributing in anon-differentiated manner to the support of

River gauging station

22

a larger project. In such a situation, they areencouraged to fund specific activities of theproject through WMO or directly. In suchcases, the project should adopt WMO’sfinancial regulations and procedures.

Nevertheless, it is extremely important toinvolve potential donors right at the beginningof the implementation process, i.e. fromstage C (project proposal stage) and thepreparation of the DPD. This would require asubstantial effort by the regional institutioninvolved and may require political initiativefrom the participating countries, with thesupport of WMO.

5.4.3 National Hydrological Services(NHSs – national implementingagencies)

NHSs will assist the PMU in the implementa-tion process at national level. They will carryout all the installation activities inside thecountry and will provide logistic support forproject implementation. The cost of these

activities will be covered by NHSs as nationalcontributions to the project, unless otherwisespecified in the DPD. They will coordinate andcooperate with the PMU, the RC and the RDBto ensure the successful implementation of theproject. They will also run and maintain theproject after donor support ends to ensureproject sustainability.

5.5 PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY

The ownership of the project lies with thecountries. The long-term sustainability of aHYCOS component once external fundingends is considered a prerequisite andshould be addressed right from the initialstages and subsequently in theimplementation stages of the project’sdevelopment. Long-term sustainability ofthe project would depend on:

(a) The commitment of the countries;(b) The robustness of the project elements;(c) The capacity of the country to absorb and

maintain the technology.

AFRICAN MINISTERIAL COMMITMENTS ON IMPLEMENTATION ANDPARTNERSHIPS FOR ACHIEVING THE WATER AND SANITATION TARGETS

Too many preventable diseases and deaths and economic losses are caused by floods,droughts, pollution and other water-related hazards. Droughts, floods and storms are becoming more common and severe in Africa. The human and environmental costs ofweather, climate and water related disasters have increased dramatically over the past 40years. Equilibrium shifts are impacting the resilience of ecosystems, affecting water availabilityand creating increased water stress in many regions. Hydrological and meteorological data andinformation are essential for fundamental basis of IWRM.

• To increase our funding to the institutions responsible for the maintenance and operationof the hydrological and meteorological networks in Africa and to enlist, for this purpose,the support of development cooperation partners and financial institutions.

• To foster data and information exchange as a baseline requirement to ensure improvedearly warning and forecast, especially in trans-boundary basins. To support the expansionof the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) and other networkingmechanisms to cover all regions and river/lake basins in Africa.

Pan African Implementation and Partnership Conference on Water

(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 2003)

23

5.5.1 Commitment

The commitment of the countries tocontinue supporting the participation oftheir NHSs in the day-to-day activities andsmooth functioning, such as data collection,operation and maintenance of the network,quality control and primary processing ofdata, database updating, preparation ofproducts, dissemination of data andinformation, etc., must be firm andpersistent. This commitment should bedemonstrated through the establishment ofMoUs between the PRC and thegovernments to commit themselves tosustain the project in the medium and longterm by including it in their nationalprogrammes. In return, the project mustprovide the countries with access to high-quality regional information truly relevant atnational level. This includes the status(storage and use) and trends of waterresources along international waterways,timely information on floods, droughts,accidental pollution, etc.

5.5.2 Robustness of the projectelements

It is important to choose the right types ofinstruments and technology for HYCOScomponents which can withstand adverseextreme weather conditions in the partici-pating countries. The technology used inthe instruments should be such that it canbe maintained in the long term by the coun-tries. The issues discussed in section 4should be kept in mind while preparing theDPD as well as when making final decisionson the choice of the instruments deployedin the project. Efforts should be made toensure that instruments using the sametechnology as those already being used inthe country (unless obsolete or outdated)shall be used. This will enable countries toobtain spare parts and keep expertise avail-able for the functioning and maintenance ofthe instruments and equipment under theproject in the long term. At the time ofdeveloping the project document or before

deciding the detailed specifications for theinstruments and equipment, an overview ofthe available hydrometeorological equip-ment and technology being used by thecountries should be considered, includingthe facilities, expertise and infrastructureavailable for its maintenance.

5.5.3 Capacity-building

Consistent information dissemination willfoster cooperation among participating coun-tries and thus fulfil an important secondaryobjective of WHYCOS. This can be achievedby capacity-building within the NHSs andensuring interaction with other activities of theproject and other relevant ongoing and/orplanned projects.

To support the reinforcement of nationalcapabilities in technical fields specific to theproject, and to contribute to the long-termsustainability of the project results, specifictraining events should be included in the DPDand organized for the staff of the participatingNHSs. The recommended subjects of thetraining courses would cover:

(a) Installation, commissioning, operation,maintenance and troubleshooting ofDCPs;

(b) Use of GTS (if applicable);(c) Development and management of hydro-

logical data banks;(d) Web-site development and use of Internet

technologies (html, java, cgi, etc.);(e) Marketing of hydrological products, water

resources management, etc.;(f) Data analyses and forecasting.

Capacity-buildingwithin the NHSs

24

Each HYCOS component is developed tomeet specific regional and national needs andcalls for cooperation and coordination amongcountries, institutions and organizations. Forthis purpose, it is essential to establish agoverning structure for the project in order tooversee and synergize various activities, coor-dinate the execution of various elements ofthe project, monitor and evaluate progressand provide guidance wherever and when-ever necessary. The management structuremay have to be tailored to comply withregional and national conditions and needs.A general suggested management structureis described below.

6.1 GOVERNANCE – PROJECTSTEERING COMMITTEE

The PSC will be the highest executive body ofthe project. Its role will be to ensure projectcoherence and oversee project policy, strat-egy and implementation. It will decide on anychanges to the plan of activities as describedin the project document and approve theannual work plan and budget. The Committeewill consist of the following members:

(a) A representative from each participatingcountry (national implementing agency(NIA));

(b) A representative of the implementingagency (regional/national institution);

(c) A representative of WMO;(d) A representative of the donor(s);(e) A representative of the EA (regional

economic or river/lake basin organization);(f) A representative of the PMU (project

manager).

The PMU project manager can serve as secre-tary of the PSC. To ensure that the Committeeis fully effective, it will be desirable to obtain

the commitment of the participating countries(through MoUs with the implementingagency) to make available representatives whowill be able to devote the time needed for thework of the Committee.

The responsibilities of the PSC are to:

(a) Ensure project implementation in accor-dance with the WHYCOS objectives andGuidelines;

(b) Determine strategies to ensure that theobjectives of the project are fulfilledduring the implementation stages;

(c) Approve the project implementation plan;(d) Approve the annual work plan and

budget;(e) Ensure that the expenditure and tender-

ing procedures of the project are carriedout according to the rules and financialregulations of the donor agency;

(f) Approve the selection of professional stafffor the PMU;

(g) Monitor and evaluate project implemen-tation;

(h) Approve any changes to the work plan orbudget;

(i) Manage problems or disagreementsamong participating countries or any ofthe partners related to the project andregional organizations;

(j) Provide a communication channel withother regional bodies and HYCOS compo-nents.

6.2 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

The basic management structure for theimplementation of the project usually includesthe following:

• The NIAs – NHSs• The PMU

6. GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF HYCOS

COMPONENTS

25

• The PIA – regional/national institution (PRC)• The EA• The supervising agency (SA)• The ESAs

The responsibility and role of each of thesebodies need to be clearly defined in the plansfor the project. One or more of the functionsof the above bodies can be assigned to thesame institution depending on the existinginstitutional set-up and agreement amongproject partners. These relationships need tobe defined at the project proposal stage.

6.2.1 National implementing agency –National Hydrological Service

The participating countries will have nationalresponsibilities for project implementation. Toassure project success and to help ensurepost-project sustainability, it is essential tohave the agreement of participating countriesto undertake these responsibilities, in the formof an MoU between NHSs and the EA/PIA.The partner countries should commit them-selves to provide real-time data generatedunder the project as well as historical dataessential for the expansion of the regionaldatabase and the development of hydrologi-cal products. The likelihood of project successwill be increased if funds can be provided tothe NIA/NHS to cover their project-relatedcosts.

The responsibilities of the NIA are to:

(a) Coordinate implementation activities atnational level with the PIA;

(b) Provide support to missions by PSCmembers and staff from the PMU/PRCand contractors;

(c) Provide appropriately qualified staff toparticipate in project activities, asrequired;

(d) Manage any impediments to successfulproject implementation (e.g. land accessand acquisition);

(e) Carry out installation and other workrequired to implement the nationalcomponent of the project (the

sub-projects), with the assistance, whereneeded, of the PRC and contractors;

(f) Validate raw data received at the NDC andprovide it to the PRC regional database;

(g) Perform ongoing, routine activities relatedto operational water resources assess-ment and monitoring, and the operationand maintenance of project installations;

(h) Understand the users’ data needs byorganizing national workshops under theproject;

(i) Disseminate data and information tousers, and to the PRC;

(j) Provide information about the project tonational bodies and the public.

6.2.2 Project implementing agency –Project Regional Centre

For each HYCOS component, the participatingcountries agree upon a PRC to be housed in arelevant existing regional or national institu-tion of one of the participating countries to bedesignated as the PIA. The PIA will host thePRC and the PMU and should commit itself tomaintain the PRC during the post-projectperiod.

ARGOS remote sensingDCP

26

The PRC is the dedicated structure withinthe implementing agency. It will act as afocal point to coordinate project activitiesimplemented in, and by, the participatingcountries and provide a forum for theexchange of expertise. Besides creatingand maintaining the spirit of cooperationamong the participating countries, the PRCalso plays a vital role in the implementa-tion of the project. According to thecircumstances, and depending on agree-ments reached by the countries in itsterms of reference, its role can cover avarying range of project activities whichinclude the management and updating ofthe regional database and the operation ofthe Internet server of the project. The dura-tion of the PRC is a decision made by thecountries, which might decide to trans-form it into a permanent structure forsupporting IWRM, especially on the riverbasin scale. The institutional frameworkfor hosting the PRC shall be based on anofficial commitment of the administrativeand financial authority responsible for thehosting institution (national, regional,international) and shall notably include theinstitutional and administrative arrange-ments proposed (running costs,secondment of personnel, etc.).

The responsibilities of the PRC are as follows:

(a) To monitor DCPs and forward data toNHSs that do not have direct access tosatellite data;

(b) To provide all services (training, ongoingassistance and advice, etc.) which are notprovided under other contracts;

(c) To manage a regional database and asso-ciated functions (data dissemination, etc.);

(d) To foster regional, technical and scientificcooperation in the fields of waterresources assessment, monitoring andmanagement;

(e) To provide a forum for the exchange ofexpertise and knowledge;

(f) To develop and implement an informationsystem;

(g) To develop and maintain the web site ofthe HYCOS component.

The PMU will be established and hosted bythe PIA to execute tasks identified in the DPD.The role of such a centre is crucial for thesuccess of a HYCOS component. It will havethe prime responsibility for day-to-day projectimplementation. The PMU should invariablybe located in an existing regional or nationalinstitution selected on the basis of the termsof reference agreed on by the countries. ThePIA shall, amongst others, make availablepremises, telecommunications (telephone,fax, Internet access) and other logisticalsupport to the PMU.

The PMU can be part of the PRC or a separateentity within the PIA. However, the existenceof the PMU is restricted to the duration of theproject as its main function is to coordinateproject activities implemented in, and by, theparticipating countries.

While identifying the PRC for a HYCOS proj-ect, it is recommended to considerco-locating HYCOS PRCs and WMO RegionalClimate Centres (RCCs), to benefit from shar-ing common infrastructure, services such astraining, association of skill sets in datamanagement, Web development, shared

Project implementing agency

Project RegionalCentre

Regionaldatabase Internet

Project ManagementUnit

EXECUTINGAGENCY

(regionalinstitution)

SUPERVISINGAGENCY

(WMO)

CountryC

CountryD

CountryE

CountryA

CountryB

Project managementstructure

27

telecom needs, etc. Such an arrangementwill help the development of climate-waterproducts, and joint climate-water support fordisaster prevention planners and the media,and eventual climate-water studies related toclimate change, etc. Co-location can reducecosts within the regions, support integratedproducts and marketing, and make regionalsupervision easier. Further, this will helpNHSs to participate in regional climateoutlook forums.

6.2.3 Project executing agency

The project executing agency (PEA) will coor-dinate and facilitate the project’s regionalactivities and foster regional cooperation inthe field of water resources managementamong the participating countries. It willprovide regional support to the project andwill ensure that the regional aspects of theproject are fulfilled. It is desirable to have oneof the existing regional economic institutionsor river/lake basin organizations as the EA forthe project. The responsibilities of the PEA areas follows:

(a) To provide regional support to the project;(b) To collaborate with WMO in initiating and

implementing the project;(c) To discuss and negotiate with donors to

secure funds for the project;(d) To provide necessary logistic support to

the PSC;(e) To monitor, evaluate and support the proj-

ect in close collaboration with WMO andthrough participation in the PSC meetings.

6.2.4 Project supervising agency

The project supervising agency (PSA) willsupervise and facilitate technical aspects ofthe project and provide technical and scien-tific guidance. WMO, as the custodian ofWHYCOS, will act as an SA, providing criticaltechnical services to guide the PIA on theimplementation of the project, ensuring that

the project reaps maximum benefits fromlessons learned in implementing otherHYCOS projects and ensuring its linkage withongoing or planned HYCOS components andwith the WHYCOS programme.

The responsibilities of the PSA are to:

(a) Provide technical and financial support forthe initiation stages of the project;

(b) Prepare a project profile and projectproposal;

(c) Take a lead role in seeking funds for proj-ect implementation;

(d) Supervise and facilitate technical aspectsof the project to ensure successful imple-mentation;

(e) Provide technical support to the PIA andthe PMU;

(f) Support the preparation and evaluation oftenders for equipment and services;

(g) Provide links with the meteorologicalcommunity (NMS and EUMETSAT) tofacilitate use of GMS satellite andexchange of data through the GTS andInternet;

(h) Monitor, supervise, evaluate and supportthe project, through regular missions andparticipation in the PSC meetings;

(i) Ensure sustainability of the component inthe post-project stage;

(j) Ensure links with other HYCOScomponents.

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Monitoring and evaluation are essentialmanagement functions that are interactiveand mutually supportive. Monitoring andsystematic reporting must be undertaken forall projects.

7.1 PROJECT MONITORING

The PRC and the PMU, in collaboration withthe executing and supervising agencies,should produce a quarterly progress report onthe implementation and operation of the proj-ect. The report should measure achievementsagainst the original objectives and activities.Pertinent statistics on raw data and validatedarchived data will be supplied for all variables.Progress as regards the creation and use ofhydrological products as well as the extent ofusage of the project’s web site, amongstothers, should be reported on. These reportsshall be tabled at the meetings of the PSC. Theproject monitoring should include a mid-termevaluation and, where necessary, redefinetargets and review the strategy for achievingthe overall targets and objectives of the proj-ect. As the PSA, WMO will submit yearlymonitoring and evaluation reports.

7.2 POST-PROJECT EVALUATION

The post-project evaluation report capturesand documents key project metrics at anappropriate point in time after project comple-tion, for the purpose of comparing andvalidating the initial objectives, justification forthe project and customer satisfaction.

The approach of the post-project evaluationuses project metrics and user surveys todetermine the extent to which the project

satisfied countries’ requirements and met allspecified targets for scope, budget, scheduleand quality. Also, the evaluation is intendedto assess the effectiveness of the processesand methods used in the project, for thepurpose of capitalizing on successes andongoing continuous improvement. It shouldcompare the initial project metrics from theinitial project plan against the final projectplan. Post-project evaluation should form partof the detailed project proposal, keeping inview requirements of the ESA associated withthe project, and include the following:

• Scope parameters• Budget (projected vs. actual)• Benefits/return on investment• Schedule

The project document should specify the post-project evaluation date and document therationale for performing the evaluation at thattime. A time lag between project deploymentand post-project evaluation should be speci-fied to allow for indicators, so as to havemeaning while still being close enough toproject deployment to have relevance.

WMO, in collaboration with the ESA and theEA, i.e. the basin or regional authority, shouldappoint an independent expert (or experts)for post-project evaluation. Specific focusshould be given to the success of technologyand knowledge transfer and an assessmentof continuation of the project for a furtherterm without support from a PMU. The needfor the continuation of a PRC should beassessed. Indicators for measuring sustain-ability and efficiency once the project endsshould be established. The cost of such anactivity should be included in the projectbudget.

7. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION

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8.1 DATA EXCHANGE ANDDISSEMINATION

The basic principle in implementing HYCOScomponents is that countries are the ownersof the data and their NHSs are responsible forthe control of these data in accordance withnational regulations. Therefore, absolutepriority must be given to the fact that all coun-tries participating in a HYCOS project must beable to receive simultaneously and check thequality of data collected and transmitted bythe network.

In order to develop a regional cooperationframework, the data from the HYCOS compo-nents should be shared among theparticipating countries to meet regional andinternational requirements in accordance withinternational guidelines and recommenda-tions. WMO Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMOpolicy and practice for the exchange of mete-orological and related data and productsincluding guidelines on relationships incommercial meteorological activities, andResolution 25 (Cg-XIII) – Exchange of hydro-logical data and products, constitute aninternationally agreed framework for theformulation of such a policy.

The participating countries should undertakean agreement to share and ensure access todata, information and products. This agree-ment should address (i) the real-time datacollected by the project; (ii) data collected atother monitoring sites not equipped with near-real-time transmission systems; and (iii) thecorresponding historical data at the sites iden-tified in (i) and (ii). Moreover, the countriesshould be encouraged to contribute data andinformation to global data centres such asGRDC, the Global Precipitation ClimatologyCentre (GPCC) and the Global EnvironmentalMonitoring System-Water (GEMS-Water), notonly from the stations established under theHYCOS projects, but also from additional

national monitoring stations for operational,research and documentation purposes on longtime series, trends and hydrological extremessuch as floods and droughts.

8.2 WHYCOS COORDINATIONMECHANISM

To support and ensure successful implemen-tation of the WHYCOS programme, it isrecognized that its activities need to beadequately coordinated and an appropriatecoordination mechanism established. Themechanism consists of two components, asdescribed below.

8.2.1 The WHYCOS Coordination Group

The WHYCOS Coordination Group (WCG)serves as a WMO internal coordination mech-anism to ensure that the inputs of the variousdepartments concerned within the WMOSecretariat are linked to the WHYCOSprogramme.

The WCG is established with specific terms ofreferences, namely to:

(a) Ensure coordination of technical, scien-tific, legal and resource mobilization and

8. POLICY AND COORDINATION ISSUES

The WHYCOS web site

30

policy aspects of the implementation ofspecific HYCOS components, includingpreparation of agreements;

(b) Establish cost-recovery mechanisms forthose HYCOS components in which WMOplays a supervisory role;

(c) Ensure coherence with other WMO proj-ects and programmes.

The WCG consists of the Deputy Secretary-General (DSG) and the Directors of the WorldWeather Watch (WWW), Regional andTechnical Cooperation Activities forDevelopment (RCD), Resource Management(REM) and Hydrology and Water Resources(HWR) Departments. The Directors of theEducation and Training (ETR) Department,WCP and GCOS and Directors of the RegionalOffices can also participate, as appropriate.Meetings of the WCG which address overallpolicy aspects related to WHYCOS are chairedby the Secretary-General, while thoseconcerning implementation issues are chairedby the DSG. The Group meets annually andD/HWR acts as the secretary of the Group.

8.2.2 The WHYCOS InternationalAdvisory Group

The WHYCOS International Advisory Group(WIAG) serves as an external coordinationmechanism to ensure worldwide operationallinkage among the various HYCOS compo-nents and to coordinate all technical aspectsof the programme. It provides overall guidanceto establish a common conceptual basis andensure consistency of practice and results. For

this purpose, the WIAG has been establishedwith specific terms of reference, namely to:

(a) Undertake a periodical review and assess-ment of the status of development of theoverall programme and its regional projectsand recommend adjustments as necessary;

(b) Discuss and recommend strategies for acoordinated development of the variousWHYCOS components;

(c) Consider and propose plans to improvethe feasibility of the programme;

(d) Explore and propose ways and means tosustain and expand the programme, notablythrough new financing mechanisms.

WIAG is composed of the president of theCommission for Hydrology (CHy), as chairper-son, and representatives of the HYCOSRegional Centres, the member of the CHyAdvisory Working Group responsible forWHYCOS, ESAs, the regional HydrologicalAdvisers concerned, the WMO Secretariat(HWRD) and other departments, as appropriate.

In addition, observers may be invited by theWIAG to participate in certain meetings,depending on the agenda, such as represen-tatives of chairpersons of the RegionalAssociations Working Groups on Planningand Implementation of the WWW; relevantregional groupings (e.g. the Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC), theIntergovernmental Authority on Development(IGAD), etc.); other ESAs; other related globalprogrammes (GRDC, GEMS-Water, GCOS,FRIEND, etc.); international scientific andprofessional associations (the InternationalAssociation of Hydrological Sciences (lAHS),the International Commission of Irrigation andDrainage (ICID), etc.); and other users. TheWIAG meets once every year and D/HWR actsas the secretary of the Group.

8.3 COLLABORATING CENTRE

A collaborating centre is an institution desig-nated by WMO on the basis of certain criteriato form part of an international collaborative

Planning meeting onthe establishment of

the Volta-HYCOS

31

network carrying out activities in support ofthe Organization’s programme at variouslevels. A department or laboratory within aninstitution or a group of facilities for reference,research or training activities belonging todifferent institutions may be designated as acollaborating centre. A collaborating centreplays an essential role in helping theOrganization in implementing its work andprogramme priorities, in close coordinationwith HWRD, and assists in developing andstrengthening the institutional capacity ofcountries and regions.

8.3.1 Criteria for a collaborating centre

The criteria for a collaborating centre are asfollows:

(a) A centre with activities related to water;(b) A centre with experience in WMO activities;(c) A centre with good facilities for training

and research;(d) A centre with the ability to generate and

raise funds;(e) A centre with good links with potential

donors.

8.3.2 Tasks of a collaborating centre

Within the WHYCOS context, a collaboratingcentre may carry out the following functions:

(a) To assist in preparing draft HYCOS proj-ect proposals;

(b) To assist with project implementationthrough the introduction and monitoringof standard operating procedures andcapacity-building;

(c) To assist with the identification and devel-opment of hydrological products to meetspecific national and regional needs;

(d) To transfer technology among HYCOSRegional Centres;

(e) To assist in mobilizing funds in support ofthe programme.

PRIORITY AREAS IN TRAINING FORCAPACITY-BUILDING

Priority areas in training for capacity-buildingare divided into three categories: coreactivities, tools, and applications andmanagement.

1. Core activities

(a) Design and evaluation of hydrologicalnetworks;

(b) Hydrological instruments: maintenance,upkeep and calibration;

(c) Standard data collection methodologies(including water quality monitoring);

(d) Discharge measurement techniques;(e) Installation, operation and maintenance of

automatic stations;(f) Safety measures in hydrometry;(g) Data management (processing, storage,

retrieval and dissemination);(h) Measurement of physiographic

characteristics.

2. Tools

(a) Water resources information systems;(b) Hydrological modelling;(c) Time series analysis;(d) Hydrological forecasting systems;(e) Flood forecasting techniques;(f) Remote sensing.

3. Applications and management

(a) Water resources assessment;(b) Flood estimation, design and

management;(c) Integrated water resources management;(d) Irrigation and agricultural drainage;(e) Environmental issues (impact assessment

and ecological flow requirements);(f) Extreme event analysis;(g) Management of hydrological services;(h) Evaluation of national capabilities;(i) Project development and management;(j) Resource mobilization.

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INTRODUCTION

1. The __________ HYCOS project aims at the development of an efficient and easilyaccessible regional water-related information system for the __________ basin/region.The ultimate goal of the project is __________. To achieve this, the project will __________.

COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION

2. The __________, referred to hereinafter as “__________”, and the __________representing the Project Regional Centre, referred to hereinafter as “__________”, agreethat with a view to facilitating the implementation of the __________ HYCOS project, theywill act in close cooperation with each other and consult each other regularly with regardto matters related to the implementation of the project. The __________ and the__________ also recognize and comply with the WHYCOS Guidelines for development,implementation and governance.

TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3. The __________ undertakes to:

(a) Nominate the representative of the country in the Project Steering Committee;(b) Identify a focal point in the country to devote his/her time to collaborate with the

Regional Centre for the field activities of the project in the country;(c) Coordinate the activities related to the project among various national agencies and

end-users involved in the implementation of the project within the defined scope ofthe project and as modified from time to time by the Steering Committee;

(d) Identify the products required by various stakeholders as deliverables from theproject within its defined scope.

4. The __________ recognizes its responsibilities to facilitate the implementation ofthe field activities related to the project, in particular its responsibility to:

(a) Undertake administrative approvals and arrangements for the import of equipmentand services and construction activities in relation to the implementation of thecomponents of the project;

(b) Provide all relevant information for setting up the regional database, including theweb site;

(c) Carry out the civil works for the installation of the equipment.

ANNEX I — EXAMPLE OF AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE

PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES AND THE PROJECT REGIONAL CENTRE

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5. The __________ recognizes the responsibilities assigned to the Regional Centrefor the implementation of the project as laid down in paragraph 7 below. In particular, itrecognizes the mandate of the Regional Centre to ensure that the data obtained in thecourse of the project are accurate and reliable. In this regard, the __________ undertakesto validate the data collected in the country. It also undertakes to comply with and adoptthe common standardized procedures and methods as issued by WMO from time totime.

6. The __________ also recognizes the importance of WMO Resolution 25 (Cg-XIII) –Exchange of hydrological data and products, and agrees to share all the required datawith the regional database at the Regional Centre to enable formulation of the regionalhydrological products. Accordingly, the __________ and the Regional Centre will ensuretogether that data related to the Volta basin in general and the project in particular areproperly archived on the regional and national databases through the projectprocedures.

7. The Regional Centre recognizes its responsibility for implementation of theactivities planned under the project, in particular its responsibility to:

(a) Act as focal point for coordinating the project activities carried out in, and by,participating countries;

(b) Provide countries with the support and advice needed to successfully establish thenetwork of data collection platform (DCP) stations;

(c) Manage the network of DCP stations and transmit data to participating countrieswhich do not have direct access to satellite transmission systems;

(d) Develop, manage and update the regional database, taking into account toolsalready developed under other HYCOS projects;

(e) Develop hydrological information products adapted to countries’ needs andappropriate means for delivering them to end-users;

(f) Develop, manage and update the project’s web site;(g) Carry out all the activities specified in the project document which are not

subcontracted out, such as training seminars, advice on how to manage the DCPnetwork, etc.;

(h) Encourage regional cooperation in water resources assessment, monitoring andmanagement;

(i) Act as a forum for sharing expertise and skills.

WORKING ARRANGEMENTS AND FINANCING

8. Appropriate arrangements shall be made from time to time for theimplementation of field activities in the country.

9. The __________ will receive financial support from the project budget asidentified in the project document to ensure timely and successful implementation of theproject activities in the country.

10. This agreement shall come into force upon its signature by both parties.

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THE CONGRESS,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMO policyand practice for the exchange of meteoro-logical and related data and productsincluding guidelines on relationships incommercial meteorological activities,

(2) The inclusion of dedicated observa-tions of the climate system, includinghydrological phenomena, as one of the fourmain thrusts of The Climate Agenda, whichwas endorsed by Twelfth Congress,

(3) That Technical Regulation [D.1.1]8.3.1(k), states that, in general, the routinefunctions of National Hydrological Services(NHSs) should include, inter alia, "makingthe data accessible to users, when, whereand in the form they require" and that theTechnical Regulations also contain a consol-idated list of data and product requirementsto support all WMO Programmes,

(4) That the nineteenth Special Sessionof the United Nations General Assemblyagreed, in its overall review and appraisal ofthe implementation of Agenda 21, that thereis an urgent need to "...foster regional andinternational cooperation for informationdissemination and exchange through coop-erative approaches among United Nationsinstitutions, …" (A/RES/S-19/2, paragraph34(f)),

(5) That the fifty-first session of theUnited Nations General Assembly adopted,by resolution 51/229, the Convention on theLaw of the Non-navigational Uses ofInternational Watercourses, Article 9 of

which provides for "regular exchange of dataand information",

(6) That the Intergovernmental Councilof the International Hydrological Programmeof the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adoptedat its twelfth session Resolution XII-4 whichdealt with the exchange of hydrological dataand information needed for research at theregional and international levels,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The significance attached by theInternational Conference on Water and theEnvironment (ICWE) (Dublin, 1992) toextending the knowledge base on water andenhancing the capacity of water sectorspecialists to implement all aspects of inte-grated water resources management,

(2) The call of world leaders at theUnited Nations Conference on Environmentand Development (UNCED)(Rio de Janeiro,1992) for a significant strengthening of, andcapacity building in, water resources assess-ment, for increasing global commitment toexchange scientific data and analyses andfor promoting access to strengthenedsystematic observations,

(3) That the United Nations Commissionon Sustainable Development (CSD) in itsDecision 6/1 "Strategic Approaches toFreshwater Management" has stronglyencouraged States to promote the exchangeand dissemination of water-related data andinformation, and has recognized "the needfor periodic assessments … for a globalpicture of the state of freshwater resourcesand potential problems",

ANNEX II — RESOLUTION 25 (Cg-XIII)

EXCHANGE OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA AND PRODUCTS

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(4) The call by the nineteenth SpecialSession of the United Nations GeneralAssembly "for the highest priority to begiven to the serious freshwater problemsfacing many regions, especially in the devel-oping world" and the "urgent need … tostrengthen the capability of Governmentsand international institutions to collect andmanage information … and environmentaldata, in order to facilitate the integratedassessment and management of waterresources",

(5) The requirements for full, open andprompt exchange of hydrological data andproducts in support of various internationalconventions, such as the Convention onBiological Diversity, the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change,and the Convention to CombatDesertification,

(6) The requirement for the globalexchange of hydrological information insupport of scientific investigations of worldimportance such as those on global changeand the global hydrological cycle, and as acontribution to relevant programmes andprojects of WMO, other United Nationsagencies, the International Council forScience (ICSU) and other organizations ofequivalent status,

(7) The opportunities for more efficientmanagement of water resources and theneed for cooperation in mitigating water-related hazards in transboundary river basinsand their water bodies which depend on theinternational exchange of hydrological dataand information,

(8) The increasing recognition throughscientific and technical endeavours, such asthe Global Energy and Water CycleExperiment (GEWEX), of the importance ofhydrological data and products in improvingthe understanding of meteorologicalprocesses and subsequently the accuracy ofmeteorological products,

RECOGNIZING:

(1) The responsibility of Members andtheir NHSs to provide for the security andwell-being of the people of their countries,through mitigation of water-related hazardsand sustainable management of waterresources,

(2) The potential benefits of enhancedexchange of hydrological data and informa-tion within shared river basins and aquifers,based on agreements between the Membersconcerned,

(3) The continuing need for strengthen-ing the capabilities of NHSs, particularly indeveloping countries,

(4) The right of Governments to choosethe manner by which, and the extent towhich, they make hydrological data andproducts available domestically and interna-tionally,

(5) The right of Governments also tochoose the extent to which they make avail-able internationally data which are vital tonational defence and security. Nevertheless,Members shall cooperate in good faith withother Members with a view to providing asmuch data as possible under the circum-stances,

(6) The requirement by some Membersthat their NHSs earn revenue from users,and/or adopt commercial practices inmanaging their businesses,

(7) The long-established provision ofsome hydrological products and services ona commercial basis and in a competitiveenvironment, and the impacts, both positiveand negative, associated with such arrange-ments,

ADOPTS a stand of committing to broadeningand enhancing, whenever possible, the freeand unrestricted1 international exchange2 of

1 “Free andunrestricted” meansnon-discriminatory andwithout charge.“Without charge”, inthe context of thisresolution, means atno more than the costof reproduction anddelivery, withoutcharge for the dataand the productsthemselves.2 “Exchange”, in thecontext of thisresolution, means themovement of data andproducts betweencountries or, as ismore likely the case inthe field of hydrology,the movement of dataand products fromone country toanother.

36

hydrological data and products, in conso-nance with the requirements for WMO’sscientific and technical programmes;

FURTHER ADOPTS the following practice on theinternational exchange of hydrological infor-mation:

(1) Members shall provide on a free andunrestricted basis those hydrological dataand products which are necessary for theprovision of services in support of theprotection of life and property and for thewell-being of all peoples;

(2) Members should also provide addi-tional hydrological data and products, whereavailable, which are required to sustainprogrammes and projects of WMO, otherUnited Nations agencies, ICSU and otherorganizations of equivalent status, related tooperational hydrology and water resourcesresearch at the global, regional and nationallevels and, furthermore, to assist otherMembers in the provision of hydrologicalservices in their countries;

(3) Members should provide to theresearch and education communities, fortheir non-commercial activities, free andunrestricted access to all hydrological dataand products exchanged under the auspicesof WMO;

(4) Respecting (2) and (3) above,Members may place conditions on the re-export3, for commercial purposes, of thesehydrological data and products, outside thereceiving country or group of countries form-ing a single economic group;

(5) Members should make known to allMembers, through the WMO Secretariat,those hydrological data and products whichhave such conditions as in (4) above;

(6) Members should make their bestefforts to ensure that the conditions placedby the originator on the additional

hydrological data and products are madeknown to initial and subsequent recipients;

(7) Members shall ensure that theexchange of hydrological data and productsunder this resolution is consistent with theapplication of Resolution 40 (Cg-XII) – WMOpolicy and practice for the exchange of mete-orological and related data and productsincluding guidelines on relationships incommercial meteorological activities;

URGES Members, in respect of the opera-tional and scientific use of hydrological dataand products, to:

(1) Make their best efforts to implementthe practice on the international exchange ofhydrological data and products, as describedin FURTHER ADOPTS (1) to (7);

(2) Assist other Members, to the extentpossible, and as agreed upon, in developingtheir capacity to implement the practicedescribed in FURTHER ADOPTS (1) to (7);

REQUESTS the Executive Council to:

(1) Invite the Commission for Hydrologyto provide advice and assistance on techni-cal aspects of the implementation of thepractice on the international exchange ofhydrological data and products;

(2) Keep the implementation of thisresolution under review and report toFourteenth Congress;

DECIDES to review the implementation of thisresolution at Fourteenth Congress.

3 “Re-export”, in thecontext of thisresolution, means toredistribute,physically orelectronically,outside the receivingcountry, group ofcountries forming asingle economicgroup, or regionaland global datacentres, directly orthrough a third party.

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Hydrological product Description

Hydrological Information This is a useful tool for storing, accessing and exchangingSystem (HIS) hydrological data and information. It includes software for data archiv-

ing, analysis and retrieval. It is useful for planning and decision-makingby various stakeholders involved in the IWRM process and should bereadily accessible and easily comprehensible.

Mean annual precipitation A map of the average annual precipitation that can be produced basedon the observed time series of precipitation for a certain period (~30years). Such maps can be used for planning and designing develop-ment projects.

Variability of precipitation Variability of precipitation in time and space is a useful input forassessing possible options for meeting various water needs. It can,for example, be of use in assessing the effectiveness of rainwaterharvesting and choosing the associated technology.

Heavy convective storm data Heavy convective storms occur when unstably-stratified air massesare transferred during convective precipitation events, often withthunderstorms and hail. These data can be produced as reports. Thisproduct is of most significance in small catchments affected by heavyconvective storms and is useful in flash flood risk assessment.

Maximum observed daily This is the highest amount of precipitation recordedprecipitation in 24 hours and is useful in designing drainage structures.

Duration of dry spells These are periods without, or with little, precipitation. They are ofgeneral interest especially because of their effect on hydrology andwater management, agriculture, forestry and tourism.

Mean annual potential Potential evapotranspiration is the quantity of water capableevapotranspiration of being transferred from the soil to the atmosphere by evaporation

and plant transpiration when well supplied with water. It is useful inwater balance calculations and assessment of irrigation needs.

Natural characteristics of These are important in determining stable river sections for rivers locating hydrological stations or other engineering structures and their

impacts on river behaviour. They are also important in determiningstreamflow, (unit) hydrographs in ungauged catchments, etc.

Minimum and maximum daily Smallest and highest values of daily series of precipitation, records (precipitation, runoff, etc. They are useful in designing drainage structures andrunoff, etc.) reservoir regulations.

Minimum and maximum Smallest and highest values of annual series of precipitation, runoff, etc. annual records (precipitation, They are useful in assessing storage requirements for meeting runoff, etc.) needs.

ANNEX III — HYDROLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM HYCOS PROJECTS

Among the outputs of the implementation of HYCOS projects are hydrological products. Thesecan be in the form of data or result from the processing and analysis of the data and informa-tion collected from HYCOS stations. The table below lists twenty-two of the major products.

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Hydrological product Description

Standardized mean These are flood discharges of a given return period. They are specific flood discharges important for solving many problems in water resources management

and design.

Rating curves Rating curves show the relationship between stage and discharge ina river section. They are useful tools in calculating runoff from waterlevel data in a river and can be used to determine hydraulic character-istics of the river reaches in the vicinity of the section.

Mean annual depth of runoff Mean annual depth of runoff is a major component of the waterbalance. The runoff depth of an area includes surface runoff in rivers. Itis an important variable for hydropower production, water supply, etc.

Low flow time series Low flow time series are records of the lowest streamflow. They areuseful for drought forecasting, river navigation, fisheries, etc.

Long-term trends of runoff Long-term trends of runoff help in determining the location of sitesfor human settlements, agricultural development, dams and reservoirs, etc.

Mean annual fluctuations of Determined on the basis of regular monitoring of groundwater groundwater table levels. These allow conclusions to be made on groundwater recharge

based upon precipitation and exchange processes between ground-water and surface water.

Long-term trends of Long-term trends of groundwater are used in groundwater groundwater exploitation. They also determine baseflow and low flows in perennial

rivers.

Water balance Water balance is the accounting of inflow and outflow of water within abasin for a given period of time (usually one year). It is used in all watermanagement planning and is useful in assessing the availability ofwater for meeting demands.

Water quality of rivers Water quality monitoring is carried out in rivers to determine the suit-ability of the water for various purposes, and to detect negativedevelopments at an early stage. Information about the quality statusof river water is the basis for evaluating existing or potential utiliza-tions of water.

Hydrological forecasts Hydrological forecasts are the predictions of streamflows and waterlevels in a river/stream based on precipitation and streamflow inputsmonitored and reported on a real-time basis and can be made fromvarious hydrological data obtained from HYCOS stations. They areimportant for issuing warnings of impending hydrological events likefloods, droughts, storms, wind, etc., and in agricultural practices.

Flood forecasts Flood forecasts are the hydrological forecasts of events that are likelyto cause inundations beyond the normal stream limits. They areimportant in saving lives and property.

Technical maps (isohyetal, Technical maps are very useful since they can provide abundant evapotranspiration, etc.) information within a small area. Data and information from HYCOS

projects may be used to prepare technical maps showing rainfalldistribution and depth, evaporation, evapotranspiration, temperature,drainage networks, etc.

Cover photos

Front: Direzione Servizi Tecnici di Prevenzione, Regione Piemonte, D. Juntawonsup (UNEP/Select), WMO, IFAD/Louis Dematteis, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate

Back: M. Marzot/FAO, Marion Goshawk, NOAA

© 2005, World Meteorological Organization

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Hydrological information systems for integrated waterresources management

WHYCOS Guidelines

For more information, please contact:

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)7bis, avenue de la Paix - P.O. Box 2300 - CH 1211

Geneva 2 - Switzerland

Communications and Public Affairs OfficeTel.: (+41-22) 730 83 14 - 730 83 15 - Fax: (+41-22) 730 80 27

E-mail: cpa@wmo.int - Website: www.wmo.int

Hydrology and Water Resources Department:Tel.: (+41-22) 730 83 55 - Fax: (+41-22) 730 80 43

E-mail: dhwr@wmo.int

Website: www.wmo.int/web/homs/1stpage.html

World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS)