Seed Treatments – Why the Mixes are so Important TodayDecember 12-13, 2017

Indiana CCA Conference

Dr. Anne E. DorranceDept. of Plant Pathology

Seed Treatments can benefit• Yield in ND was increased in environments with low soil

temperatures and moist soil conditions – (Bradley et al. 2008, Plant Disease 92:120-125)

• Yield was increased in OH, SD & Ontario, when rain occurred shortly after planting – (Dorrance et al. 2009, Plant Disease 93:875-882)- IA, NE, WI, OH

• Improved stand across temperatures/soils in controlled environment studies in AR – (Urrea, Rupe, & Rothrock, Plant Dis. 97:807-812)

• Break even price ranged from 56 to 67% at low seed treatment prices or 22 to 56% at higher seed treatment costs in WI – (Esker & Conley 2012, Crop Science 351-359

DISEASE

Susceptible host

Favorable environmentInoculum

No-till or reduced tillage production systems

• Longer to warm up in spring• Stays wetter longer

– increases infection period• Inoculum builds up in top 3 in (7.5 cm) of soil

Workneh et al., 1998 Plant Dis. 82:1258-1263

Conservation Technology Information Center, 2006

IL, IN, IA, MN

Chart1

20042004

20062006

No-till

Cons-till

Acres

Illinois

6.1

10.5

6.7

10.95

Sheet1

No-tillCons-till

20046.110.5

20066.710.95

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

Super Highly Favorable Conditions

http://water.weather.gov/precip/

May 2017

June 2017

The Pathogens

Damping-off: WatermoldsPythium & Phytophthora

Rhizoctonia Fusarium graminearum

Soybean Seedling Damping-off

Watermolds:• Pythium spp. >30• Phytophthora sojae• Phytophthora sansomeana

Phytophthora sansomeana• Root pathogen – several

hosts• Corn, soybean, Douglas

fir, weedy hosts• Larger oospore, grows on

potato dextrose agar• “soybean race non-

classifiable” - IN, IL, OH, WI, IA

• Reported in China-2010• Phytophthora

megasperma complex

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/blog/2012/10/new-phytophthora-spp-causing-root-rot-on-soybean-in-wisconsin/soybean-roots/

• Importance of species diversity in pathogenicity

Pythium Pathogenicity

Species

P. at

tranth

eridi

um

P. di

ssoto

cum

P. ec

hinula

tumP.

gram

inico

laP.

helic

oides

P. in

flatum

P. irr

egula

reP.

sylva

ticum

P. to

rulos

um

P. ul

timum

var.

ult.

P. ul

timum

var.

spor

. Gr

oup 3

Grou

p 6

Path

ogen

icity

Sco

re

0

1

2

3

4Corn (LG2540)Soybean (Sloan)

Broders et al. 2007. Plant Disease

Pythium, Phytopythium & Phytophthora spp.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Num

ber o

f iso

late

s

2015 2016

Vargas Loyo, Eyre, Culman & Dorrance, unpublished

Seedling Diseases• Management-

Watermolds • Host resistance– P. sojae: Rps & Field– Pythium spp. Field only

• Seed treatments– Metalaxyl/mefenoxam– ethaboxam (Innovate)– Oxathiapiprolin (Lumisena)

• Improvements in Drainage– Tillage– Tiling

Metalaxyl/mefenoxam• Was once placed in-

furrow to manage P. sojaein Ohio

• Widespread use• Challenge has been

number of populations insensitive

• phenylamides• Single site mode-of-action• Impaired biosynthesis of

RNA• Kerkenaar. 1981. Pesticide

Biochem. Physiology 16:1-13

• Davidse et al., 1988. Crop Protection 7:347-355.

5 ppm amended metalaxyl broth assays - 2015

Ethaboxam

• N-(cyano-2-thienyl-methyl)-4-ethyl-2-ethylaminothiazole-5-carboximide– CAS registration 162 650-77-3

• Foliar applications for oomycete diseases on vines, potatoes and vegetables

• Mode of action- targeted towards microtubule disruption (Phytophthora infestans)

Uchida et al., 2005. Pest Management Science

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ph. san Ph. soj Py. schmit. Py. aphan Py. diss Py. irreg Py. sylv. Py. toru. Py. ultvult Py. ultvspor

Perc

ent g

row

th o

f con

trol

Phytophthora and Pythium spp.

V10208

Metalaxyl

Amended agar assays

Results from one assay2010

Comparison of ethaboxam to metalaxyl

Strobilurin• Azoxystrobin• Trifloxystrobin• Pyraclostrobin

Strobilurus tenacellusH.L. Ypema & R.E. Gold. 1999. Kresoxim-methyl: modification of a naturally occurring compound to produce a new fungicide. Plant Dis. 83:4-19.

Oxathiapiprolin• Piperidynl-thiazole-

isoxalines• Oxysterol-binding

protein, sterol transport• FRAC Code 49• Medium to high risk

Pasteris et al. 2016. Ch 11 pp 149-161. Discovery & Synthesis of Crop Protection Products

• Phytophthora infestans, P. capsici, P. nicotinae

• Downy mildews, Plasmopora viticola, Pernospora, Bremia

Soybean Seed Treatments- Field Studies

Pythium spp.Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sansomeana

• Randomized block design• 5 to 8 reps• Poorly drained fields

• Nontreated/naked seed• Base – true fungi

• 4-15” rows• 25 to 30’ long

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

Difference in Bu/A from NontreatedNWB – 2011 and 2012

2011 (0.017) 2012 (0.007)

2011: June 13 – rainfall 4.2”; 2012: May 22 -- 4”

Comparison of Intego Suite at 4 locations on 7 varieties with resistance-2016

36.3

49.2

21.6

38.238.844.7

20.4

37.5

WOOSTER NWB** DEFIANCE PAULDING

Bu/A

Dennison, Clermont, KottmanStreeter, Conrad, Lorain, Sloan

Loc Rain Fungicide VarWooster 0.25 ns nsNWB 2.63

Significantly higher yields with Intego Suite in 5 of the 7 varieties under moderate disease pressure2.63 of rain & irrigation with 10 dap-NWB 2016

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Clermont Conrad Dennison Kottman Lorain Streeter Sloan

Bu/A

Seed trt None

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2014 2015 2015-P 2017

Oxathiopiprolin & MetalaxylBu/A – Northwest Branch

Nontreated Ox(12) & Mef(6.0 Ox(24) & Mef(6) Ox(24)&Mef(12) Eth(12) Met(x)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Clermont Conrad Dennison Kottman Lorain Sloan Streeter

Bu/A: 3 to 7 Bu difference over Nontreated

Base Ox(24)Met(13)

Watermold Metalaxyl/mefenoxamAllegiance/ApronXLGenerics

Ethaboxam Oxathiopiprolin

Phytophthora sojae All isolates (higher rates) All isolates All isolates

Phytophthorasansomeana

All isolates (rate ??) All isolates All isolates

Pythium spp. >30GlobosporangiumPhytopythium

Some not all Some not all Some not all

Combination + StrobilurinAcceleron

+ metalaxylIntego Suite

+ metalaxylLumisena

Why the Combinations for Watermolds??

2012: NWB P. sojae

• Low disease pressure• Seed treatments were

not significant for R variety

• Seed treatment was significant for S variety (9 bu)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nontreated 0.64 fl oz/cwt

RS

Acceleron® Challenge - 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

High Moderate Low

Yiel

d (B

u/A)

Disease Pressure

HR, baseHR, base + metalaxylMR, baseMR, base + metalaxyl

Seed Treatment- NSVariety: *

Seed AG2933, AG3432Seed and treatment provided by Monsanto

metalaxyl (0.375 oz/cwt)pyraclostrobin (0.6 fl oz/cwt)fluxapyroxad (0.24 fl oz/cwt)Insecticide: imidacloprid (2 fl oz/cw

Acceleron® Challenge – 2015Phytophthora, Pythium plus flooding

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Defiance Paulding NWB

Yiel

d (B

u/A)

Disease Pressure

HR, baseHR, base + metalaxylMR, baseMR, base + metalaxyl

Seed Treatment- NSVariety: *

Seed AG2933, AG3432Seed and treatment provided by Monsanto

metalaxyl (0.375 oz/cwt)pyraclostrobin (0.6 fl oz/cwt)fluxapyroxad (0.24 fl oz/cwt)Insecticide: imidacloprid (2 fl oz/cw

• Fungicides for True FungiAzoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobinFludioxonilFluxapyroxadIpconazolePCNBPenflufenSedexane

Fungicide efficacy: Fusarium graminearumEllis et al., 2011. Plant Dis. 95:401-407

Apron Max RTAControl K95R Fay11

Captan 400Fay11 K95R

Maxim 4S: High Rate Fay11 K95R

F. graminearum /strobilurin fungicides

Chart1

NontreatedNontreatedNontreated

AzoxystrobinAzoxystrobinAzoxystrobin

PyraclostrobinPyraclostrobinPyraclostrobin

TrifloxystrobinTrifloxystrobinTrifloxystrobin

A

AB

B

B

Series 1

Column1

Column2

Percent seedling affected

25.3

13.7

7.6

7.3

Sheet1

Series 1Column1Column2

Nontreated25.3

Azoxystrobin13.7

Pyraclostrobin7.6

Trifloxystrobin7.3

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

Seed-borne: Phomopsis

Rolled Towel Assay/ Seed with 34% infection based on plating assay

Chart1

ApronMaxx RTA (1.5)ApronMaxx RTA (1.5)ApronMaxx RTA (1.5)

Dynasty (0.153)Dynasty (0.153)Dynasty (0.153)

Dynasty (0.0.459)Dynasty (0.0.459)Dynasty (0.0.459)

Pyraclostrobin (0.384)Pyraclostrobin (0.384)Pyraclostrobin (0.384)

NontreatedNontreatedNontreated

Column1

Column2

Column3

Percent moldy seed

0

5

5

0

14.4078947

Sheet1

Column1Column2Column3

ApronMaxx RTA (1.5)0.0

Dynasty (0.153)5.0

Dynasty (0.0.459)5.0

Pyraclostrobin (0.384)0.0

Nontreated14.4

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

Sudden Death SyndromeInfections occur in the spring – shortly after planting

Fluopyram - ILeVo

Fusarium virguliforme (SDS)

http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/SuddenDeath.aspx

050

100150200250300350400

DX

Sudden Death Syndrome

Base = Evergol Energy 0.019 + Allegiance FL 0.02 + Poncho/Votivo 0.13Base 2 = Gaucho 0.101

Active Ingredient

Trade name Phytophthorasojae

Pythium spp Fusarium Rhizoctonia

metalaxyl

mefenoxam

AllegianceSebring, Metastar

ApronXL

0.75 -1.5

0.32 to 0.64

Good-No

Good-No

N

N

N

N

ethaboxam Intego Solo G Good-No N N

Azoxystrobin

Pyraclostrobin

Trifloxystrobin

Syngenta

BASF

Bayer

P

P-G

P

P

P-G

P

P N

Seed Treatment CombinationsTrade name Fungicides Phytophthora

sojaePythium spp Fusarium Rhizoctonia

Acceleron® Metalaxyl (0.375)Pyraclostrobin (0.6)Fluxapyroxad (0.2)

G G-? G G

Inovate ProIntego SuiteIntego Solo

MetalaxylIpconazoleEthaboxam

G G G G

CruiserMaxxCruiserMaxxPlus Vibrance

FludioxonilMefenoxamSedexane

G G-P G G

Evergol EnergyMetalaxyl

Prothioconazole, penflufenmetalaxyl

G G G G

Fungicide active ingredient

Pythium sp.1.

P. sojaeroot rot

Rhizoctonia sp.

Fusarium sp.1,3

Sudden death syndrome

Phomopsis sp.SCN

Azoxystrobin P-G NS VG F-G NR P NR

Carboxin U U G U NR U NR

Ethaboxam E-P E U U U U NR

Fludioxonil NR NR G F-VG NR G NR

Fluopyram NR NR NR NR VG4 NR G-P4

Fluxapyroxad U U E G NR G NR

Ipconazole P NR F-G F-E NR G NR

Mefenoxam E-P2 E NR NR NR NR NR

Metalaxyl E-P2 E NR NR NR NR NR

Oxathiapiprolin P E NR NR NR NR NR

PCNB NR NR G U NR G NR

Penflufen NR NR G G NR G NR

Prothioconazole NR NR G G NR G NR

Pyraclostrobin P-G NR F F NR G NR

Sedaxane NR NR E NS NR G NR

Thiabendazole NR NR NS NS P U NR

Trifloxystrobin P P F-E F-G NR P-F NR

Regional – NCERA 137 Summary

Treatments

InsecticideOomyceteFusariumRhizoctoniaGrowth Enhancers

Seed Treatments – 6 fl oz/cwt

SCN Affected Counties in Ohio

Soybean Cyst Nematode• Launch – March 2018• SCN Coalition –

– Take the test-Beat the pest– What’s your number

SCN is adapting to PI 88788 Resistance

SCN Yield Loss

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0Bu/A

SCN eggs/100 cc2014 - Erie

Yields across Ohio locations

Cultivar nameResistant Source Sand-08 Put-08

Sand-09

Shelby-09 Put-10

Syngenta S30-D4 Susc. 24.3 42.3 47.0 53.2 69.6Syngenta S32-E2 PI88788 48.8 38.5 56.4 55.9 73.3

Gries 5070156/Gries GSF-3480 PI88788 37.0 43.5 47.3 53.3 66.7Seed Consultants SCS9288RR Peking 45.5 42.7 59.9 52.8 67.1

Latham L2620RXCystX, PI437654 42.0 33.0 47.3 53.2 71.2

S to P.sojae/too early maturity Mean 39.5 39.9 51.6 53.6 69.6

P value (Cult) *** *** *** ns nsSCN Spring eggs/100cc 3089 471 373 28 150

Resistant Susceptible

Population Lee74S

PI 88788R

(R/S)*100

Field A 120 5 4.1

Field B 180 20 11.1

Field C 135 40 29.6

State % SCN Populations

PI 88788

IN 56

OH 96

Phytophthora stem rot, Phytophthora sojae

• Varieties with High partial resistance –

• Best to worst– 1 to 9 or– 9 to 1

• Rps1c, Rps1k, Rps3a, Rps6

• Rps1k + 3a• Rps1c + 3a

Phytophthora stem rot – variety selection is key for season long disease management

Phytophthora stem rot, Phytophthora sojae

•Pathotype DiversityDorrance et al., 2016. Plant Dis. 100: 1429-1437

State # fields # P.

sojae

# of isolates

# pathotypes

IA 36 35 130 37

IN 26 13 38 27

IL 76 45 67 48

KS 2 2 12 2

MI 3 3 7 3

MN 31 14 57 49

MO 1 1 3 2

NE 7 6 14 10

NY 1 1 6 5

OH 92 77 510 144

SD 5 5 29 18

Phytophthora stem rot, Phytophthora sojaeStewart et al., 2016. Plant Disease 100:367-379

Quest for Novel Rps genesSource

PI 407985 F7/ MaroofPI 398440 F7/MaroofPI 408132 F7/MaroofPI 399079 F4-DorrancePI 408211B F4-DorrancePI 424354 F4-DorrancePI 407974B F4-DorrancePI 424247A F4-DorrancePI 424487B F4-DorrancePI 408029 F4-Dorrance

55 Sources- Va Tech USDA-NIFA - Robertson Narrowed down to 33 MG III to IX

All of these sources have 2 or more Rpsgenes

?? Are they effective

Dorrance & Schmitthenner, 2000Robertson et al. 2016Gordon et al., 2007 Phytopathology

Our objectives- Part I1. Recover P. sojae from fields within each

state & characterize for pathotype and genetic diversity

2. Evaluate the new sources of resistance to these regional populations

3. Recover P. sansomeana from fields within each state and characterize for host range and genetic diversity

Completed Sampling - Fall 2017State No. of fields Per

field/totalNo. of counties

No. baited No. of P. sojae

No. of P. sansomeana

Pathotypes

IA 10 100 8IN 26 260 12 Next

weekIL 52 520 26 65

(~95%)~5%

OH 52 520 13 19 ~330 JanuaryMI 69 69 30 47 7MN 66 660 49 60 216 JanuaryNE Spring 18SD 9 130 30 0KY* 17 170 7 7 22Total 292 2685 124 ~810 ~35

Specific Resistance to P. sojae

Hypocotyl Inoculation test15 Differentials x 10 seedlings x 800 isolates = 1,200,000 plants6.7 acres of plants

Field Assessments – Seed Treatments

None 0.001 0.0025 0.005 0.01 0.1

New methodology

• Variety x Seed Treatment – herbicide traits• Canopeo – leaf area index

– IPhone ready software, Oklahoma State• Standardized protocols – for 2018

• Inoculated vs Natural Systems – best inoculum delivery – Research Need

3- Valor XLT & Dual II Magnum

Dr. Anne Dorrance, Dept. of Plant Pathology

mmature birds nest fungus, the top will open up to Reveal small sacs – or “eggs”

OARDC FarmsProducer/Cooperators

Thank you!

DuPont, Valent

Seed Treatments – Why the Mixes are so Important Today�December 12-13, 2017�Indiana CCA ConferenceSeed Treatments can benefitSlide Number 3No-till or reduced tillage production systemsSuper Highly Favorable Conditions Slide Number 6The PathogensSoybean Seedling Damping-offPhytophthora sansomeanaSlide Number 10Pythium, Phytopythium & Phytophthora spp. Seedling DiseasesMetalaxyl/mefenoxamSlide Number 14EthaboxamSlide Number 16StrobilurinOxathiapiprolinSoybean Seed Treatments- Field StudiesSlide Number 20Comparison of Intego Suite at 4 locations on 7 varieties with resistance-2016Significantly higher yields with Intego Suite in 5 of the 7 varieties under moderate disease pressure�2.63 of rain & irrigation with 10 dap-NWB 2016�Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 252012: NWB P. sojae Acceleron® Challenge - 2014Acceleron® Challenge – 2015�Phytophthora, Pythium plus floodingFungicides for True Fungi��Azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin�Fludioxonil�Fluxapyroxad�Ipconazole�PCNB�Penflufen�Sedexane����Fungicide efficacy: Fusarium graminearum�Ellis et al., 2011. Plant Dis. 95:401-407F. graminearum /strobilurin fungicidesSeed-borne: PhomopsisSudden Death SyndromeSlide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Seed Treatment CombinationsSlide Number 38Seed Treatments – 6 fl oz/cwtSlide Number 40SCN Affected Counties in OhioSoybean Cyst NematodeSCN Yield LossYields across Ohio locationsSlide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Slide Number 48Quest for Novel Rps genesOur objectives- Part ICompleted Sampling - Fall 2017Specific Resistance to P. sojaeField Assessments – Seed Treatments3- Valor XLT & Dual II MagnumSlide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Slide Number 59