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Why Study Why Study OceanographyOceanography??
Earth is the water planetEarth is the water planet Oceans Modulate the ClimateOceans Modulate the Climate Human Civilization in LittoralHuman Civilization in Littoral
(waves govern the coastal processes and (waves govern the coastal processes and habitat)habitat)
Life began in the Oceans, but ocean Life began in the Oceans, but ocean biological productivity is poorbiological productivity is poor
We are caught in a Malthusian TrapWe are caught in a Malthusian Trap
Earthrise over Smythii impact basin with Schubert impact crater on horizon. Views like this during Apollo missions made it clear that Earth is part of a planetary system rather than an isolated sphere, subject to the same bombardment that battered the surface of the Moon. (Apollo 11 AS11-44-6551)
The Solar System
Earth, the “Third Rock from Sun” is also called the “Lonely Planet” because,
to our knowledge as yet, earth is the only
planet with evidence of life and it is water that
creates this uniqueness.
The joint NASA/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales Topex/Poseidon oceanography satellite ceased operations after nearly 62,000 orbits of Earth. The spacecraft lost its ability to maneuver, bringing to a close a successful 13-year mission.
Topex/Poseidon data have helped in hurricane and El Nino/La Nina forecasting, ocean and climate research, ship routing, offshore industries, fisheries...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvE22AUl-_w
NASA - Topex / Poseidon Oceanography Mission Ends
This uniqueness This uniqueness comes from two comes from two cycles that define cycles that define the Earth ...the Earth ...
hydrological cycle;
and
plate tectonics.
EvaporationEvaporation320,000 km320,000 km33
PrecipitationPrecipitation285,000 km285,000 km33
PrecipitationPrecipitation95,000 km95,000 km33
Run-off: Run-off: 35,000 35,000
kmkm33
Ocean StorageOcean Storage1,370,000,0001,370,000,000 kmkm33
EvaporationEvaporation60,000 km60,000 km33
Sediments
A conceptual look at the hydrological cycle. Notice three aspects of it:. Notice three aspects of it:
1.1. Evaporation exceeds precipitation over the oceans, Evaporation exceeds precipitation over the oceans, but precipitation exceeds evaporation on land.but precipitation exceeds evaporation on land.
2.2. Currently, atmosphere transfers by precipitation all Currently, atmosphere transfers by precipitation all the water it receives by evaporation.the water it receives by evaporation.
3.3. Run-off carries excess water as also rock materials Run-off carries excess water as also rock materials from land to to oceans.from land to to oceans.
Present is the key to the past, i.e., the geological processes today are the same as they have always been.
Mount Annapoorna, 26,545 ft (8,091 m)
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/relief_slides2.html
Earth
Venus
Mars
Some images Some images of the Martian of the Martian
surfacesurface
A team of veteran planet hunters - Astronomers Geoffrey Marcy ofthe University of California at Berkeley and R. Paul Butler of theCarnegie Institution of Washington - has discovered two Saturn-sized objects orbiting nearby stars – a discovery suggesting thatsolar systems with multiple small planets like our own may be far
more common than scientists had assumed. The new objects,announced
yesterday atNASA
headquarters,are one-third
the size ofJupiter and
maybesmaller,
suggestingthat "Earth-
mass planetsare extremely
common inthe galaxy."
www.washingtonpost.com (3/30/2000)
Mount Annapoorna, 26,545 ft (8,091 m)
The World Ocean
Area(106 km2)
Mean Depth(km)
Volume(106 km3)
Pacific OceanAtlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
165.282.473.4
4.2823.9263.963
707.6323.6291.0
Bibi ka Makbara, Aurangabad
Sun setting on Mount Everest (29,028 ft = 8,848 m)
Another view of Mount Everest
Mount Kanchenjunga: 28,169 ft (8,586 m)
http://fs1dgadrv.er.usgs.gov/edu/mearthsw.html
Evaporation320,000 km3
Ocean Storage1,370,000,000 km 3
Precipitation285,000 km3
Precipitation95,000 km3
Evaporation60,000 km3
Run-off: 35,000
km3
A conceptual look at the hydrological cycle
A trio of frames from Polar's Visible Imaging
System (VIS), taken 6 seconds apart on
December 31, 1998, captures an object rapidly descending
toward northern Europe. Because the
camera's filter isolates emission from hydroxyl
(OH) radicals, the incoming object must
have contained abundant water.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/planet.pdf
NOAA Current SST Anomalies: 2/14/1998
Tsunami!
Raphael (Raffaelo Sanzio: 1483-1520): “School of Athens”
cover ~71% of earth’s surface and have an average depth of ~3.8 km;
carry most (80-97.5%) of the hydrospheric water supply;
evolved ~4 Ga ago, in an event that created the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere;
The OceansThe Oceans
evolved ~4.7 Ga ago, together with the rest of the Solar System, from a hydrogen-helium dust cloud;is largely spherical, with ~6371 km average radius, an equatorial bulge and polar flattening;is a multilayered body, with core, mantle and the crust;is unique in having water; andhas a hemispherically asymmetric distribution of land and oceans.
The Earth
O ECA
7N
(
%80.
)
L
(
AN
D
%29.2
)
Oceanridges(22.1%)Continental
platforms(18.9%)
Oceanbasin floors(29.8%)
Co
nti
nen
tal s
hel
f an
d
slo
pe
(11.
4%)
Continentalmountains
(10.3%)
Island arcs,trenches, guyots etc. (3.7%)
Continental rise (3.8%)
http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/imageg.htm
9090o o NN
00oo
3030o o NN
6060o o NN
9090o o SS
3030o o SS
6060o o SS
La
titu
de
La
titu
de
55 1010 1515 2020
LandLand
Whole EarthWhole Earth
Surface Area (million kmSurface Area (million km22))2525
OceansOceans
HydrogenHelium
OxygenCarbon
Nitrogen
SiliconNeon
MagnesiumIron
SulphurAluminum
CalciumNickel
SodiumArgon
ChromiumPhosphorous
ManganeseChlorine
PotassiumOther elements
HHe
OCN
SiNeMgFeSAlCaNiNaArCrPMnClK
74.50023.840
0.82000.37500.0910
0.08300.05500.05700.10400.03800.00660.00740.00920.00330.00300.00320.00090.00110.00060.0003
29.8
15.6
13.933.3
1.51.82.00.2
1.9
46.6
27.7
2.15.0
8.13.6
2.8
2.61.5
UniverseWholeEarth
Earth’sCrust
Outercore
The whole earth is richer in Fe, Mg and Ni, and poorer in Si, K and Al, than what
is found on the earth’s surface.
Whole Earth density = 5.5 gm/cm3
Density of the crust = 2.7 gm/cm3
Mantle
Co
re
CrustRo
ckyM
etallic Innercore
Earth has an equatorial bulge and polar flatenning,
the equatorial radius (req) being ~21 km
greater than the polar radius (rpole) . The radius (r)
of an equivalent sphere is 6,371 km.
rpole
reqr = 6371 km
)
Equivalentsphere
- 30 m
10 m
Based on satellite mapping,the earth is now known to betruly pear-shaped, in that, added to facts of earth’s equatorialbulge and polar flatenning, the south pole is ~40 m closer to the earth’s center than the north pole.
OceansPore water in sediments
Glacier and polar icecapsSurface water (rivers, lakes)
Atmospheric moisture
1,370,000300,00025,000
30013
80.8%17.7% 1.5% 0.018% 0.0008%
1,370,00010,000
25,000 300 13
97.5% 0.7% 1.8% 0.02% 0.0009%
How much water in the hydrosphere ?An average person needs ~300,000 gallons of water per year (1 metric ton = 263 gallons), including 250,000 gallons for growing food. Indeed, nations with <150,000 gallons annual per capita water availability face severe limits to economic growth. Including all the
land and marine sedimentary
formations worldwide*
Excluding the coastal marine sediments
* Based on Karl Turekian: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (Prentice Hall, 1996)
Hydrospheric mass in trillion metric tons
A panoramic view of the Martian surface, as seen by the Pathfinder