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Why So Many Fish in Alaska?Why So Many Fish in Alaska?~ 60-65% of US Food Fish are Landed in Alaska WHY?
1. Alaska is Surrounded by Oceans
a. Oceanographic Currents
b. Ice Edge Considerations
2. Alaska’s Shoreline & Continental Shelf
3. Geological Nutrient Input into Alaskan Waters
a. Loess - Windborne Dusts
b. Suspended Sediments in Rivers
c. Volcanic Ash
4. Climate Controlled Nutrient Input
~ 60-65% of US Food Fish are Landed in Alaska WHY?
1. Alaska is Surrounded by Oceans
a. Oceanographic Currents
b. Ice Edge Considerations
2. Alaska’s Shoreline & Continental Shelf
3. Geological Nutrient Input into Alaskan Waters
a. Loess - Windborne Dusts
b. Suspended Sediments in Rivers
c. Volcanic Ash
4. Climate Controlled Nutrient Input
Volcanic NutrientsVolcanic Nutrients
Ecology of Boreal & Subarctic Waters IEcology of Boreal & Subarctic Waters I
1. Define Ecosystem Health: Temperate & Tropical
Systems - Definition is Species Diversity
2. Evolutionary Divisions in T&T Communities
- Speciation by Niche Specialization
3. In T&T Communities: Nearest Neighbor
Distance - Meters to Tens of Meters
1. Define Ecosystem Health: Temperate & Tropical
Systems - Definition is Species Diversity
2. Evolutionary Divisions in T&T Communities
- Speciation by Niche Specialization
3. In T&T Communities: Nearest Neighbor
Distance - Meters to Tens of Meters
Specialists Versus GeneralistsSpecialists Versus Generalists
1. Specialists
a. Allows Escape from Direct Competition
b. More Efficient - Greater Degree Fine Tuning
c. Less Evolutionarily Flexible
2. Generalists
a. Less Efficient - Tuned to Different Seasons
b. Greater Exposure to Direct Competition
c. Greater Evolutionary Flexibility
1. Specialists
a. Allows Escape from Direct Competition
b. More Efficient - Greater Degree Fine Tuning
c. Less Evolutionarily Flexible
2. Generalists
a. Less Efficient - Tuned to Different Seasons
b. Greater Exposure to Direct Competition
c. Greater Evolutionary Flexibility
SpecialistSpecialist
GeneralistGeneralist
Ecology Boreal & Subarctic Waters IIEcology Boreal & Subarctic Waters II
1. Ecosystem Health in Boreal & Subarctic Waters
- Defined Not by Species Diversity
2. Evolutionary Divisions B&SA Communities
- Generalists Predominate - Seasonal Differences
3. B&SA Communities Nearest Neighbor Distance
- Monocultures Covering Vast Areas
1. Ecosystem Health in Boreal & Subarctic Waters
- Defined Not by Species Diversity
2. Evolutionary Divisions B&SA Communities
- Generalists Predominate - Seasonal Differences
3. B&SA Communities Nearest Neighbor Distance
- Monocultures Covering Vast Areas
Boreal & Subarctic SpeciesBoreal & Subarctic Species
1. Ongoing Biological Research
a. Cold Adaptation
b. Reproductive Ecology
c. Census of Marine Life
2. Needed Research
a. B&SA Community Ecology
b. Winter Physiology
c. Stress, Disease & Monocultures
1. Ongoing Biological Research
a. Cold Adaptation
b. Reproductive Ecology
c. Census of Marine Life
2. Needed Research
a. B&SA Community Ecology
b. Winter Physiology
c. Stress, Disease & Monocultures
Boreal & Subarctic Ecology: Bottom LineBoreal & Subarctic Ecology: Bottom Line
1. Use Caution When Attempting to Apply Ecological Principles Derived from T&T
2. Estimations of Over-Fishing Cannot Be Based On Comparisons with T&T Populations
3. Generalist Physiological Parameters Can Be Markedly Different from Niche Specialists
4. Boreal & Subarctic Waters can be Distinct in Their Ecology Compared with T&T
5. Caution: Potential Cryptic Sister Species: Cucumaria lubrica C. vegae assemblage.
1. Use Caution When Attempting to Apply Ecological Principles Derived from T&T
2. Estimations of Over-Fishing Cannot Be Based On Comparisons with T&T Populations
3. Generalist Physiological Parameters Can Be Markedly Different from Niche Specialists
4. Boreal & Subarctic Waters can be Distinct in Their Ecology Compared with T&T
5. Caution: Potential Cryptic Sister Species: Cucumaria lubrica C. vegae assemblage.
Why So Many Fish In Alaska?Why So Many Fish In Alaska?
1. Area of Continental Shelf1. Area of Continental Shelf2. Length of Coastline2. Length of Coastline3. State’s Land Area3. State’s Land Area4. Number of Unpolluted Rivers4. Number of Unpolluted Rivers5. Boreal and Subarctic Waters5. Boreal and Subarctic Waters6. Extremes in Sunlight6. Extremes in Sunlight7. Ample Nutrients7. Ample Nutrients8. Huge Algal Blooms8. Huge Algal Blooms9. Excellent Management9. Excellent Management
Human Migrations into North AmericaHuman Migrations into North America
Clovis Culture ~12,000 bp
Probably Multiple Migrations
Concept of Bering Land Bridge - Land Migrations
Ice Free Corridor
Coastal Migrations Some Newer Evidence
Most Likely Sites Now Underwater
Clovis Culture ~12,000 bp
Probably Multiple Migrations
Concept of Bering Land Bridge - Land Migrations
Ice Free Corridor
Coastal Migrations Some Newer Evidence
Most Likely Sites Now Underwater
Bering Land BridgeBering Land Bridge
Bering Land Bridge 16,200 ybpBering Land Bridge 16,200 ybp
Beringia & Human MigrationBeringia & Human Migration
Beringia 15,000 ybpBeringia 15,000 ybp
Linguistic vs DNA DataLinguistic vs DNA Data
DNA Evidence Shows Not all Speakers share same DNA
Evidence of Multiple Migrations Many after 10,000 ybp
Bering Land Bridge Flooded 10,000 ybp
Close Affinity with Siberians
Newer Groups Moved Further South Tlinket & Haida among most recent
DNA Evidence Shows Not all Speakers share same DNA
Evidence of Multiple Migrations Many after 10,000 ybp
Bering Land Bridge Flooded 10,000 ybp
Close Affinity with Siberians
Newer Groups Moved Further South Tlinket & Haida among most recent
Alaskan Native Language MapAlaskan Native Language Map
Hunting Sea MammalsHunting Sea Mammals
Age Classes IAge Classes I
Yupik Fishing TechnologyYupik Fishing Technology
Closed Inupiat Stone Fish TrapClosed Inupiat Stone Fish Trap
Open Inupiat Stone Fish TrapOpen Inupiat Stone Fish Trap
Archaeological Dig SW AlaskaArchaeological Dig SW Alaska
Ancient Fish SpearsAncient Fish Spears
Ancient Barbed SpearsAncient Barbed Spears
Ancient Harpoon TipsAncient Harpoon Tips
Reconstructed Halibut HookReconstructed Halibut Hook