WHY PURSUE NATIONAL INTERESTS?

Related Issue II: To what extent should national interests be pursued?

Chapter Issue: To what extent should the pursuit of national interests shape foreign policy? (20-1)

How do national interest and foreign policy shape each other? (20-2)

FOREIGN POLICY TOOLS

• Treaties

•Diplomacy (receiving and sending of diplomats)

• Foreign aid

•Military forces

• Tariffs and trade

•Non-governmental organizations

HOW HAS NATIONAL INTEREST SHAPED FOREIGN POLICY?

• A policy is a plan of action that has been deliberately chosen to guide or influence future decisions. • A country’s government is responsible for developing both domestic

policy and foreign policy.• Foreign policy decisions may have short term effects or long term effects.• Some foreign policy decisions made at the end of World War I are still

affecting the world today. Many people believe that the turmoil in the Middle Eastern countries related directly to the foreign policy decisions of the United States and European countries as they pursued their own national interest.

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

• How did foreign policy initiatives before, between, and during the First and Second World Wars hinder nations’ national interests?

• Consider the following factors when analyzing the issue at hand (we looked at these when we played RISK and Monopoly):

• Identifying nation’s needs

• Relationships with nations that having opposing ideologies

• Justifying nation’s needs and goals

• Identifying nation’s goals

• Relationships with nations that share similar ideologies

NATIONAL INTEREST & FOREIGN POLICY

• Before WWI, nationalism flourished in Europe. Many governments believed that expanding their territory in Europe and in their colonies was their national interest.

• Their foreign policies involved forming alliances with other European countries. • This allowed members to help one another out should be threatened. • The alliances are what allowed countries to enter the war so quickly.

FOREIGN POLICIES:

• None of the major powers wanted a war

• However, they all pursued foreign policies that made war inevitable

• The forces of nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of alliances are considered fundamental causes of WW I

•War was considered as a solution to problems that stood in the way of the major powers being able to pursue their national interests

WWI: THE PURSUIT OF NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE SHAPING OF

FOREIGN POLICY

How did foreign policy initiatives before, between, and during WWI hinder nations’ national interests?

WORLD WAR I SHAKEDOWN

ASSASSINATION OF ARCH DUKE FERDINAND

• Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary paid a visit to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia

• June 28, 1914: Assassinated by Bosnian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip

• Member of the ’Black Hand’

• Serbian Nationalist Organization

• Wanted to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina with Serbia

• Was not a tool of the Serbian government

• A-H believed that Serbia was deeply involved in the murder plot

The straw that broke the camel’s back…

GERMANY & AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

•Germany wrote a letter to A-H

• Stated they would back any action A-H would take against Serbia

• Letter was taken out of context or the meaning was exaggerated

THE ULTIMATUM

• Tensions mounted in the months after the assassination.

July 23:• A-H issued Serbia an ultimatum:

• Required Serbia to suppress all anti- AH activities and propaganda

• To dismiss all officials hostile to A-H

• Serbia was also required to allow officials from A-H to investigate the archduke’s murder

• AH insisted on an answer within 48 hours

SERBIA’S DECISION

• Serbia faced a difficult choice

• Refusal to meet the AH demands would mean war

• Allowing A-H officials into Serbia would be a violation of Serbian independence

• Serbia, therefore, accepted effectively accepted all terms of the ultimatum except one: it would not accept A-H’s participation in any internal inquiry!

MOBILIZATION

•The Serbian response did not satisfy AH•AH began to mobilize its armed forces•Mobilization does not necessarily mean war• It is generally viewed as a move towards war

RUSSIA/FRANCE

• The threatening moves of A-H alarmed Russia and France

• Russia was prepared to aid Serbia if A-H declared war

• Russia ordered a partial mobilization of its forces

• As the crisis deepened, France assured Russia of its support

OUTBREAK OF WAR!

July 28, 1914:• A-H declared war on Serbia

•Over the next few days, the alliance system began to operate

July 29, 1914:•Nicholas II ordered a general mobilization of his

armed forces

GERMAN REACTION

• Germany asked Russia to cancel the mobilization order.

August 1st:

• Russia did not reply

• Germany declared war on Russia

August 3rd:

• Germany declared war on France

• German troops marched into the neutral nation of Belgium

• This move brought Britain into the war (in 1830, Britain had pledged to uphold Belgian neutrality)

August 4th:

• Britain declared war on Germany

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUiWqD5us_E&feature=iv&src_vid=lJXAcl8D51Y&annotation_id=annotation_963773573

ARMS RACE

•Nations began to increase the production of weapons, as a result of heightened tensions•Military & naval expenditures were increased•People began to think war was inevitable•Germany desired to be a world power•Attempted to rival England’s naval power

ALLIANCES

• As a result of the build-up of arms, cultural reasons, and fear, nations began to form alliances

• These alliances drew other nations into war

• Triple Entente/Allies:

• Britain

• France

• Russia

• Triple Alliance/Central Powers:

• Germany

• Austria

• Italy

ALLIANCES AND NEUTRAL NATIONS DURING WWI

1914-1918

•World War I lasted four long years and finally ended when an armistice (truce) was declared at 11a.m. on November 11th, 1918.

THE AFTERMATH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl5OqQVaD9Y

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

• Opened between January 12, 1919 and January 20, 1920!

• Set the peace terms for the Central Powers after the armistice of 1918

• Leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the world’s population attended

• Negotiations were dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating the Central Powers: US, Britain, France, Italy and Japan

• Objective:

• To establish political and economic stability in Europe, and to end war.

• U.S. was considered a visionary leader in making “the world safe for democracy.”

…Let’s backtrack!!!

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• Tour of Versailles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dcenkgiwUo

• The Big Four:• Woodrow Wilson (president of the US)• Georges Clemenceau (prime minister of France)• David Lloyd George (prime minister of Great Britain)• Vittorio Orlando (prime minister of Italy)

• Britain, France, and the United States decided terms of the Treaty of Versailles• Russia’s Communist, (Bolshevik) government was refused

representation• The result was much more of an armistice than an actual peace treaty

WILSON’S THOUGHTS

• Wilson believed the war was caused by 3 major factors:

• Secret diplomacy (alliances)

• Dominant nation’s oppression of ethnic minorities

• Autocratic (one-ruler power) governments

• Wilson announced 14 Points to resolve these issues, to create a new world order.

• Secret agreements between big powers shattered Wilson’s idealism

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, CONT’D

• US Objectives:

• Implement Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

• Resume free flow of trade.

• Eager to revert back to isolationism.

• Placed pressure on Britain and France to repay war loans (they would in turn force Germany to pay)

• French Objectives:

• National security.

• Financial reparations.

• Demanded return of Alsace-Lorraine.

• Create buffer zone in the Rhineland (demilitarized zone).

• Make Germany pay 33 billion dollars.

• British Objectives:• Ensure security of sea lanes; therefore, cripple

Germany’s sea power.• Reduce German navy to 6 warships & 0

submarines.• Redistribute German colonies to Allies.• Not in favor of huge German reparation

payments;• Needed strong Germany to protect against

Russian Communism.

• German Reaction:• Forced to sign Treaty of Versailles.• Annoyed by the inclusion of the War Guilt Clause.• Reparation payments caused massive inflation.• Ruined German economy.• Led to support for Adolf Hitler and Nazis.

WILSON’S 14 POINTS:

1. Open covenants of peace

2. Freedom of navigation upon seas

3. Removal of trade barriers

4. Reduce armaments

5. Consulting populations regarding colonial claims

6. Evacuation of Russian Territory

7. Evacuation of Belgium

8. Restore all French territory

9. Italy created along lines of nationality

10. Self-determination of people of Austria-Hungary

11. Serbia – free access to sea

12. Sovereignty of Turks

13. Independent Polish state

14. Creation of a League of Nations

THE TREATY WAS A DIKTAT

•Diktat: a harsh, unilaterally imposed settlement with a defeated party.

• The Treaty of Versailles was a diktat in that Germany was not allowed to negotiate on its own behalf at the Paris Peace Conference and it was forced to accept the Treaty and could not refuse to honour its terms.

PUNITIVE IN NATURE – THE TREATY “PUNISHED” GERMANY

• Six terms of the Treaty of Versailles

• Remember: GARGLE

Guilt for the War

• By clause 231 of the treaty, Germany had to accept the blame ‘for causing all the loss and damage’ of the war.

T OF V: GARGLE

Armed forces

• The Treaty restricted German armed forces to:

• Only 100 000 men in the army

• Conscription was banned –soldiers had to be volunteers

• No submarines or airplanes

• Only six battleships

• The Rhineland had to be de-militarized

T OF V: GARGLE

Reparations

•Germany had to pay for all the damage of the war in installments, until 1984

• To make these payments, the Weimar Government printed extra money and created a condition of hyper inflation and extreme economic hardship in Germany

T OF V: GARGLE

Germany lost territory

• Alsace-Lorraine was given back to France

• The Saar coalfields were given to France for 15 years

• Malmsey was given to Belgium

• North Schleswig was given to Denmark (after a plebiscite/referendum)

• West Prussia (including the ‘Polish corridor’) and Upper Silesia were given to Poland

• Danzig was made a ‘free city’

• Memel was given to Lithuania

• German colonies were made ‘mandates’ of the League of Nations, to be looked after by France (Cameroons), Britain (Tanganyika), Japan (islands in the Pacific), Australia (New Guinea) and New Zealand (Samoa)

T OF V: GARGLE

League of Nations

• Set up as an international forum to settle disputes by discussion, not war

• Germany is not allowed to join initially (until 1926) and the USA eventually refuses to join

Extra points

• The Treaty forbade Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria

• The Treaty also made Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania independent states (in the Balkans)

GERMANY’S LOSSES

• 10% of its land

• All its colonies

• 12% of its population

• 16% of its coalfields

•Half of its iron and steel industry

•Most of its army and navy

• All its air force

TREATY OF VERSAILLES: SUPPORT FOR THE TREATY

• You will complete the chart below to determine the level of support each country had for the summary statements of the Treaty of Versailles (with a partner, see p. 149 of the -1 textbook)

• Identify which nations would have been dissatisfied with the Treaty, and why.

-2 = highly opposed to the clause +2 = highly supportive of the clause

Britain France Germany Italy

Summary statement #1

-2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2

Summary statement #...

-2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2

CONCLUSION OF WWI

Maps of Pre WWI Europe and Post WWI and Treaty of Versailles

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• The first item on the agenda at the Paris Peace Conference was the creation of a League (council) which was to serve as a means of guaranteeing collective security to all its members

• Collective security: relying on the might of the combined group (not one or two individual countries) to ensure and maintain world peace

• The League hoped that this threat of collective response would make war obsolete

• The great powers: USA, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia

• However, the US never took its place and Russia was not admitted until 1934

• Germany was kept out of the League until 1926 but eventually joined as a permanent member of the ‘power’ council

FLAWS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• Several major flaws with the structure of the L of N which limited its effectiveness as an agent of collective security:

• The US became isolationist in nature (again) and did not join the world’s most powerful council

• Membership in the League was voluntary.

• The League’s decisions were not “binding”

NATIONAL INTERESTS AFTER

WWI

• During WWI, many Canadiansbelieved that fighting the war was in their national interest• However, after the war, this national

interest changed. It went from being foreign to domestic• In Canada, many people had jobs

within the war industry (ie. WOMEN!). When the war was over, many people lost their jobs and returning veterans could not find jobs• Many other nations became more

interested in domestic interests as well. The French and Belgians needed to rebuild their nations

HOW HAS FOREIGN POLICY SHAPED NATIONAL INTEREST?

• Just as national interest shapes foreign policy, foreign policy can also affect national interest. • For example, a government’s foreign policies can affect its citizens

safety and security, their economic future, and their values and culture.• Canada’s effort on the War on Terrorism in Afghanistan is part of a

foreign policy. Canada is part of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and when NATO decided to go to war with the Taliban, Canada went to war as well. How did this affect our national interest?

20-1: CHAPTERS 6-7

• Explore the Issues

• #1-2, p. 139

• Pause and Reflect p. 151

• Voices

• #1-2, p. 152-153

• #1-2, p. 155

• Investigation

• #1-2, p. 161-163

• Recall…Reflect…Respond

• #1-3, p. 112

• Making a Difference

• #1-3, p. 118

• Georeality

• #1-3, p. 122-123

20-2 CHAPTER 5

REVIEW QUESTIONS