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Why Organic Seed?
Erica Renaud, PhDRegional Business ManagerVitalis Organic Seeds, North America
New Mexico Organic Farming ConferenceFebruary 18, 2017
Why Organic Seed?
Erica Renaud, Vitalis Organic Seeds Breeder & Seed Producer Company
Randy Cummings, Johnny’s Selected Seeds Distributor
Brett Baker, Organic Certification Body Organic Certifier Perspective
Landreths’ Seeds •Established in 1784•5th oldest corporation in the United States
Founded in Holland in 1994
Organic vegetable breeding
Organic seed production
Enza Zaden partnership in 1998
Entered US market in 2008
Full subsidiary in 2012
Over 30 different crops
Sales in 35 countries
Certified Organic: USA and global
Family owned & independent
• Product Development• Sales & Marketing• Customer Service• Operations & Logistics• Quality Control• Seed Production 11 organic seed production countries
• Breeding 1 dedicated organic breeding station 3 breeding stations in North America 16 global breeding stations
Components of Seed Company:
Crops:
Tomato Zucchini CauliflowerPepper Winter Squash KohlrabiCucumber Endive FennelLettuce Rootstock ArugulaSpinach Mache HerbsEndive Radish MelonEggplant Leek Onion
USA | EU | MEXICO: Organic Regulations
• Organic StandardsEuropean Union since 1997USA since 2002Canada since 2009Canada and EU harmonization since 2011USA and EU harmonization since 2012Mexico since 2014Mexico and USA harmonization in process
• Implications for Global Tradeeg. 90%+ of Mexican organic product exported to USA
Seed Industry Overview
Why organic seed & breeding?“We differentiate our organic offering through our commitment to a closed-looporganic agriculture system; providing the highest quality, non-GMO, organic seed, free of contaminants and adapted to the needs of diverse organic agriculture systems.”
Benefit to GROWER• Regulatory• Resistance to soil- and seed-borne diseases• Earliness• High weed suppression and tolerance• Higher resistance level• Increased nutrient use through extensive root systems.
Benefit to CONSUMER• Local for local trend.• ‘Specialty’ crops.• Flavor (scavenge the nutrients)• Nutritional content
US Organic Seed Regulatory Clause
USA: §205.204 Seeds and planting stock practice standard The producer must use organically grown seeds, annual seedlings,
and planting stock: Except that:Nonorganically produced, untreated seeds and planting stock may be
used to produce an organic crop when an equivalent organically produced variety is not commercially available, except, that organically produced seed must be used for the production of edible sprouts;
Nonorganically produced seeds and planting stock that have been treated with a substance included on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production may be used to produce an organic crop when an equivalent organically produced or untreated variety is not commercially available.
•10
USDA NOP Organic Seed Guidance Document
• Seeds, Annual Seedlings, and Planting Stock (NOP 5029)
– Proposed Guidance Released 6/13/2011– Final Guidance Released Effective 3/4/2013
• Describes practices for certified operations to demonstrate their proactive efforts to procure OG seed
– Annual percentage increase– More than three sources of known organic seed suppliers– Trials demonstrating why standard cultivar is accepted or not– Use of national database listing organic seeds available
•11
Hybrid benefits:GROWER• High yields• Uniformity: plant architecture, maturity, appearance,
flavor profiles• Specific disease resistances
BREEDER• Rapid evaluation• Good parent lines = quick breeding progress• Ease of using marker-assisted selection (MAS)• Unique genetics = distinction in the market
The Science – Traditional Plant Breeding
P2
INBRED CREATION
Wild Line w/ Desirable
Trait
Elite Line 1
Back Cross to Elite Line 1 (multiple backcrosses)
P2
Select a new line to Advance
P2
F1 F2 F3 ….F7
Self Pollinate & Select for several
generations to achieve a new
Fixed Inbred Line
P2
HYBRID CREATION
P2
P2
Elite Line 2
Hybrid Seed - Selections are made over several seasons (multiple years)
- No guarantee of any particular gene combination from the million of
crosses generated
- Limited to exchanges between the same or very closely related species
TOOL BOX:Association Panels
CSSL LibrariesQTL mappingLinkage mapsSNPs & SSRs
Bioinformatics
The Science – “Modern” Breeding
1. Mapping Genes
2. Identification of DNA Markers
3. Marker Assisted Breeding
4. Screening of Cultivars & Wild
Types for Future Breeding
5. (Genetic Modification/GMO’s)
Breeding projects:
Spinach• Red veins• Savoy leaves• Flexible varieties:
baby leaf and bunching
• Nutrient Use Efficiency
• Horizontal downy mildew resistance (Peronosporafarinosa)
Pepper• Bacterial leaf spot
resistance• Aphid resistance• Early maturity• Protected culture
and open field varieties
Breeding projects:
Breeding projects:
Kuri Winter Squash• Storability• OP parent line• High brix, dry matter
content, flavor evaluations
Cauliflower• Self-incompatibility• Genetic male sterility
Organic Mini-Conicals Study• Study comparing
organically versus conventionally grown mini-conicals for nutritional and post-harvest characteristics
• Selection of best performing mini-conical genetics under organic growing conditions
Organic Seed Production
Organic Seed Production
Post Harvest Quality Control & PhytosanitaryStandards
• Earthbound Farms– Grower-shipper based in San
Juan Bautista, CA – Current programs: Arugula,
babyleaf, romaine, spinach– New programs: Eazy Leaf,
diverse Lettuce, herbs – Direct and dealer sales
CUSTOMER TYPES
• Diversified Organic Farms– Small individual acreages but these add up to big numbers. – Southeast input into their assortment is growing.– Best PD information often comes from these growers– Organic seed in demand!!
Distributor model: Customer type dependent
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Producer survey (2014)
1) General farm demographics2) Usage of organic seed3) Challenges that restrict use4) Needs moving forward
1360+ farmers responded representing 47 states
State of Organic Seed
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
State of Organic Seed
• Vegetable crops – Improvements but much less vegetable
acreage is planted to organic seed compared to other crops
54.969.3
2009 2014Perc
enta
ge o
f Acr
eage
Average Percent Vegetable Acreage Planted to Organic Seed
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
State of Organic Seed
79 66 48 51 51 30 2085 80 84 85 78 74 6647 48 60 68 69 51 300
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01-3 4-10 11-50 51-80 81-160 161-480 >480Organic acreage
Organic seed use by crop type and acreage
Vegetables
Field Crops
Forage Crops
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
• Reasons for not sourcing organic seed
– Specific variety unavailable (70%)– Insufficient quantity of seed (42%)– Lack of desirable traits (39%)– Save their own seed (38%)– Price (37%)
State of Organic Seed
Vitalis Organic SeedsEnza Zaden North America, Inc.Erica Renaud(831) [email protected]