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Why Is The Incineration Of Waste A Necessity For A
Successful Recycling Society?
Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil. Dr.h.c. Bernd Bilitewski
Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften, Fachrichtung Wasserwesen,
Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten
Athens 10. 6. 2010
Folie 2
1. Introduction
2. Hazardous Components in Waste and in Material Recycling
3, Conclusion
Content
Folie 3
1. Introduction
Folie 4
Consumption and recycling of packaging in Germany in 1.000 tons
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
74%
75%
76%
77%
78%
79%
80%
81%
82%
83%
Verpackungen gesamt
Verbrauch
Verwertungsmenge
Verwertungsquote in %
Jahr
Ve
rbra
uch
un
d V
erw
ert
un
g in
1.0
00
Mg
Source: GVM Wiesbaden
Consumption
Quantity for Recycling
Recycling in %
Total amount of packaging
Year
Con
su
mp
tion
an
d r
ecyclin
g in
1.0
00 t
on
s
Folie 5
Development of the recovered paper collection from households and commerce and the used paper potential at the place of the end user
14,213,814,214,614,8
13,4
12,612,0
11,511,911,811,611,1
9,9
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Re
co
ve
red
pa
pe
r c
olle
cti
on
/mill
. Mg
Recovered paper from households Recovered paper from trade and commerce
Used paper potential at the end user
Waste Paper Recycling
Folie 6
81%
19%
67%
33%
46%
54%
34%
66%
28%
72%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Development of Disposal and Recycling Proportion German Battery
Recycling
Disposal
6,901 t 8,978 t 9,679 t 11,393 t 11,171 t
Recycling Of Batteries
Folie 7
Hazardous Components in Waste and in Material Recycling
Folie 8
O O
O
Si
Si
Si
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
n = 1-4
n = 1 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxan (D3)n = 2 Octamethylcylotetrasiloxan (D4)n = 3 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxan (D5)n = 4Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxan (D6)
Si O Si O Si
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
n = 0-2
n = 0 Hexamethyldisiloxan (L2)n = 1 Octamethyltrisiloxan (L3)n = 2 Decamethyltetrasiloxan (L4)
Folie 9
Problems from Organosilicons in waste
Silicon dioxide in gas motor of a landfill in Thessaloniki (Greece) Photo from Karaganidis
Folie 10
Therapeutic group Compounds % Recoveries (% RSD)
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
Surface water WWTP effluent WWTP influent
Ketoprofen 86 (±5) 50 (±6) 90 (±13)
Naproxen 86 (±5) 80 (±1) 93 (±5)
Ibuprofen 80 (±1) 121 (±9) 100 (±2)
Indomethacine 66 (±1) 50 (±5) 60 (±12)
Diclofenac 85 (±2) 50 (±1) 55 (±10)
Mefenamic acid 81 (±1) 60 (±2) 60 (±4)
Acetaminophen 11 (±3) 86 (±5) 86 (±5)
Acetylsalicylic acid 12 (±1) 38 (±1) 22 (±2)
Phenazone 97 (±2) 50 (±3) 50 (±9)
Phenylbutazone 50 (±2) 20 (±7) 20 (±7)
Propyphenazone 101 (±4) 72 (±3) 97 (±9)
Codeine 54 (±2) 86 (±6) 112 (±4)
Lipid regulators Clofibric acid 71 (±2) 53 (±10) 61 (±11)
Gemfibrozil nd nd nd
Bezafibrate 79 (±5) 69 (±3) 101 (±8)
Fenofibrate 60 (±4) 130 (±7) 116 (±1)
Atorvastatin calcium 51 (±17) 43 (±10) 43 (±10)
Mevastatin 61 (±8) 57 (±10) 57 (±10)
Pravastatin sodium 193 (±1) 172(±6) 172 (±6)
Hazardous compounds Damià Barceló
Folie 11
Deca brominated biphenyl
Poly brominated Diphenylether (PBDE)
Tetra brominated bi-phenol A
Isomer of Hex brominated cyclododecan
Flame-retardant Chemicals
Folie 12
Hazardous Components in WEEE
Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc.)
Organic Compounds
Brominated flame retardant
Source: Chancerel (2007)
Folie 13
1 Bi-phenol A; 2 4-tert-Octylphenol; 3 4-Nonylphenol; 4 Pentachlorophenol; 5 TMDD; Graphic: NLM
Endocrine disrupting compounds
Folie 14
Concentration of BPA and NP in waste paper from Dresden (mg/kg) [Gehring et al., 2005]
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
AltP7 AltP1 AltP5 AltP6 AltP2 AltP3 AltP4
Ko
nze
ntr
ati
on
(m
g ·
kg
-1 T
R)
BPA
NP
Verpackung Graphisches Papier
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
AltP7 AltP1 AltP5 AltP6 AltP2 AltP3 AltP4
Ko
nze
ntr
ati
on
(m
g ·
kg
-1 T
R)
BPA
NP
Verpackung Graphisches PapierPackaging
Graphical Paper
Folie 15
Recycling toilet paper from Germany, Australia and China contaminated with 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decin-4,7-diol (TMDD) Biphenyl A, and 4-Nonylphenol (Gehring, Vogel, Bilitewski 2009)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DE a DE b DE c DE d AU a AU b AU c AU d CN a CN b CN c CN d
Ko
nze
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/k
g)
NP
BPA
TMDD
Deutschland
Australien
China
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DE a DE b DE c DE d AU a AU b AU c AU d CN a CN b CN c CN d
Ko
nze
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/k
g)
NP
BPA
TMDD
Deutschland
Australien
China
Germany
Australia
China
Folie 16
Concentration of Cadmium in Household Waste
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
elec
troni
cwas
te
othe
rcom
posit
emat
erial
othe
rplast
icpro
duct
s
shoe
s
rubb
er
leat
her
fines
10-40
mm
non p
acka
ging
film
s
fines
<10
mm
text
iles
plas
ticbo
ttles
and c
onta
iner
s
wood
pack
agin
gcom
posit
es
pack
agin
gfilm
s
pape
rand
card
boar
d
orga
nicw
aste
diap
ers
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
concentration
loadcontribution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
elec
tron
icwas
te
othe
rcom
posit
e
mat
eria
l
othe
r pla
sti
c
prod
uct
s
shoe
s
rubb
er
leat
her
fines
10-40
mm
non p
acka
ging
film
s
fines
<10
mm
text
iles
plas
ticbo
ttles
and c
onta
iner
s
wood
pack
agin
gcom
posit
es
pack
agin
gfilm
s
pape
rand
card
boar
d
orga
nicw
aste
diap
ers
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
concentration
loadcontribution
330
Sp
ecifi
c L
oad
Con
trib
uti
on
Con
cen
trati
on
(mg/kg)
Folie 17
CONCLUSIONS
Folie 18
MSWI - state of the art
• > 90 % grate firing systems• electric net energy efficiency around 20 % (up to 30 %)• steam parameters app. 400 °C, 40 bar• Gate fees 70 -– 100 €/Mg
Folie 19
Comparison of Dioxin emission in reality:
Modern Waste incineration plant: 1 0,01 ng/m³
Hazardous waste incineration plant:
1 0,01 ng/m³
Household store: 100 1,00 ng/m³
Open fire place: 1000 10,00 ng/m³
Fire works: 10.000 100,00 ng/m³
Burning landfill 100.000 1000,00 ng/m³
Folie 20
0,0
7%
0,0
4%
0,4
0%
0,0
09%
1,1
8%
0,1
9%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
PCDD+PCDF NOX SOX Cd Hg dust
Total emissions
Emissions of WtE
Emissions from waste incineration in relation to total national emissions in Austria [Stengler, E. ]
Folie 21
Material flow of hazardous compounds of an incineration plant of municipal solid waste
(Reimann, D.O )
Waste Input
Hazardous Compounds
AnorganicCl, S, F
∑ Heavy metals
OrganicDioxine, etc.
Incineration
100 % 100 %100 %
11,5 kg/Mg 2,65 kg/Mg 30 kg/Mg
Anorganic ∑ Heavy metals
Organic
Hazardous Compounds and Slag
41 % 77 % <19 %
Energy (vessel)
Flue Gas Cleaning
Clear Flue Gas
Anorganic ∑ Heavy metals
Organic
0,15 % 0,007 % 0,07 %
Residuals from flue gas cleaning system
Anorganic
∑ Heavy metals
Organic
59 %
23%
45%
Folie 22
Folie 23
Quelle: UBA 2006
CO2 – Reduction in Germany
Folie 24
Fossil CO2-emission factors (by energy content) for several waste types and fossil fuels
35,9 Mg
CO2/TJ
111,0
93,0
74,0
56,0
39,9
26,6
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
Rohbr
aunk
ohle
Steink
ohle
Heizöl
Erdga
s
Hausm
üll
Hausm
ülläh
nlich
er G
ewer
beab
fall
Sperrm
üll
Mg
CO
2,fo
ssil/
TJ
RDF
(Biol
. sta
b.)
18,9
RDF
(Mat
. flow
sep.
)
31,6
Folie 25
CO
2-a
void
an
ce c
osts
in
€/M
g C
O2,ä
q
win
d p
ow
er
com
bu
sti
on
(l
og
gin
g
rem
ain
s a
nd
str
aw
)
Dig
esti
on
(l
iqu
id m
an
ure
, sew
ag
e s
lud
ge,
bio
waste
)
Gasifi
cati
on
(l
og
gin
g
rem
ain
s a
nd
str
aw
)
WtE
Fis
ch
er-
Tro
psch
fuel
ph
oto
volt
aic
Reference range of 50 – 100 €/Mg CO2,äq eligible costs by BMWi (2001)
Comparison to other eligible renewable energies
Folie 26
Thank you for your attention!
Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten
Tel.: 03501-530021
Mail :[email protected]
Web: www.tu-dresden.de/fghhiaa/
Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!
