WhyistheEarthhabitable?

PhilipPoggevonStrandmannEarthSciences

UCL

HubbleDeepfield

Howoldistheuniverse?13.77billionyears

X-RayimageofourSunNuSTAR(NASA)+Hinode(Japan)+SDO(NASA)

HowoldisourSun?

4.6billionyears

TheBlueMarbleApollo171972

HowoldistheEarth?

4.54billionyears

CuriosityFeb2014

Venera9,1975

Theageofalltheterrestrialplanetsisthesame

Whatdoyouneedforlifetoexist?1. Aplanetoftherightsize

HLTauri(450lightyearsaway)ALMA(AtacamaSub-mmArray)image,Nov2014

15°C

-55°C

460°C

2.Liquidwateratthesurface

170°C

TheBlueMarbleApollo171972

IftheEarthis4.54billionyearsold,howlonghaslifeexisted?

42Myr–11,000yr

5Myr–4,500yr

68–66Myr

155–150Myr

521–250Myr

Ediacaranfauna–600millionyearsago

WhendidtheEarthgainoceans?Zircon–ourwindowintoancientEarth

WhendidEarthhaveoceansby?

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road to Cue

170 km

Western Australia

26° 00' 00"

117°

00'

00"

117°

15'

00"

0 5 10km

Clastic sedimentary rocks

Chert and banded iron formation

Ultramafic rocks

Muscovite granite

Major fault/shear zone

Road

26° 15' 00"

N

Mt Taylor

Mt Hale

Yarameedie HillErawondoo HillJH992 locality

Mt Narryer

Jack Hills

YilgarnCraton

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207P/206Pb zircon age (Myr)

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

δ18O

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δ18O

zirc

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© 2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd

Mantlecomposiaon

Interacaonwithliquidwater

Earthhadahydrospherewithin260millionyearsofforma6on

Oceans

ClimateacrossEarthhistory

Hessler,2011,NatureEducaaon

GreatOxygena,onEventNeoproterozoic

Oxygena,onEvent

Jaffresetal.,2007

WhatmakestheEarthunique?

Platetectonics

Platetectonics:importantforclimate,buttooslowtocontrolit

Platetectonicsstarts(?)

TheGaiaTheory

JamesLovelockLynnMargulis

“Lifeispartofaself-regulaangsystem,manipulaangthephysicalandchemicalenvironmenttomaintaintheplanetasasuitablehomeforlifeitself.”

“GaiacannotarisefromDarwinianevoluaonoflife—theplanetasawholeisnotaunitofselecaon.”

RichardDawkins

TheMedeaHypothesis

PeterWard

“Microorganism-basedlifekillsmulacellularlife–e.g.theoxygencatastrophe,SnowballEarth,etc.”

Thecarboncycle

Thelong-termcarboncycle

Berner,1999,GSAToday

WeatheringandCO2Carbonateweathering:Limestone+CO2+waterBicarbonateLimestone+CO2+water

CaCO3+CO2+H2O=>Ca2++2HCO3-=>CaCO3+CO2+H2O

Silicateweathering:Rock+CO2+waterLimestonesilica+CO2+water

(Ca,Mg)SiO3+2CO2+2H2O=>(Ca,Mg)CO3+SiO2+CO2+2H2OSilicateweatheringburiescarbonincarbonate.Italsoferalisesorganiccarbonburial

How is climate mitigated?

BernerandCaldiera,1997

Runawaygreenhouse(Venus)

Runawayicehouse(Mars)

Howcanweatheringstabiliseclimate?

e.g.Walkeretal.,1981

Negaavefeedbackmechanismforclimatestabilisaaon

BeachyHead,EastSussex

δ13C

OceanicAnoxicEvents

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

Time(M

a)

Norm.δ7Li

Timingofweatheringcontroloverclimate

280,000years

Example:HyperthermalOAE2intheCretaceous(93.5millionyearsago)Globalwarming,CO2increase,massexancaon

PoggevonStrandmannetal.,2013

Sowhydoesclimatechange?

…butwehavelong-termclimatechange Platetectonics

…andneitherVenusnorMarshaveplatetectonics...

Thereisalsoanthercontrol…

Himalayas

Earthdevelopedlifebecause…

1.  Largeenoughtokeepwater

2.  Platetectonics

3.  Organicmolecules?Luck?

Earthkeptlifebecause…

1.  Theweatheringthermostat

Methane

Sea-levelrise

Recent MOC decline

Robsonetal.,2014

“From2008to2012…thetransportoflowerNorthAtlanacdeepwaterslowedby7%peryear(95%confidencethattherateofslowingisgreaterthan2.5%peryear).”Smeed,2014

Temperaturepredic[ons

So…

WedonothavethepowertodestroytheEarth…theEarthwillalwaysrecoveriname.

Wedohavethepowertodestroyourselves

(andwe’redoingquitewellatthat)

Highweatheringsite(highCO2drawdown),Iceland

AverageglobaltemperatureAntarcactemperature

Shakunetal.,2012,Nature

“CO2concentraaonleadstheglobaltemperaturestackin90%ofthesimulaaonsandlagsitin6%.”

Is Antarctica deglaciating?

Myth:AntarcacglaciersareincreasingFact:•  TherehasbeenanincreaseinpartsofEast

Antarcaca(fasterhydrocycle)•  TotalAntarcaclandiceisdecreasing•  TotalAntarcacsea-iceisincreasing

Shepherdetal.,2012

Is solar activity causing warming?

Krivovaetal.,2007,andNASAdata

Myth:climatechangeiscausedbysolaracavityFact:sincethe1990s,solaracavityhasdecreasedwhileclimatehaswarmed

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Time(M

a)

Norm.δ7Li

Post-Marinoan

OAE2

PETM

Hirnanaan

Timingofweatheringcontroloverclimate

50ka

250ka(4xincrease)280ka(1.5–2xincrease)

509ka(2xdecrease)

Colbou

rneetal.,2015

Sund

quist,1991

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road to Cue

170 km

Western Australia

26° 00' 00"

117°

00'

00"

117°

15'

00"

0 5 10km

Clastic sedimentary rocks

Chert and banded iron formation

Ultramafic rocks

Muscovite granite

Major fault/shear zone

Road

26° 15' 00"

N

Mt Taylor

Mt Hale

Yarameedie HillErawondoo HillJH992 locality

Mt Narryer

Jack Hills

YilgarnCraton

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© 2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd

Cenozoicseawaterδ7Li

Misra&Froelich,2012,Science