Why is moss so short?How does moss utilize water?Where are you likely to find moss? Why is this the case?

http://image.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/bryophyte-life-cycle-stages.jpeg

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/fecycle.gif

How is the fern more advanced than the moss?In terms of height, how does the fern compare to moss and the pine tree?

Gymnosperms and AngiospermsGymnosperms and Angiosperms The Seed Plants

GymnospermsGymnosperms

• Seeded land plants

• Contain an ovule & seed

• Pollinate for reproduction – male non-flagellated pollen grains (wind dispersal)

• Contain a “naked seed” NOT contained within an ovary.

Gymnosperm Life CycleGymnosperm Life Cycle

• The diploid (sporophyte) stage produces cones.• Male and female cones (the reproductive structures)

produce two different kinds of haploid spores: – microspores (male) and – megaspores (female).

• These spores give rise to gametophytes of the same sex, which in turn produce the gametes.

• Fertilization occurs when pollen grains are carried to the open end of an ovule.

4 Gymnosperm Divisions

1. Pinophyta or Coniferophyta (pines, firs, spruces)

2. Cycadophyta (cycads)3. Ginkophyta (ginko)4. Gnetophyta (a mix of traits found in the

three previous divisions AND they contain some angiosperm traits, the “dumping” ground)

Pinophyta or Coniferophyta

• woody plants, usually trees

• wood compact

• Many have woody cones

Pinophyta/Coniferophyta• All other pinophytes are more common

• for example: Pines, firs, spruce, even giant redwoods

Cycads• Possess large cones• Found in Florida and

Australia (possibly others)

• palmlike plants • leaves usually

pinnately compound• 11 existing genera• Dioecious (separate

sexed plants)

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta

• Only one living species- the “supposed” oldest tree around

• fan-shaped leaves, bilobed or with more lobes,

• Found initially in China and now all-over

• dioecious

The Angiosperms (Anthophyta)

• 260,000 living species classified in 453 families

Angiosperm Characteristics

Angiosperms, although very diverse all share several common characteristics:1. Ovules that are enclosed within a flower

2. Double fertilization, which leads to the formation of an endosperm

3. Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

Monocots v. Dicots

• MONOCOTS– One cotyledon (seed

leaf)– Parallel (usually)

venation– Flower parts in

multiples of 3’s– Scattered

arrangement of vascular bundles

– No secondary growth– Roots are

adventitious, often fibrous

• DICOTS– Two cotyledons (seed

leaf)– Netlike venation– Flower parts in

multiples of 4’s of 5’s– Vascular

bundles are in rings

– Secondary (woody) growth

– Root develops from radicle, often a tap root

Corn Stem

Monocot – scattered bundles

Medicago Plant

Dicot –bundles arranged in rings

Corn RootMonocot

ringed array of vascular bundles in this

Rananculus

Dicot – RootX-shaped xylem

Angiosperm Reproduction

• Meiosis in the sporophyte generation produces two kinds of spores.

• microspores – which will germinate and develop into the male

gametophyte generation and

• megaspores – will develop into the female gametophyte generation.

Flowers develop from flower buds.