Why Europe needed to Why Europe needed to expand?expand?• Decline of manorDecline of manor (lord-vassal feudal (lord-vassal feudal

relationship) (Post-Crusades),relationship) (Post-Crusades),• Rise of nationalism (absolute monarchs) Rise of nationalism (absolute monarchs) led led

to merchants becoming important (to finance to merchants becoming important (to finance King’s government), King’s government),

• More food production possibleMore food production possible (technology (technology improves)improves)– horse collar and shoes, use of oxen, horse collar and shoes, use of oxen, – 3 field rotation, (new legume crops leads to 3 field rotation, (new legume crops leads to

population increase)population increase)• More peopleMore people available to migrateavailable to migrate

– emancipation of serfs, emancipation of serfs, – enclosure laws enclosure laws

• Internal commerceInternal commerce and urban trade centersand urban trade centers– Results in money economy instead of barter (food, Results in money economy instead of barter (food,

jobs, rent)…Rising jobs, rent)…Rising middle classmiddle class

In Europe by 15th In Europe by 15th Century…Century…

• MoneyMoney had replaced had replaced landland as source of wealth, as source of wealth, but noble birth was still most important for but noble birth was still most important for social status, regardless of wealthsocial status, regardless of wealth

– Gold, silver, gems used to support money economy…Gold, silver, gems used to support money economy…– BULLIONISMBULLIONISM

• Need to get more land to grow more food…will Need to get more land to grow more food…will trade slaves, grain crops, lumber, furs with trade slaves, grain crops, lumber, furs with other areas to get spices, perfumes, crucible-other areas to get spices, perfumes, crucible-formed metals, cotton & silk textiles, drugs…formed metals, cotton & silk textiles, drugs…

Political dissentPolitical dissent• Many nobles lost their fortunes in the Many nobles lost their fortunes in the CrusadesCrusades((1100 – 1100 –

1200); the new 1200); the new middle-classmiddle-class townspeople did not owe loyalty townspeople did not owe loyalty to a feudal lord.to a feudal lord.

• Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes. England, Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes. England, France, and Spain began creating France, and Spain began creating nation-statesnation-states with strong with strong central governments and homogeneous populations.central governments and homogeneous populations.

• King John of England was forced to sign the King John of England was forced to sign the Magna CartaMagna Carta (1215), (1215), a document that established several principles of a document that established several principles of government: government:

– No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation

– The right to trial by a jury of one’s peersThe right to trial by a jury of one’s peers

– These rights were gradually extended to ordinary peopleThese rights were gradually extended to ordinary people

• Kings establish dominance Kings establish dominance “divine right of kings”“divine right of kings” – If you don’t agree, then you need to flee!If you don’t agree, then you need to flee!

Religious dissentReligious dissent

• Most kings allied with Catholic ChurchMost kings allied with Catholic Church

• 1616thth Century - Century - Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation is a threat to Churchis a threat to Church

• Martin Luther (1517 ;95 Theses)Martin Luther (1517 ;95 Theses)

• John Calvin (“the elect”, predestination)John Calvin (“the elect”, predestination)

• King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII

• Catholic Church increases demand to Catholic Church increases demand to proselytize proselytize (requerimiento(requerimiento)…spread )…spread the faith!the faith!

Technological InnovationsTechnological Innovations (Crusades… (Crusades…cultural diffusion…Renaissance…inquiry… Scientific cultural diffusion…Renaissance…inquiry… Scientific Revolution)…Revolution)…

Marco PoloMarco Polo

• Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years and worked for Kublai Khan.and worked for Kublai Khan.

• On the return trip, he went through Southeast On the return trip, he went through Southeast Asia and India.Asia and India.

• Marco took note of the people, places, and Marco took note of the people, places, and customs.customs.

• His book about his travels influenced later His book about his travels influenced later explorersexplorers

• 1. Triangular lateen sail1. Triangular lateen sail• 2. Sternpost rudder2. Sternpost rudder• 3. Shallow draft3. Shallow draft• 4. Large, wide cargo hold4. Large, wide cargo hold• 5. Compass (direction)5. Compass (direction)• 6. Astrolabe (latitude)6. Astrolabe (latitude)• 7. Knowledge of wind, sea 7. Knowledge of wind, sea

currentscurrents

Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator

• Set up a school in Lisbon, Set up a school in Lisbon, Portugal and naval Portugal and naval observatory to encourage observatory to encourage explorationexploration

• Developed caravel ship… Developed caravel ship… sponsored many sponsored many expeditions.expeditions.

• Hoped to find a sea route to Hoped to find a sea route to India to allow Portugal and India to allow Portugal and other countries to trade other countries to trade directly with the East directly with the East instead of going throughinstead of going through Italian merchants (to Italian merchants (to obtain sugar, etc.)obtain sugar, etc.)

3 G’s…GOLD, GOD, GLORY!3 G’s…GOLD, GOD, GLORY!• PORTUGALPORTUGAL

– 1488 Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope1488 Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope

– 1498 Vasco DaGama reaches India1498 Vasco DaGama reaches India

• SPAINSPAIN– 1492 Columbus convinces Queen Isabella to 1492 Columbus convinces Queen Isabella to

try westward route…reaches Carribeantry westward route…reaches Carribean

• Who will control newly discovered lands?Who will control newly discovered lands?– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Pope Alexander - Pope Alexander

VI divides all “pagan” lands between Spain and VI divides all “pagan” lands between Spain and PortugalPortugal• LINE OF DEMARCATIONLINE OF DEMARCATION

1494 Treaty of TordesillaWho was left out? Why?

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeInteraction between Interaction between Europeans and Native Europeans and Native Americans—and Americans—and eventually Africans—led eventually Africans—led to exchanges:to exchanges:

– plantsplants

– animalsanimals

– languageslanguages

– Technology Technology

– deadly germs, deadly germs, brought epidemics to brought epidemics to the Americasthe Americas

Native American crops:Native American crops:

• Corn, beans, squash, Corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, chocolate, peanutspeanuts

European products:European products:

• Certain foodsCertain foods

• Domestic animals, Domestic animals, including horsesincluding horses

• New technology, including New technology, including gunsguns

• Smallpox and measlesSmallpox and measles

““Exchange”…Exchange”…• These diseases, especially These diseases, especially

smallpox and measles, traveled smallpox and measles, traveled along native trade routes from along native trade routes from the Caribbean to the Gulf Coast, the Caribbean to the Gulf Coast, up the Mississippi, and into the up the Mississippi, and into the Plains and the eastern Plains and the eastern woodlands.woodlands.

• Estimates of population decline Estimates of population decline following contact with the following contact with the Europeans range from Europeans range from 70 to 90 70 to 90 percentpercent and what happened and what happened has been called a "demographic has been called a "demographic catastrophe." According to the catastrophe." According to the historian David Stannard, the historian David Stannard, the decimation of new world decimation of new world peoples was a "holocaust. peoples was a "holocaust. (Va.Tech.Study)(Va.Tech.Study)

• From the Spanish perspective From the Spanish perspective epidemics were a mixed epidemics were a mixed blessing. They reduced blessing. They reduced resistance to colonization, but resistance to colonization, but they also destroyed the work they also destroyed the work force the colonizers needed to force the colonizers needed to exploit their new possessions… exploit their new possessions… SLAVE TRADESLAVE TRADE

African Society and the Slave African Society and the Slave TradeTrade

• Atlantic slave trade began in the sixteenth century as a response for the demand for cheap labor.

• Planters demanded more laborers for their plantations.

• African merchants helped supply slaves to traders in exchange for the traders’ business. African rulers supplied slaves in exchange for European firearms.

• Others who supplied slaves wanted to help weaken rival African leaders.

The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins

• Europeans captured people during conflicts with North African Muslims.

• European traders conducted slave raids and kidnappings.• The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the 1600s the

English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

Each person had a space 5’ long X 18” wide X 3’ high.

Clash of Cultures

Land ownership Religion Social Political

Private ownershipBased on improvingland, concept of rent

No one can own nature

Communal ownershipwithin village or clan

Monotheistic;

Polytheistic

Polytheistic;

- Animism

Monotheistic - Islam

Paternal

Matrilineal

Matrilineal

Nationalism;

Absolutism

Rule by elders

- Communal

Rule by elders;

- Communal