Quarter 1 Essay Tuesday, 9/8/15“Why does Barzun classify both the Protestant

Reformation and the Renaissance as one revolution in Western religion?”On a new piece of paper, consider these questions for Humanists/Protestants (use your notes and Barzun’s first 3 chapters) What were their views towards authority? Where did

they see authority coming from? What was their view of the individual (human nature)? How/Why did they want to free themselves from past

customs, traditions, and schools of thought? How are their views different from the Middle Ages?

(critical for your argument!!) How are their concerns related?

Use this to form your main arguments

Bellwork Tuesday 9/8/15

Using the arguments you produced in class on Friday to answer the Essay prompt (“Why does Barzun classify both the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance as one revolution in Western religion?”), write a “working thesis” statement.A thesis statement consists of a few things: a road map for your paper, the claim you will argue. Must answer the prompt.

Socratic SeminarWednesday 9/9/15 Consider the following questions when reading and making annotations of the selection from Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince:

What is Machiavelli’s view of human nature? How might Pico or Ficino respond to Machiavelli’s political

philosophy? Does Machiavelli follow the example of Aristotle’s Politics and

Plato’s The Republic in describing rulers? Why does Machiavelli encourage princes to be vicious

(opposite of virtuous)? What sort of evil things should a prince do? What should he

avoid? Why? Why does Machiavelli think it better to be feared than

loved? What does Machiavelli think is most important to man?

Who are Machiavelli’s heroes? Why? Do you agree with Machiavelli’s advice for rulers? Why or

why not?

Socratic Seminar (Updated questions) Thursday 9/10/15

What is Machiavelli’s view of human nature? How might Pico and Ficino respond to The Prince?

Calvin and Luther? Should rulers strive to be virtuous or be

prepared to fight evil with evil? Should a government try to foster virtue or

worry about gathering political power? Can rulers do whatever they want as long as

it is necessary to maintain the state? Do you agree with Machiavelli’s advice for

rulers? Why or why not?

Bellwork Friday 9/11/15

Hand in your thesis paragraph and outline to black tray

From our seminar on Machiavelli’s The Prince, answer the following question in at least 3 sentences. Refer to specific parts of Machiavelli to agree or disagree.

Should rulers strive to be virtuous or be prepared to fight evil with evil?

Notes Friday 9/11/15 Venice: city built on a lagoon

Shelter for refugees in 5C (barbarian invasions) Center of trade with Near East (Levant) By 1400, vast channel for luxury goods

Crusaders had brought back tales, samples from Near East to “barbarous” Europe Cotton, silk Glassware, porcelain Rugs, gems, drugs, pepper, incense, perfume

Wealth inspired Portuguese (and Genoese) exploration around Africa and to New World- get around the Venetian monopoly

By 1650: on decline (but still powerful in navy!)

Government: by trade, for trade, of trade Doge

Ceremony of ring- Marriage of Venice and sea In 17C, figurehead: constitutional monarch Review of tenure after death ensured faithful service, if

not, heirs fined Real government was in councils

The Great Council Patricians over 25 yrs old, by 17C it was over 2700

men Elected/appointed other officials

The Ten- executive branch for 1 year term Police and defense- morals, public decency, rebels, and

enemies Legendary for being arbitrary and merciless In reality, extremely popular with commoners for their

fairness, sending criminals to courts

Courts Accused allowed counsel (lawyer)- centuries before

common practice in England and elsewhere Tried both commoners AND patricians, no special

treatment People could petition the Ten to be protected from rich

oppressors Quick justice-trial within a month (in U.S. this can take

years) Punishments NOT severe by standards of that time

The “Capo”: help ten Forbidden from going into city or talking with citizens

This quarantine, along with the Ten’s network of spies, eliminated any conspiracy. Unlike all other Italian cities (plotting, treason,

assassination, massacres), no “times of trouble” in Venice

Flexible Administration (bureaucracy) Young patricians with talent brought on as soon as

possible Shuffled through a variety of Men at top understand work of every bureau (war,

taxing, trade, diplomacy) Like Roman Cursus Honorum

Like the Roman Republic, the Venetians took government very seriously.

Because Venice center of trade, extremely tolerant Greek orthodox, Protestant, Jewish, all could worship

freely along with city’s Roman Catholics No interference from Rome on city laws Inquisition could only try Catholics

Bellwork Monday 9/14/15 In at least 4 sentences, answer the

following question:

Explain how Venice’s 17C government encouraged trade.

The Mint and Finances Gold ducat used everywhere at the same value (closest thing

to today’s Euro) Public debt => lightest taxation in Europe

The Arsenal Huge complex that built Venice’s fleet and cannon

Marine Law Safe seas=more trade! University of Padua

Corps of Ambassadors Peace=more trade! Daily reports of ambassadors from 17C=excellent sources for

historians Venice vs. Turks (Constantinople, Crete) Venice vs. Pirates

• Venice as cradle of Opera Play + music (Greek tragedy

revival) Opera means “willing work,”

elaborate undertaking• Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643):

founder Express character through music Masterpieces: The Return of Ulysses

and The Crowning of Poppea

• Elements of early opera Today: Counter-tenor (high male

voice), in 17C: Castrati Orchestra: strings, few winds, no

percussion Themes: Vanity and Violence,

“controlled screaming” Plots so absurd, comic opera invented

to mock it. Love as instrument to create

jealousy, intrigue

Claudio Monteverdi

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Sequel to Charles V vs. Lutherans: Catholics want

church land back Austrian Hapsburgs and Spain vs. Protestant

Sweden AND Catholic France! Religion as excuse: royal families fight for LAND! In end, French defeat “invincible” Spanish infantry

Attempt to establish universal monarchy Germany DEVASTATED!

Foreign armies marched up and down country for decades, Destroy crops, extort money from citizens, military atrocities.

Can’t recover for 200 years! (German unification in late 19C) Grotius and international law: Anarchy- how do nations

treat each other?

English Civil War 1642-1651 King Charles I seen as too Catholic, Puritans want him out Parliament refuses to raise taxes for King, war breaks out Charles eventually loses his head…

Sack of Magdeburg May 20 1631 (30,000 => 5,000 people)

Private life in 17C Venice VERY clean, contemporary cities basically open

sewers… Everywhere else… Narrow streets= sewers Venice: board of health, cisterns for fresh water

17 C House Members of family AND servants, hangers-on

(patron-client) Main room split by curtains

Chamber: site of birth, death, the salon, business affairs

Bed- everybody shared! Hospitals/inns: shared beds, Lincoln in 19C

Kitchen No plates, only serving forks (eat with fingers) Bring your own knife (tranchoir => cutting board)

Diet Banquests=good harvest Therefore, rare (1/3 bad, 1/5 disastrous) Vegetables rare, vegetarians non-existent

Hygiene Washing hands before meal Body washed before birth, marriage, after death 17C eliminated public baths (Roman)

Worried about prostitution and plague Plague struck every 15-20 years

Fire Tight packed towns, straw houses…

Clothing Thick and uncleanable Dull, dark colors: black, dun, dark green Knee-high breeches for men,

Hair: rank, sophistication, or rebel Men:

Beard=> Mustache => Clean shaven

Social practices Patron-client/feudal obligations (humility and devotion to

betters) Crude- physical decencies not practiced

Dueling Point of honor Honor over love!