Why do we need MSP and what triggered MSP initiatives?

WhydoweneedMSPandwhattriggeredMSPinitiatives?

Anhistoricalandevolutionaryperspective

JOSÉGUERREIROFACULTYOFSCIENCESOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFLISBON/FCIENCIASID

MARE-MARINEANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESCENTRE Brazil,UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco

Feb.4-5,2019

THEVERYFIRSTUSESOFTHESEA:FISHERIESANDCOMMERCE!

BrazilWorkshop–Feb.4-5,2019 2

ThefirstattemptstoGoverntheSea

  From 30 BC to 117 AD the Roman Empiresurrounded the Mediterranean, controllingmuchof itscoasts.TheRomans thenbegan torefer to this sea as the Mare Nostrum. Theperiod between November and March wasconsideredthemostdangerous fornavigation,so itwasdeclaredMareClausum (closed sea),although navigation was probably nevereffectivelybanned.

  In classical law, the seawasnot territorialized.However, since theMiddleAges, themaritimerepublics like the Republic of Genova and theRepublicofVeniceclaimedthe"MareClausum"intheMediterranean.

  Also the Nordic kingdoms and Englandimposed fees of passage, fishing monopoliesandevenblockadestoforeignshipsintheseasneighboringtheirterritories.


TheMaritimeDiscoveriesandtheMareClausum

  With the advent of the Age of MaritimeDiscovery, between the XV and XVIIcenturies, maritime and coastal navigationbecame Oceanic. Thus, concern about thewaters focused on maritime routes. TheIberian countries were pioneers in thisprocess, seeking to obtain for themselves,exclusively, the rights on the landsdiscoveredandtodiscover,withinapolicyofmercantilismprotectingmaritimeroutes.

  ThecelebrationofthetreatyofAlcáçovasin1479betweentheKingdomsofPortugalandCastile constituted thefirst formalizationoftheconceptof "MareClausum"andwas thefirst of the sort, that regulated thepossessionoflandsnotyetdiscovered.


TheAdventandRecognitionofMareClausum

D. João II of Portugal,D.Manuel I of Portugal, theCatholicKingsandD.CarlosIofSpainwouldconsecratetheprincipleof the "MareClausum"andgive it itsgreatestbreadthanduniversality, based on legal and philosophical grounds, aswell as punishments for those who dare to usurp it. TheManueline and Philippine Consecrations in Portugal areexamplesofthis.Thisprinciplealsopresupposedthemilitarydominationoftheseasandthecolonizationoftheadjacentregions and was expressed in theTreaty of Tordesilhas in1494.The Papacy contributed to legitimize and reinforce theseclaims expressed in theTreaty ofTordesillas. In fact, PopeNicholasVbytheBullRomanusPontifexof1495,prohibitedthe navigation in the exclusive seas of the PortuguesewithouttheauthorizationofthekingofPortugal.ThetitleofthePortuguesekingsdenouncedthisclaimtotheexclusiveuseoftheseas:"KingofPortugalandtheAlgarves,d'Aquémed'Além-Mar inAfrica,LordofCommerce,ConquestandNavigationofArabia,PersiaandIndia"


AndthebeginningoftheGlobalization-1498VascodaGama

DiscoveryoftheMaritimeRoutetoIndia


TheInternationalReaction  TheTreatyofTordesillaswas anobstacle to thedesiresofmaritimeexpansion of countries such as France, England and Holland, whichdisputedit:therequestofFrancisIofFrancewasmadefamousaskingthePope to showhim the"TestamentofAdam" thatexcludedhimfrom the " Sharing of theWorld ". As they were prevented fromadvancingwith theirfleets they invested in thepatronageofpiratesandpiracy,which increasingly attacked thePortuguese andSpanishfleets, although in the international legal order, theMare ClausumdoctrinedefinedinTordesilhas,continuedtobeinforce.


TheBeginningoftheEndoftheMareClausum

  In1603,thePortuguesemerchantship"SantaCatarina" was captured on the high seas offSingapore by Dutch captain Jacob vanHeemskerk,thenemployedbytheDutchEastIndiaCompany.Theact sparked internationalprotests,evenintheNetherlands.

  The sacking of this merchant ship was sogreat that the subsequent sale raised twicethecapitaloftheCompanyoftheIndiesitself.TheDutch,whohaddiscovered the routes in1596 thanks to Jan Huygen van Linschoten,attemptedtoappropriatesomeofthewealthduring the Iberian Union and the PhilippineDynasty(1580-1640).

  TheshipwasofficiallyseizedinAmsterdamon4September1604.


TheDutchLegalDefenseandMareLiberum

The Netherlands orders thebrilliant lawyer Hugo deGrotius of his defense, whopublishes in 1606 the workMare Liberum, in which hedefends the internationalnatureoftheoceanwaters.


TheMareLiberumandthebirthofmodernInternationalLaw

Following,HugoGrotiuspublishesin1625DeJureBelliAcPacis(OntheLaw of War and Peace), which consecrates him as the "Father ofInternationalLaw".All lawshouldbedividedbetweenwhat isdivineandwhat is human. Distinguishes between the primary laws and thesecondarylawsofNature.Thefirstarelawsexpressingthedivinewill.Thesecond,are lawsand ruleswithin the scopeof reason.GrotiusdiscussestheWarasawayofprotectingrightsandpunishingdisripects.Althoughwarcanbeconsideredanecessaryevil, itmustberegulated.Ajustwar,intheeyesofGrotius,isawartodefendaright.Itdiscussthreewaystoresolveadisputepeacefully:  conferenceandnegotiationbetweentworivalsorcontestant;  compromise or an agreement in which each side abandons certain

demandsandmakesconcessions;  bycombatorbychance.

Grotius helped shape the concept of international society: acommunityboundbythenotionthatstatesandtheirrulershavelawsthatapplytothem.Allmenandnationsaresubjecttointernationallawandthe international community remains bound by written agreementsandcustom.


MARELIBERUMVS.MARECLAUSUMThepossiblecompromiseandtheMemberStates'righttoDefence

Thebeginningofthe“TerritorialSea”...BUT how far could a nation go to determine the exclusive use of theircoasts?

VanBynkershoek(Ne)proposesin1702-FromDominioMarisDissertatio-thattheterritorialseashouldbebasedontheprincipleofHugoGrotius(DeIureBelliAcPacis)thatastatehadtherighttocontrolitsadjacentwatersinfunctionofitscontroloverthem,inparticularthroughmilitarycapabilityandthereachoftheirweapons.

TheItalianFerdinandGaliamiissubsequentlydefiningtherangeofthemostmodernweaponknowninthreemiles:"CannonShotRule".

"Terraepotestasfiniturubifiniturarmorumvis"

Thedominionofthelandendswherethestrengthoftheweaponsends.


WORLDWARIITHECONCEPTUALRUPTUREONTHEUSEANDROLEOFTHE

SEAS


TheSea,theWarandthePowerofNationsFromtheTrenchWarofWWItotheBattleintheOceansinWWII:

AConceptualChangeinOperationalTheaterTheBattleoftheAtlanticwasamaritimeconfrontationthatmarkedtheSecondWorldWar,fought intheNorthAtlanticbetweenNaziGermanyand theAllies. Hitler's goal was toblock commercial routes betweentheallies,withtheirfleetofsubmarinesU-boats,aimedatsurrenderingthe United Kingdom and impeach USA intervention on the Europeansceneoftheconflict.ThediscoveryofthenewradarinstalledinairplaneshelpsdecisivelytothevictoryoftheAlliesintheAtlantic.

BrazilWorkshop–Feb.4-5,2019

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TheSea,theWarandthePowerofNations

ThePacificWarwas divided into two stages: between1937andJune1942,Japanmaintainedtheoffensiveandwas victorious in occupying much of China, destroyingthe American fleet at Pearl Harbor, taking Hong Kongand Singapore, invasion and occupation of Thailand,Burma, Malaysia, Philippines, NewGuinea,Dutch EastIndies, Solomon Islands and American bases in GuamandWake.

FromtheBattleofMidway,withthevictoryofthenavyand North American aviation and the destruction ofJapan'smainaircraftcarriers,theoffensivemovedontothe side of the Allies, who in three years regained allterritoriestakenuntiltheatomicexplosionsofHiroshimaand Nagasaki that would cause the unconditionalsurrenderoftheJapaneseEmpireonSeptember2,1945.


TheSea,theWarandthePowerofNations

The Yalta Conference, also called the CrimeanConference, took place between 4 and 11 February1945atLivadiaPalace,attheseasideresortofYalta,ontheshoresoftheBlackSea,Crimea.

The heads of state of theUnitedStates ofAmerica(Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the SovietUnion (JosefStalin), and the Prime Minister of the UnitedKingdom(WinstonChurchill)metsecretlyinYaltatodecidetheendofWorldWarIIandthesharingofthezonesofinfluencebetweentheWestandtheEastandtheconceptofUnitedNationsOrganization.

A “NEWTORDESILHAS TREATY” involving theoceanandbasedonnavymilitarypower(andalsotheendofhistoricaloverseascolonialpower).


NEWUSESOFTHESEAS…ANDEVERYTHINGCHANGES


TheNewUsesandtheNewOrderintheSeas

  Thestatusquowashaltedby the USA as early as1945 by un i la te ra l l yextending jurisdiction tothe continental shelf toprotect the oil reservesdiscovered in the Gulf ofMexico.

  Unleashed similar actionbyseveralnationsofLatinAmerica.


TheNewUsesandtheNewOrderintheSeas

Truman's1945statementonthecontinentalshelfanditsresources(http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12332)WheretheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,awareofthelongrangeworld-wide need for new sources of petroleum and otherminerals, holds theviewthat...Now,Therefore,I,HarryS.Truman,PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,of theUnitedStates ofAmerica, with respect to the natural resources of thesubsoilandseabedofthecontinentalshelf.Having regard to the urgency of conserving and prudently utilizing its naturalresources,theGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesregardsthenaturalresourcesofthe subsoil and is bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas butcontiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the UnitedStates,subjecttoitsjurisdictionandcontrol.Incaseswherethecontinentalshelfextends to the shores of another State, or is shared with an adjacent State, theboundary shall be determined by the United States and the State concerned inaccordancewithequitableprinciples.Thecharacterashighseasofthewatersabovethecontinentalshelfandtherighttotheirfreeandunimpedednavigationareinnowaythusaffected.InWitnessWhereof,IhavehereuntosetmyhandandcausedthesealoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaaffixed.


UNCLOS–UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea

  "...Establish (…),withdueconsideration for thesovereigntyofallStates, a legalorder for the seas and oceans, to facilitate international communications andpromotethepeacefulusesoftheseasandoceans,theequitableandefficientuseoftheir resources, the conservation of living resources and the study, protection andpreservationofthemarineenvironment."


1958 1960 1973 1982

1ª Sea Law Conference

2ªSea Law Conference

3ª Sea Law Conference

Adoption of the Convention

9 years of negotiations Implementation

  ConceptofEEZ;  ConceptofSovereigntyinEEZ;  ConceptofStateArchipelagoandarchipelagicwaters;  Formalrecognitionofworldheritage;  EstablishmentoftheInternationalSeabedAuthority;  Comprehensiveinternationalenvironmentallaw;  Newmarinescientificresearchregime;  The most advanced network of international technological

cooperation;  The most comprehensive and binding dispute settlement

instrumentintheworld;  Reserveofabyssalfundsforpeacefulpurposes.

WorldOceanGovernance

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1982-Afternineyearsofnegotiations,anew“WorldConstitution”fortheseaisreached:200milestotheEEZand12milestoterritorialseas.The320articlesoftheconventioncoveralldomainsoftheseaandoceans.

TheConventioncomesintoforceafterratificationby60countrieson16thNovember1994BrazilWorkshop–Feb.4-5,2019

TheInternationalYearofOceans1998TheSeaagainontheWorldAgenda


TheWorldOceansExhibition inLisbonassignedalsothecommemorationofthe500thanniversaryoftheDiscoveryoftheMaritimePathtoIndiabyVascodaGamaThe Report of the Independent Global Ocean Commission under theauspicesoftheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations,UNESCOandIOC:

Ocean,OurFutureMárioSoares

THEMILLENNIUMTURNAROUND,NEWUSESOFTHESEAANDTHECHALLENGESOFMARINEGOVERNANCE


AdvancesinMarineScience

  The Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) is theonlyshipintheworldthathastheabilitytoturnfromahorizontalpositiontoaverticalpositionwhile at sea. The FLIP vessel is designed tostudy wave height, acoust ic s ignals ,temperature and water density and for thecollectionofmeteorologicaldata.


ALVINFINDSTITANIC

And...sometemptationsonWorldOceansGovernance

  Moscow, 2Aug 2007 (EFE) .-TheRussian bathyscapheMir-1with threeoccupants on board, landed today in theArcticOcean, near the NorthPole,the4261metersdeep,accordingtotheRussiannewsagency"Itar-Tass."

  ARussianbathyscapheMIRhasputaRussianflagontheseabedoftheNorth Pole on Thursday. The titanium flag was placed on the seabed4,261 meters below the surface of the Arctic Ocean (Itar-Tass newsagency).

  RussiawantstoexpandtheterritoryitcontrolsintheArctictotheNorthPole.Therearebelieved tobehugeuntapped reservesofoil andgas intheregion.Inthebathyscaphe traveledArturChilingarov,Vice-PresidentoftheDuma.

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RussianPrimeMinisterVladimirPutinhasdescendedtothebottomofLakeBaikal,oneoftheworld'slargestfreshwaterwaters,onboardabathyscaphe,Russiannewsagencies reported. The immersion happened during a visit of the head of theRussianGovernmenttotheship"Metropol",thatservesasthebaseforascientificexpeditioninthelake,inwhichthebaptiscafosMIR-1andMIR-2participate.ThesearethesamedevicesthatwereusedinfilmingJamesCameron's"Titanic."

Moscow,August1,2009


TheBlueEconomyrelevanceThestartingpoint

  The European Union is theworld's leadingmaritimepower,especially regarding maritimetransport, shipbuilding, coastaltour ism, offshore energy,includingrenewableenergy,andrelated services. The "blueeconomy"represents5.4millionjobsandagrossaddedvalueofalmost € 500 billion per year.Nonethelesstherearestrategicsectors with high potential forprogression.


BlueEconomyintheEuropeanUnion–Distributionforsector(2007)

EUGreenBook,2006

Cruizes

MaritimeTransport

MarineTICMineralsTelecommunicationsRenewableenergiesBlueBiotechsEducation&Capacitybuilding

OtherCommerceR&DAquaculture

Fisheries

SeaFood

Harbours

Shipbuilding

Equipment

Oil&GasOffshore Tourism

TheneweconomyoftheSeaBlueGrowth

  The "BlueGrowth" strategy aimsto support long term sustainablegrowthinthemarineandmaritimes e c t o r s , r e c o g n i z i n g t h eimportanceoftheseasandoceansas engines of the Europeaneconomy with great potential forinnovationandgrowth.

26BrasilWorkshop–Feb.4-5,2019

Developsectorsthathaveahighpotentialforsustainablejobsandgrowth,suchas:a)aquacultureb)coastaltourismc)marinebiotechnologyd)oceanenergye)seabedmining

BlueGrowthandtheusesofMaritimeSpaceinthe21stCentury

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Fisheries TransportationandLogistics

Biotechnology Aquaculture

TourismandLeisure

DefenceandSecurity

Energy Scientificresearch

Surfaceandwatercolumn

Columnofwater,seabedandsubsoil

Seabedandsubsoil


1.Toprovideknowledge,legalcertaintyandsecurity

intheblueeconomy

a)Marineknowledgetoimproveaccessto

informationaboutthesea;

b)MaritimeSpatialPlanningtoensureanefficientandsustainable

managementofactivitiesatsea;

c)Integratedmaritimesurveillancetogive

authoritiesabetterpictureofwhatishappeningatsea.

European offshore wind plantswillbeon thegrowthpath in thenext decade. The 16 gigawatts(GW) existing at the end of 2017can evolve to almost 100GW by2030, according toWindEurope'smostoptimisticprediction.Source:JornalEconómicoonline31.1.19

BlueGrowthandtheusesofMaritimeSpaceinthe21stCentury

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Fisheries TransportationandLogistics

Biotechnology Aquaculture

TourismandLeisure

DefenceandSecurity

Energy Scientificresearch

Surfaceandwatercolumn

Columnofwater,seabedandsubsoil

Seabedandsubsoil


1.Toprovideknowledge,legalcertaintyandsecurity

intheblueeconomy

a)Marineknowledgetoimproveaccessto

informationaboutthesea;

b)MaritimeSpatialPlanningtoensureanefficientandsustainable

managementofactivitiesatsea;

c)Integratedmaritimesurveillancetogive

authoritiesabetterpictureofwhatishappeningatsea.

European offshore wind plantswillbeon thegrowthpath in thenext decade. The 16 gigawatts(GW) existing at the end of 2017can evolve to almost 100GW by2030, according toWindEurope'smostoptimisticprediction.Source:JornalEconómicoonline31.1.19

Renewableenergies,leisureandtourism

Aquaculture&Breedingofmarineorganisms

BiotechnologyR&D

ArtificialReefs

Nonrenewableenergyresources

GeologicalresourcesLoaningareas

THEENDOFTHE"OLD"FISHERIES,MARITIMETRANSPORT&OILPOLICIESANDTHEBIRTHOFTHEINTEGRATEDMARITIME

POLICY


EuropeanUnionpoliciesrelatedtothegovernanceoftheseas


20062007

20082010

GreenPaper:Towa rd s afuture MaritimePolicy for theU n i o n : AEuropean visionfor the oceansandseas(COM (2006) 275final)

A nIntegratedM a r i t i m ePo l i c y f o rt h eE u r o p e a nUnion (COM(2007 ) 5 75final)

Roadmap for MSP inEurope: Achievingcommonprinciples inthe EU (COM (2008)791final)Ma r i n e S t r a t egyFramework Directive(2008/56/CE)

MSP in the EU– Achievementsa n d f u t u r edevelopment(COM(2010)771final)


2012 2013 2014 2015

M a r i t i m eS p a t i a lP l a n n i n gFrameworkD i r e c t i v e(2014/89/EU)

P r o p o s a l f o restabl ishing aframework forMaritime SpatialP l a nn i n g a ndi n t e g r a t e dc o a s t a lmanagement(COM (2013) 133final)

Blue Growth:Opportunitiesfor marine andm a r i t i m es u s t a i n a b l egrowth (COM(2012)494final)

Report from theE u r o p e a nCommission toParliament andt h e E u r opeanCouncil on thep r o g r e s s i ne s t a b l i s h i n gMarine ProtectedA r e a s ( C O M /2015/0481final)

EuropeanUnionpoliciesrelatedtothegovernanceoftheseas

MARITIMESPATIALPLANNINGEUDirective89/2014

b) Maritime spatial planning means a process by which the relevantMember State’s authorities analyse and organise human activities inmarineareastoachieveecological,economicandsocialobjectives.Itsultimateobjectiveistodrawupplansthatidentifytheuseofmaritimespacefordifferentactivitiesandavoidconflictofuses.

Article3

WhatshouldweMap?

Article7Specificminimumrequirementsformaritimespatialplans:1.Maritime spatial plans shall include at least a marine water cartography thatidentifies the spatial and temporal distribution, effective and potential, of allrelevantmaritimeactivities,inordertoachievethestatedobjectives...

2.Whenestablishingmaritimespatialplans,MemberStatesshalltakeintoaccountatleastthefollowing:a)Energyextractionandrenewableenergyproductionfacilities;b)Oilandgasextractionsitesandinfrastructures;c)Shippingroutes;d)Thecourseofsubmarinecablesandpipelines;e)Fishingzones;f)Aquaculturesites;g)Natureconservationsites.


ThenewEUnetworkforthegovernanceoftheseas

FromDGFisheriestoDGMare(MaritimeAffairs)TheBlueBookTheBlueEconomyTheBlueGrowthTheMaritimeSpatialPlanningDirectiveTheMaritimeStrategyFrameworkDirective


ThenewMapofUsesoftheSea

BrasilWorkshop–Feb.4-5,2019 35

ANDWHICHINSTRUMENTSOFPOLITICSFORTHISCONCEPTUALRUPTUREINTHE“GOVERNANCE"OFTHESEAS?


MaritimeGovernanceWhatisit?

•  Governance: “is the exercise of economic, political andadministrativeauthority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises themechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens andgroups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet theirobligationsandmediatetheirdifferences”.(UN/UNDP)

•  Marine Governance: “is the way by which society has instituted

objectives,prioritiesandsystemsofcooperationregardingthemaritimespace. Governance can be carried out at an international, regional,nationalandlocallevel.Istheconductofthepolicy,actionsandaffairsregarding the world's oceans.Within governance, it incorporates theinfluence of non-state actors (i.e. stakeholders, NGOs), therefore thestateisnottheonlyactingpowerinpolicymaking”.(UN)


Paradigmshift:”Rulefor”to“Rulewith”

TheNewInstrumentsofMarinePolicies

  TheNationalStrategyfortheSea  TheNationalPolicyforMaritimeSpatialPlanning

  TheLawofMaritimeSpatialPlanningandManagement

  ThenewInstrumentsofTerritorialManagementofMaritimeSpace

  TheSectorialPlansinMaritimeSpace(Energy,MineralExploration,Aquaculture,NauticalTourism,NatureConservation,etc.)

  TheLicensingRegimesforMaritimeActivities


Theimpactatthepolitical&institutionallevels

GovernmentevolutionMinistryoftheSeaOrMinistryoftheCoordinationofMaritimeAffairsOrMinistryoftheEconomyoftheSeaOrDeputyMinisterofthe1stMinister(withtheCoordinationoftheSea)OrMinistryofEnvironmentandtheSeaOrMinistryofPlanningandtheSeaOrInterministerialCommissionfortheSeaOr…

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InstitutionalevolutionNationalAgencyfortheSea

Or

MaritimePolicyDirectorate

Or

IntituteforManagementofMarineResources

Or

SeaManagementandPlanningAgency

Or,variouscombinations

AND

MaritimeSecurity/SurveillanceAgencies.....

Ingeneralremainfrom“oldorder”,autonomousorganizationsforFisheriesManagement(institute,GeneralDirectorate,etc.,aswellasforPortAdministration)


Backtothe“ResearchQuestion”

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WhydoweneedMSPandwhattriggeredMSPinitiatives?

Science,Technology,PolicyandEconomics!

Again….

THANKYOU

MARECENTRE

Documents

Why do we need MSP and what triggered MSP initiatives?