Why do people fight? Imagine you are a character in one of these Why do people fight? Imagine you are a character in one of these pictures. You have traveled thousands of miles and are now in a pictures. You have traveled thousands of miles and are now in a brutal battle. Why are you willing to fight and maybe die? What brutal battle. Why are you willing to fight and maybe die? What could possibly motivate you to take on this challenge?could possibly motivate you to take on this challenge?

Reasons Europeans were Reasons Europeans were willing to fight in the willing to fight in the

CrusadesCrusades Desire to take control of Jerusalem away Desire to take control of Jerusalem away

from Muslimsfrom Muslims Belief that fighting in a crusade would Belief that fighting in a crusade would

give you forgiveness of sinsgive you forgiveness of sins An opportunity for younger sons of nobles An opportunity for younger sons of nobles

to get new land in the Middle Eastto get new land in the Middle East Desire to defend Byzantine empire from Desire to defend Byzantine empire from

the Turksthe Turks Possibility of opening new trade routes to Possibility of opening new trade routes to

the eastthe east

1. What 3 religions lay claim to 1. What 3 religions lay claim to Jerusalem?Jerusalem?

2. Who controlled Jerusalem at the 2. Who controlled Jerusalem at the beginning of the first Crusade?beginning of the first Crusade?

3. How many Christian soldiers 3. How many Christian soldiers gathered to fight in the first Crusade?gathered to fight in the first Crusade?

4.What is the name of the Pope who 4.What is the name of the Pope who gathered soldiers for the Crusades?gathered soldiers for the Crusades?

5. What is the name of the Byzantine 5. What is the name of the Byzantine emperor who asked for help from the emperor who asked for help from the pope?pope?

6. Besides religion and ideology, what 6. Besides religion and ideology, what was the motivation for going on the was the motivation for going on the Crusade? (2 things)Crusade? (2 things)

7. Which of the ten commandments 7. Which of the ten commandments were knights able to ignore?were knights able to ignore?

8. What group of people were the first 8. What group of people were the first to feel the cruelty of the Crusaders?to feel the cruelty of the Crusaders?

9. Who often came along with the 9. Who often came along with the Crusaders?Crusaders?

10. What did the Byzantine emperor 10. What did the Byzantine emperor make the Crusade leaders do before make the Crusade leaders do before they fought?they fought?

The CrusadesThe Crusades Starting in 1095 Starting in 1095

and ending in 1272, and ending in 1272, there were 9 there were 9 Crusades – or Crusades – or religious wars, religious wars, fought by European fought by European Christians against Christians against Muslims from the Muslims from the Middle East. The Middle East. The goal was to take goal was to take back the Holy Land back the Holy Land of Jerusalem.of Jerusalem.

Christian Pilgrims make their way to the Holy Land.

11stst Crusade Crusade The 1The 1stst Crusade started Crusade started

when Alexius I asked when Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help Pope Urban II for help in fighting the Seljuk in fighting the Seljuk Turks (who had Turks (who had destroyed churches, destroyed churches, tortured pilgrims, and tortured pilgrims, and marched on marched on Constantinople). Constantinople). Urban gathered 60,000 Urban gathered 60,000 men to fight a holy war men to fight a holy war against the Muslims against the Muslims and take Jerusalem.and take Jerusalem.

22ndnd Crusade Crusade

The Catholic The Catholic Crusaders were Crusaders were successful in taking successful in taking Jerusalem in the 1Jerusalem in the 1stst Crusade, but things Crusade, but things changed in the 2changed in the 2ndnd Crusade. The Crusade. The Muslims organized Muslims organized themselves for a themselves for a JihadJihad..

The Rise of Salah-al-dinThe Rise of Salah-al-din

Known as Known as SaladinSaladin to Europeans, this to Europeans, this man was able to man was able to unify Muslims in unify Muslims in the region to retake the region to retake Jerusalem back Jerusalem back from the Crusaders from the Crusaders in 1187. News of in 1187. News of his victories made his victories made their way back to their way back to Europe.Europe.

After the fall of After the fall of Jerusalem the pope Jerusalem the pope called for called for anotheranother Crusade. Many of Crusade. Many of Europe’s most Europe’s most powerful leaders powerful leaders went to fight, went to fight, including a man including a man named named Richard Richard the Lion-Heartedthe Lion-Hearted..

Richard and the 3Richard and the 3rdrd CrusadeCrusade

Richard the Lion-Richard the Lion-Hearted and Hearted and Saladin fought Saladin fought each other many each other many times over a 3 year times over a 3 year period, and the period, and the men developed a men developed a deep respect for deep respect for each other. each other.

In the 3In the 3rdrd Crusade, Crusade, the Europeans were the Europeans were able to win many able to win many battles, but they battles, but they were never able to were never able to retake Jerusalem. retake Jerusalem. Richard and Saladin Richard and Saladin signed a treaty signed a treaty allowing Christians allowing Christians to enter the city for to enter the city for worship.worship.

End of the CrusadesEnd of the Crusades There were 6 more There were 6 more

Crusades over the Crusades over the next 80 or so years. next 80 or so years. The Europeans never The Europeans never retook Jerusalem. retook Jerusalem. The lasting legacies The lasting legacies of the Crusades are of the Crusades are increased trade increased trade between east and between east and west and hostility west and hostility toward non-Christian toward non-Christian groups in Europe.groups in Europe.

Legacy of the Crusades

Crusaders learned of Muslim innovations in architecture, science and medicine.

New trade routes and exciting new goods were discovered.

Prepared Europe for the discoveries and innovations of the modern age.

The same door that closed the Crusades opened another path leading down one of the darkest stretches of European history. The series of wars which erupted soon thereafter amongst the nations of Europe—the most notable of them was the Hundred Years War between France and England—these, combined with the Black Death to make for dismal days. As it turned out, the Crusades were not, in fact, the main event in medieval history but a warm-up to the real "dance of death," lying in wait…there was much worse to comethere was much worse to come.

In groups, discuss In groups, discuss this question:this question:

What lasting What lasting effects might the effects might the Crusades still have Crusades still have in the Middle East in the Middle East today?today?