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Why Design: Its Challenges
What is design? Designing : An activity
which consists of thinking before acting.
Design takes place in a world of interpretation.
Design is anticipation. Design is seeking
alternatives. Design is anticipating
consequences.
Self Images of Designers
1. Designer as Artist
a. Is the producer of fine art.b. “Space” is the medium of expressionc. Values are based on self expression.
Designer as Builder
a. Knows how to deal with everyday problemscodes, budgets, schedules, materials
b. Strong practical and technical interests.c. Are the designers who get things made/built.
Designer as Coordinator
a. Manages a group of specialist.b. Complex is the favorite word.c. Know a little about a lot.d. Choreographs the high powered, narrow view of specialist.
Designer as Healer
a. Good environments make healthy people.b. See the environment as a social illness.c. Social problems solved by better buildings/places.
Designer as Planner
a. Design buildings like one would design an airplane.b. FFF-Form follows function.c. Making is a technical problem solving activity.d. Buildings should be programmed by their function.
A Definition of Design
Designing is an activity, aiming at the production of plans, which if executed are expected to lead to a situation with desired properties, and without undesired, unforeseen side or after effects.
Design as activity, not a product.Aims at something– is purposeful.Plan as a set of instruction.
The Knowledge of the Designer
Factual Knowledge – knowledge of how the world is.
Deontic Knowledge – knowledge of what ought to be.
Explanatory Knowledge – knowledge of why something is.
Instrumental Knowledge – how to knowledge.
Conceptural Knowledge – symbols and conventions.
Nature of Design Problems
Two Types of Problems/Challengesa. Tame Challenges1. Have an exhaustive definition2. Ends and Goals well defined3. Examples: puzzles, math equations, models
b. Wicked Challenges1. No exhauxtive definition2. Formulation same as resolution3. Examples: social, political, design, and planning
Design Challenge Characteristics
Wicked challenges have no exhaustive formulation.
The formulation is identical to the resolution.
Every wicked challenges can be considered a symptom of another wicked challenge.
Wicked challenges have no stopping rules.
Wicked challenges have many explanations for discrepancies.
Wicked challenges have no test of correctness.
Wicked challenges are one-shot observations.
Wicked challenges have no list of permissible procedures, rules, operations, etc.
Wicked challenge resolvers have not right to make an error.
Characteristics continued
The Beginnings of the Studio
Appearance in Egypt and Greece Master crafts people
The studio/workshop Romans elevate architecture
New theoretical underpinnings (Vitruvius) Hydraulics and other forms of engineering
The Renaissance
Formal academic instruction Kinship of design and liberal arts
Drawing Geometry Perspective Classic Orders Master Apprentice model Separation of studio and lectures/seminars
Royal Academy of Architecture,France 1670 French Royal Academy in Rome 1700 Ecole des Beaux Arts 1797 Bauakademie Berlin 1799
Ecole Teaching Method
Exercises-analogies to complex buildings The Esquisse The Charette The Parti The Mosacis and Entourage The Jury
Second Class and First Class
Architecture England/USA
Architectural Association (The AA) 1810 First Private School Established licensure RIBA-Professional Membership
USA Courses at Rensselaer & West Point 1820
Univ. of Illinois 1873--MIT 1868 Columbia 1881--Harvard 1895 Today 114 schools—50,000 students
The Bauhaus Walter Gropius 1940
Integration of utility and structure The Modern Movement Objective findings Unification of diverse skills Collaboration of muliple disciplines Reunite the creative arts and crafts
Direct shop or field experience Materials and industrial techniques