Why are organic macromolecules so important to consume in the diet?

Why are organic macromolecules so important to consume in the diet?

The body utilizes these macromolecules to yield energy.

Energy-Yielding Molecules

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• Proteins

Describe the fate of each of these molecules following digestion.

Energy-Yielding Molecules

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• Proteins

Describe the fate of each of these molecules following digestion.Sugars are utilized in CR first, then excess gets converted to glycogen or fat. Fats are usually stored as a longer-term energy

reserve. Proteins (amino acids) are utilized as necessary, but cannot get stored.

Nitrogenous Waste = Metabolic Waste

Metabolic Wastes

• Nitrogenous• Carbon dioxide• Water• Salts (phosphates, sulfates, etc.)

Organisms must EXCRETE metabolic waste.

Considering evolutionary history, organismal systems were simple and became more complex.

The need to excrete metabolic wastes (nitrogenous) efficiently evolved as organisms transitioned from water to land.

Evolution of Metabolic Wastes

Important Factors

Need to conserve water Solubility in water Toxicity Energy Cost

Body Fluid Regulation

• The Excretory system is involved in regulating body fluid concentrations.

• How? By retaining or eliminating certain ions and water

• OSMOSIS: Water moves from on area of higher concentration (less solute) to an area of lower concentration (higher solute).

Forms of Nitrogenous Waste

Ammonia– Very soluble– Very toxic– Found in organisms that do not need to conserve waterUrea– Soluble – Toxic– Found in organisms that conserve some water

Uric Acid– Not Toxic– Not Soluble– Found in organisms that must conserve all water some waste

Considering the type of environment that the organism of interest lives in, you can predict the nitrogenous waste form that

is excreted.

Let’s consider the excretion of nitrogenous wastesin the Paramecium

Which nitrogenous waste form is most likely excreted by the Paramecium?

How are wastes excreted in the Paramecium?

Let’s consider the excretion of nitrogenous wastesin the Paramecium

Which nitrogenous waste form is most likely excreted by the Paramecium? AMMONIA

How are wastes excreted in the Paramecium? SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Cnidarians?

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Cnidarians?

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Cnidarians?AMMONIA

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Cnidarians?

Phylum: Cnidaria

•Excretion •excrete metabolic wastes by diffusion•between cell layers•out through mouth

•excrete salt into gastrovascular cavity•regulate water balance

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Platyhelminthes?

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Platyhelminthes?

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Platyhelminthes?Aquatic- Ammonia, Terrestrial- Urea

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Platyhelminthes?

The simplest tubular excretory system is the flame-cell system of flatworms.

These animals have neither circulatory systems nor coeloms, and so the flame-cell system must regulate the contents of the interstitial fluid directly.

•simple excretory system- protonephridia•consists of flame cells (specialized ciliated cells)•move fluid through branched ducts to outside via

excretory pores•maintains osmotic balance

Phylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: Turbellaria

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Mollusks?

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Mollusks?

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Mollusks?Aquatic- Ammonia, Terrestrial- Urea

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Mollusks?

Visceral mass

Mantle

Foot

Coelom Intestine

Gonads

Mantlecavity

Anus

Gill

Nervecords Esophagus

Stomach

Shell

Radula

Mouth

Mouth

Nephridium. Excretory organs called nephridia remove metabolic wastes from the hemolymph.

Heart. Most molluscs have an open circulatory system. The dorsally located heart pumps circulatory fluid called hemolymph through arteries into sinuses (body spaces). The organs of the mollusc are thus continually bathed in hemolymph.

The long digestive tract is coiled in the visceral mass.

Radula. The mouth region in many mollusc species contains a rasp-like feeding organ called a radula. This belt of backward-curved teeth slides back and forth, scraping and scooping like a backhoe.

The nervous system consists of a nerve ring

around the esophagus, from

which nerve cords extend.

Figure 33.16

Annelids have similar excretory structures

as the Mollusks

Anatomy of the earthworm

-Contain two nephridia in each segment-

Earthworm Nephridia• Nephridia: Tubule with

ciliated opening an an excretory pore.

• Fluid from the coelom is propelled through the tubule by beating cilia, nutrient substances are reabsorbed and carried away by a network of capillaries surrounding the tubule.

• Urine: Contains metabolic wastes, salts, water

How does the habitat of insects (e.g. grasshoppers) differ to that of the other organisms discussed prior?

How does the habitat of insects (e.g. grasshoppers) differ to that of the other organisms discussed prior?

Insects tend to live in drier habitats and require more water to be conserved.

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Arthropods?

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Arthropods?

Which Nitrogenous Waste form is excreted by the Arthropods?Aquatic- Ammonia, Terrestrial- Uric Acid

How is the life process of excretion enabled in the Arthropods?

Grasshopper Anatomy

Malpighian Tubules

• These specialized tubules are attached to the gut of arthropods.

• Uric acid flows from the surrounding hemolymph into these tubules, and water follows a salt gradient established by active transport of K+.

• Water and other useful substances are reabsorbed at the rectum. Excrete a dry, semisolid mass of uric acid.

Excretion in Insects and Arachnids

Organisms utilize some form of excretory structure to

excrete nitrogenous waste.

IMPORTANT

The form of nitrogenous waste is completely dependent on the

environment and the need to conserve water.

Human Excretory System(HES)

Urea is made in the mitochondrion of liver cells.

Urea then circulates in the bloodstream until it reaches the structures of the HES.

Identify the structures of the Human Excretory System

that enable the function of the removal of nitrogenous waste.

Filtration of blood begins in the kidneys.

Why does blood need to be filtered?

How is the kidney structured to enable the function of filtration?

The functional unit of the kidney is the Nephron.

Whole blood traveling from renal artery enters into the Glomerulus (small capillary structures arranged into a cup-like structure).

Which molecules are going to easily enter into Bowman’s capsule?

Capsular urine

• Amino acids• Nutrients• Electrolytes• Water• Gases• Nitrogenous waste

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH CAPSULAR URINE?

Capsular urine

• Amino acids• Nutrients• Electrolytes• Water• Gases• Nitrogenous waste

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH CAPSULAR URINE?There is good stuff that is potentially going to be excreted

and released in urine.

Proximal convoluted tubule is the site of selective reabsorption.

Tubular Reabsorption

• Substances that are biologically important move from the proximal convoluted tubule into the surrounding peritubular capillaries.

• Sodium and chloride ions are actively pumped from PCT to the PTC, enabling water to follow.

• Glucose and amino acids are selectively reabsorbed by carrier proteins- Active transport.

Urine formation and Concentration

There are three hormones critical in maintaining the water content of the blood.

Hormones

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- Makes the collecting duct more permeable. It is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in response to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood.

• Aldosterone- Acts on the kidneys to retain sodium ions, therefore water is reabsorbed and blood pressure rises as a result of increased blood volume.

• Renin- Kidneys release renin in the event of low blood pressure. The presence of renin causes the release of angiotensin II, which causes the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.