Who We Are and What We Do Lawrence W. Zettler Laura Coreyhort.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-restoration/kane-lab/orchids/pdf/zettler... · What We Do Lawrence W. Zettler Laura Corey ... North

Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011

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The Orchid Recovery Program

At Illinois College: Who We Are and

What We Do

Lawrence W. Zettler

Laura Corey

Department of Biology

Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL

[email protected]

Larry Richardson

JJ Sadler

ILLINOIS

ILLINOIS COLLEGE

Jacksonville

(pop. 20,000)

St. Louis

Chicago


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Founded in 1829 (oldest college in Illinois)

Site of first medical school in Illinois

ILLINOIS COLLEGE TODAY

Private, 4-year, co-educational, liberal arts institution

1,000 Undergraduate students (70% live on campus)


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Illinois College’s Statement of

Community Responsibility

Emphasizes that…

“…we are all caretakers of our community

and recognize that our individual

responsibilities are essential for nurturing

collaborative relationships, critical

exploration, and global awareness”

The ORCHID RECOVERY PROGRAM at

ILLINOIS COLLEGE

OUR MISSION

Integrate undergraduate student learning with the

conservation of North America’s rarest native orchids.

Instill in our students an appreciation for the planet’s

natural resources, and provide the basic tools for

lifelong learning, stewardship, and service.

Photos: Larry Richardson

Logo Design: JJ Sadler


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Incentives for Students to

Carry Out Orchid Research

• Do something meaningful

(personal achievement)

• Earn college credit hours

• Earn a side income

• Learn science by doing

science

• Improve curriculum vita

• Publish/present papers

• Travel/work with experts

Chichinautzin region, Mexico (2006)


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Chichinautzin region, Mexico (2006)

If all else fails….

CAPTURE

THEM!


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Photo: Andrew Stice

Since 1996, the Orchid Recovery Program has focused

mostly on growing endangered species from seed, but

other aspects of conservation are also studied.

ORCHID SEEDS

Dust-like

Lack sufficient

food for embryo


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embryo

seed coat (testa)

embryo

(enlarged)

mass of hyphae

(= peloton)


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PELOTON

MYCOTROPHY = “FUNGUS FEEDING”

Digested Peloton


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3

2 1

0

ORCHID SEEDLING STAGES

PROTOCORM

MYCOTROPHIC REGION (ROOTS)

AUTOTROPHIC REGION (LEAVES)

ORCHID SEEDLING

MIXOTROPHY

= orchids “feed” via

sunlight + fungi

Epidendrum magnoliae


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WHEN LOOKING AT AN ORCHID,

REMEMBER THAT IT IS ACTUALLY

MIXOTROPHIC!

Each natural habitat should be viewed as a refuge for

orchid prey (= fungi) and managed accordingly.

--Dr. Scott L. Stewart

IOCC3, Costa Rica

ORCHID CONSERVATION in perspective…


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Terrestrial orchids harbor “captive”

fungi in lateral (branch) roots and

consume them as needed

Terrestrial orchids harbor “captive”

fungi in lateral (branch) roots and

consume them as needed


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PROTOCORM RECOVERY TECHNIQUE

Seed Baits 35 mm slide mounts

seeds within nylon plankton mesh

wire connecting slide mounts

Packets are buried adjacent to existing

plants that presumably harbor fungi

existing orchid seedling

Photo: D. Maurer


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Photo: D. Maurer

For terrestrial orchids, seed packets are buried

For epiphytic orchids, seed packets are affixed

to tree trunks using staple gun and gutter mesh


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Example: Epulorhiza

ORCHID MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

Terrestrial and epiphytic orchids alike appear to utilize

members of this anamorphic genus throughout North America


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Case in point - Spiranthes brevilabris from Florida

oat-based medium

inoculum

filter paper


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Photo: T. Wing Yam

4th Intl. Orchid Conservation Congress, Czech Republic, 2011

North American Orchidaceae

• Approximately 205-223

spp. N of Mexico, >60

exclusive to S Florida

• Excluding Florida, ca. 145

spp. in 35 genera. All

except one are terrestrial

• Few have been cultivated

from seed, raising

conservation concerns

Photo: Marlin Bowles

Platanthera leucophaea


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SEED PROPAGATION AND REINTRODUCTION OF THE

U.S. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN ENDEMIC,

Platanthera holochila (Orchidaceae)

Lawrence W. Zettler1, Erin M. Wood1,3,

Lynnaun J.A.N. Johnson1,4, Anna K. Kirk1,5,

Steve Perlman2

1 Orchid Recovery Program, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL 62650 USA 2 National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kauai, HI 96741 USA 3 Currently: Dept. Plant Pathology, University of Florida 4 Currently: Dept. Biology, Western Illinois University 5 Currently: Dept. Entomology, Michigan State University

European Journal Environmental Science (in press)

Terrestrial, with small

greenish flowers - probably

not a good candidate for

the horticulture trade.

Once found on 4 islands,

primarily in cloud forests.

Today (2011), 33 known

plants remain.

Existing plants threatened

by wild pigs and exotic

species encroachment.

Platanthera holochila (Hbd.) Krzl.

“Puahala a kane”

US Federal Endangered

Global Rank G1


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HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO

Oahu (extinct)

Molokai (25)

Maui (7)

Kauai (1)

Hawaii

In 2002, a collaborative effort between the National Tropical

Botanical Garden (NTBG) and Illinois College on the

mainland was initiated to propagate P. holochila from seed


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Seed

Source Island/ Date

n # Seeds # Viable (%) # Stage

0 # Stage

1 # Stage

2 # Stage

3 # Stage

4 # Stage

5 Mean % Stage 5

S120 M 2002 6 122 104 (85.2) 101 0 0 3 - - 0.0

S125 M 2002 17 1,075 1,016 (94.5) 1,016 - - - - - 0.0

S130 M 2003 9 382 378 (98.9) 378 - - - - - 0.0

S153 M 2006 22 5,627 5,052 (89.8) 5,021 1 18 0 0 12 0.2

S154 M 2006 35 8,180 7,804 (95.4) 7,387 7 71 21 66 252 3.2

S155 M 2006 16 1,551 1,514 (97.6) 1,514 - - - - - 0.0

S156 M 2006 7 157 151 (96.2) 151 - - - - - 0.0

S157 M 2006 17 2,508 2,466 (98.3) 2,456 0 0 6 2 2 0.1

S158 M 2006 15 1,811 1,743 (96.2) 1,732 0 0 7 4 - 0.0

M Totals 21,413 20,228 (94.5) 19,756 8 89 37 72 266 1.3

S129 K 2003 11 442 406 (91.9) 380 3 4 4 8 7 1.7

S134 K 2004 3 92 85 (92.4) 85 - - - - - 0.0

S140 K 2005 18 2,208 2,135 (96.7) 2,083 11 19 9 12 1 0.6

S141 K 2005 11 767 727 (94.8) 663 2 9 11 16 26 3.6

S142 K 2005 5 649 621 (95.7) 579 8 22 0 0 12 1.9

S143 K 2005 10 977 936 (95.1) 923 3 6 1 2 1 0.1

S146 K 2006 2 119 111 (93.3) 111 - - - - - 0.0

K Totals 5,254 5,021 (95.6) 4,824 27 60 25 38 47 0.9

TOTALS 26,667 25,249 (94.7) 24,580 35 149 62 110 313 1.2

ASYMBIOTIC GERMINATION ON P723 - 351 days after sowing.


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Arrived on Kauai, 6 March 2011


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Platanthera holochila

Hawaii’s rarest native orchid

and the battle to save it

Lawrence W. Zettler

Steven P. Perlman

Orchids (anticipated February 2012


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Florida Orchidaceae

Nearly half of species in USA

and Canada reside in Florida.

More than half of these 106

species are confined to four

counties in S Florida, many as

epiphytes

Few have received scientific study

(pollination biology, propagation)

Photo: Andy Stice


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CASE STUDY #1

Florida Panther NWR

Zettler, Poulter, McDonald, Stewart. 2007. Conservation-driven

propagation of an epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum nocturnum)

with a mycorrhizal fungus. HortScience 42: 135-139.

Seed propagation and reintroduction of

Epidendrum nocturnum

In 2005, Illinois College students cultivated

Epidendrum nocturnum from seed in lab using fungi


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SEEDLINGS AFFIXED TO TREES WITH GUTTER MESH

Photo: Larry Richardson

Will Kutosky

Photo: Will Kutosky


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CASE STUDY #2

Ghost Orchid Floral Fragrance Analysis (2009)

Photo: JJ Sadler

Sadler, JJ, JM Smith, LW Zettler, HT Alborn, LW Richardson. Floral fragrance

composition of Dendrophylax lindenii (Orchidaceae), using a novel collection

technique applied in situ. European Journal Environmental Science (in press).

Photo: Larry Richardson

EXTRACTION OF GHOST ORCHID

FLORAL FRAGRANCE IN SITU: SET-UP

Jaclyn Smith

James “JJ” Sadler

Site located in Collier Co., FL

13 Ghost Orchids in flower at time

Population size = ca. 50 individuals

Sampling carried out over 2 nights

(22-23 June 2009)

Flowers sampled on 3 plants


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Figure 2 - Composition as a percentage for the 8 volitale compounds

comprising the floral scent of the Ghost Orchid. Error bars = +SD.

WHY (E,E)-α-FARNESCENE?

CLUES:

Odorless to humans.

Oddly, it is often associated with insects and/or

insect-damaged plants.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Apidae) known to release

trans-β-farnescene as an alarm pheromone when

disturbed.


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Why Farnesene?

In July 2009, insects were

observed affixed to flowers of

a Ghost Orchid specimen in

urban Naples, Florida.

Upon closer inspection, ants

were tending soft scales

(Pulvinaria sp.), and a second

plant was infested with

mealybugs (Ferrisia sp.)

Are scales more widespread in

South Florida?


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Are scales more widespread in

South Florida?

Are scales now in natural areas?

YES, apparently so…

Of 49 orchids sampled in 2010 in FPNWR

26 were infested with three scale types

Boisduval Scale was found on four orchid

taxa:

Epidendrum amphistomum

Epidendrum nocturnum

Epidendrum rigidum

Prosthechea cochleata*

(* heaviest infestations)

Zettler, JA, LW Zettler, and LW Richardson. Pestiferous scale

insects on native epiphytic orchids in S Florida: a new threat imposed

by exotic species. Southeastern Naturalist (in press).


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South Florida Research, 2011

Goal #1: Survey more orchids for scales

Goal #2: Capture Ghost Orchid pollinator

Students: Haleigh Ray, John McCormick

Capture Ghost Orchid Pollinator(s)

Outcome: No Pollinators Collected


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Scale Survey, Fakahatchee Strand


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Site Sample1 E.

nocturnum

E.

rigidum

E. tampensis E.

amphistomum

D.

lindenii

Clamshell Yellow Helmet Cigar Ionopsis Ribbon Total

Fakahatchee

Strand Site 1

Orchids

Scale

Hopper

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1

2

6

0

0

2

0

0

9

1

2

--

--

--

10

2

2

80

0

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

140

4(2.9)

7(5.0)

Fakahatchee

Strand Site 2

Orchids

Scale

Hopper

78

0

1

23

0

0

1

0

0

119

3

4

--

--

--

4

0

0

19

1

0

--

--

--

--

--

--

1

0

0

245

4(1.6)

5(2.0)

McBride’s Pond Orchids

Scale

Hopper

50

1

1

4

0

0

3

0

0

95

7

0

--

--

--

134

11

0

71

1

1

1

0

0

--

--

--

--

--

--

358

20 (5.6)

2 (0.56)

Cochran Lake Orchids

Scale

Hopper

105

0

5

44

2

0

4

0

0

214

1

2

4

0

0

97

4

1

128

0

0

--

--

--

1

0

0

2

0

0

599

7 (1.2)

8 (1.3)

Fritz’s Blvd Orchids

Scale

Hopper

7

0

0

43

0

0

1

0

0

166

0

0

--

--

--

46

0

0

30

0

0

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

293

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Haleigh’s Pond Orchids

Scale

Hopper

--

--

--

--

--

--

24

3

0

4

0

0

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

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3 (10.7)

0 (0.0)

Naples Orchids

Scale

Hopper

8

0

0

19

0

0

--

--

--

22

1

1

14

0

0

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

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1 (1.6)

1 (1.6)

Total Orchids

Scale

Hopper

281

2 (0.72)

9 (3.2)

139

2 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

35

3 (8.6)

0 (0.0)

629

13 (2.1)

9 (1.4)

18

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

291

17 (5.8)

3 (1.0)

328

2 (0.61)

2 (0.61)

1

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1726

39 (2.3)

23 (1.3)

Orchid Scale Data, 2011 – Collier Co., Florida

Ray HA, JP McCormick, AL Stice, I Stocks, LW Zettler. Occurrence of Boisduval Scale, Diapsis boisduvali,

(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on native epiphytic orchids in Collier Co., FL, including Fakahatchee Strand

State Preserve. Florida Entomologist (in preparation).


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Protocorms of an epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum

amphistomum A. Richard) recovered in situ, and

subsequent identification of associated mycorrhizal

fungi using molecular markers.

1 Orchid Recovery Program, Illinois College

Jacksonville, IL 62650 USA

2 Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge,

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,

Naples, FL 34114 USA

April Ross1 , Lillian Moller-Jacobs1,

Lawrence W. Zettler1, Laura L. Corey1

Larry Richardson2

Documents

Who We Are and What We Do Lawrence W. Zettler Laura Coreyhort.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-restoration/kane-lab/orchids/pdf/zettler... · What We Do Lawrence W. Zettler Laura Corey ... North