Who killed the electric car? (is it really dead???) Ramon Sanchez. Harvard University December 19, 2007

““Who killed the electric car?”Who killed the electric car?”(is it really dead???)(is it really dead???)

Ramon Sanchez.Ramon Sanchez.Harvard UniversityHarvard UniversityDecember 19, 2007December 19, 2007

Ramon SanchezHarvard University

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OutlineOutline

Early history of motor vehiclesEarly history of motor vehicles

Description of gasoline Description of gasoline enginesengines

Description of diesel enginesDescription of diesel engines

Electric engines in motor Electric engines in motor vehiclesvehicles


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OutlineOutline

Hybrid technologiesHybrid technologies

Evolution of battery Evolution of battery technologiestechnologies

How the electric car was How the electric car was “killed” (and why)“killed” (and why)


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Early History of CarsEarly History of Cars

1769, the very first car was built 1769, the very first car was built by Nicolas Cugnotby Nicolas Cugnot

1807, the very first “internal 1807, the very first “internal combustion engine” was built by combustion engine” was built by Francois Isaac de RivazFrancois Isaac de Rivaz

1860, the first successful two 1860, the first successful two stroke internal combustion stroke internal combustion engine was patented by Joseph engine was patented by Joseph Etiene LenoirEtiene Lenoir


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Early History of CarsEarly History of Cars1862, the first four stroke Otto Engine 1862, the first four stroke Otto Engine

(gasoline) was invented(gasoline) was invented

1865, Car development is delayed by the 1865, Car development is delayed by the “Locomotives on Highways (Red Flag “Locomotives on Highways (Red Flag Act)”Act)”

1870, the first electric car was 1870, the first electric car was developed by David Salomondeveloped by David Salomon

1892, the first direct compression 1892, the first direct compression engine was developed by Rudolph Dieselengine was developed by Rudolph Diesel


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N. A.Otto (1831 - 1891), from Holzhausen, Germany, developed the four-stroke cycle engine in a series of experiments dating from 1862. Together with Eugen Langen he founded the first engine company - "N.A.Otto & Cie". In 1867 they won a gold medal at the Paris Exposition.

The Otto Cycle Spark-ignition Engine

Nicolaus August Otto

http://techni.tachemie.uni-leipzig.de/otto/otto_g0_eng.html#takte


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An 1876 Version of Otto’s Engine



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Parts of the Spark-ignition Engine

IV = intake valveSP = spark plugEV = exhaust valvePR = piston ringP = pistonCR = connecting rodCS = crank shaft



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The Otto Cycle - intake stroke



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The Diesel Cycle Compression-ignition Engine

Dr.Rudolf Diesel

http://world.std.com/~jlr/doom/diesel.htm

After studying the internal combustion engines developed by Nikolaus Otto, Diesel conceived of an engine that would approach the thermodynamic limit established by Sadi Carnot in 1824. If the fuel in a cylinder could be expanded at constant pressure, it could get closer to Carnot's limit. He patented the concept in 1892, while working at the firm of Carl von Linde in Berlin.

b 1858 Paris,. Educated at Munich Polytechnic Inst.. d1913, English Channel


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Diesel Engine Cycle


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Modern Reciprocating Engine


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Diesel fuel has a higher energy density than gasoline. On average, a gallon of Diesel fuel contains approximately 155x106 joules (147,000 BTUs), while a gallon of gasoline contains 132x106 joules (125,000 BTUs). This, combined with the improved efficiency of Diesel engines, explains why Diesel engines get better mileage than equivalent gasoline engines (30-40 % better)

Diesel versus Gasoline

The Energy Advantage


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Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles

Zero Emissions

Electric Vehicles

(EV) generate no

pollutants

Source: Ford Motor Company


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Electric Vehicles- “First Electric Vehicles- “First Death”Death”

Electric and internal combustion engine vehicles competed in the late 19th Century Markets, however the cheap prices of petroleum, large weight of batteries and inefficiencies to generate and distribute electricity caused the “first death” of the electric car in the early 20th Century. Electric vehicles were preferred by women because no additional “help” was needed to crank the engine to start the engine (this fact led to the development of the electric starting motor)


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Inefficiencies Drag Down Inefficiencies Drag Down Conventional Vehicle MPGConventional Vehicle MPG

Fuel Transmission

Engine

22% 74%

Vehicle Characteristics Coeff/Drag = 0.32 Frontal Area = 2.0 m^2 Coeff/Rolling Resist = 0.008 Mass = 3500 lb

Conventional Vehicle: 28 mpg

Source: U.S. EPA Office of Mobile Sources


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Motor Vehicle Power Motor Vehicle Power LossesLosses

Only about 15% of the energy in the fuel you put in your gas tank gets used to move your car down the road or run useful accessories like air conditioning or power steering. The rest of the energy is lost. Because of this the potential to improve fuel economy with advanced technologies is enormous

Source: EPA / DOE


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Hybrid VehiclesHybrid Vehicles

Cmb - Miles per gallon (combined), based on 55% city and 45% highway miles

A hybrid differs from an all-Electric Vehicle in that it uses an internal combustion engine to generate electricity for its electric motor. As a result, hybrid vehicles can be designed to never need recharging from an external source of electricity. Their need for batteries can also be reduced to little more than needed for a typical gasoline vehicle.


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Hybrid Power train Hybrid Power train ChallengesChallenges

Engine

Fuel Transmission

Rechargeable Energy

System

Optimize regenerative brakingwhile maintaining safety

Minimize mechanical efficiency losses

Minimize electrical efficiency losses



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Hybrid Fuel Efficiency Hybrid Fuel Efficiency PotentialPotential

“Perfect” Hybrid with High Efficiency Engine: 141 mpg

33%

99%

99%

Vehicle Characteristics Drag Coefficient = 0.2 Frontal Area = 2.0 m^2 Coeff/Rolling Resist = 0.006 Mass = 3500 lb

Engine

Fuel Transmission

Rechargeable Energy

System



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How Hybrid Electric Vehicles How Hybrid Electric Vehicles WorkWork

• A hybrid electric vehicle combines the best A hybrid electric vehicle combines the best features of internal combustion engines and features of internal combustion engines and electric motors. There are two basic types of electric motors. There are two basic types of hybrid vehicles: hybrid vehicles: seriesseries and and parallelparallel..

• In aIn a series series hybrid configuration, the engine hybrid configuration, the engine generates electricity for the battery pack generates electricity for the battery pack which supplies the electric motor. There is no which supplies the electric motor. There is no mechanical connection between the engine and mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels. The engine, sized for an average the wheels. The engine, sized for an average load and operated at an optimum rate, is much load and operated at an optimum rate, is much smaller than the engine of a conventional smaller than the engine of a conventional vehicle of equal performance and produces less vehicle of equal performance and produces less pollution.pollution.


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How Hybrid Electric Vehicles How Hybrid Electric Vehicles WorkWork

• In a In a parallelparallel hybrid design, both the engine and hybrid design, both the engine and the electric motor are connected to the wheels, the electric motor are connected to the wheels, which means that the engine can be sized for which means that the engine can be sized for cruising and the electric motor used to assist with cruising and the electric motor used to assist with acceleration or hill climbing. acceleration or hill climbing.

• In both designs, energy that would otherwise be In both designs, energy that would otherwise be wasted in braking, can be recaptured and used to wasted in braking, can be recaptured and used to drive a generator to produce electricity. The drive a generator to produce electricity. The electricity produced by regenerative brakingelectricity produced by regenerative braking systems is stored in the hybrid's battery system for systems is stored in the hybrid's battery system for future use. In stop-and-go city driving generating future use. In stop-and-go city driving generating electricity while braking can dramatically improve electricity while braking can dramatically improve overall fuel economy.overall fuel economy.


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Hybrid Vehicle Hybrid Vehicle ConfigurationsConfigurations

"Parallel" or "Power Assist" Hybrid Vehicle Configuration

"Series" or "Range Extender"

Hybrid Vehicle Configuration


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Hybrid ‘Series Hybrid ‘Series Configuration’Configuration’

Benefits of a series configuration over a parallel configuration are: Benefits of a series configuration over a parallel configuration are: The engine never idles, which reduces vehicle emissions The engine never idles, which reduces vehicle emissions The engine drives a generator to run at optimum performance The engine drives a generator to run at optimum performance Allows a variety of options when mounting engine and vehicle Allows a variety of options when mounting engine and vehicle

components components Some series hybrids do not need a transmission Some series hybrids do not need a transmission

"Series" or "Range Extender"

Hybrid Vehicle Configuration


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Hybrid ‘Parallel Hybrid ‘Parallel Configuration’Configuration’

"Parallel" or "Power Assist" Hybrid Vehicle Configuration

Benefits of a parallel configuration versus a series configuration:Benefits of a parallel configuration versus a series configuration: The vehicle has more power because both the engine and the motor The vehicle has more power because both the engine and the motor

supply power simultaneously supply power simultaneously Most parallel vehicles do not need a generator Most parallel vehicles do not need a generator The power is directly coupled to the road, thus, it can be more efficientThe power is directly coupled to the road, thus, it can be more efficient


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Energy Use – Conventional Energy Use – Conventional VehicleVehicle


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Energy Use – Hybrid Energy Use – Hybrid VehicleVehicle


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Plug-in Hybrid VehiclePlug-in Hybrid VehicleIt is an electric vehicle that uses Lithium-ion technology batteries to achieve an autonomy of 120 miles per charge. If the user would like to drive for longer distances, it would activate the internal combustion engine and the car would become a hybrid vehicle. Under just electric operation it would give you an equivalent of 165 miles/gallon and in the hybrid operation you would get 45 miles/gallon. It takes 8 to 6 hours to recharge the battery, but it could potentially be used as a supplemental energy source for your home after a long drive, it may be good for 98 % of non-heavy duty applications.


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Who killed the electric Who killed the electric vehicle?vehicle?The available battery technology???

Type of Type of BatteryBattery

Power/Power/WeightWeight

Discharge Discharge efficiencyefficiency

Cycle Cycle durabilitydurability

Power $Power $ ToxicityToxicity

Lead – Lead – AcidAcid

180 W/kg180 W/kg 70-92 %70-92 % 500 – 800 500 – 800 cyclescycles

$7 – 18 $7 – 18 USD/WhUSD/Wh

HighHigh

Nickel Nickel CadmiumCadmium

150 W/kg150 W/kg 70-90 %70-90 % 2000 cycles2000 cycles $12 $12 USD/WhUSD/Wh

HighHigh

Nickel Nickel Metal Metal HydrideHydride

250 – 1000 250 – 1000 W/kgW/kg

66 %66 % 500 – 1000 500 – 1000 cyclescycles

$1.37 $1.37 USD/WhUSD/Wh

Moderate - Moderate - LowLow

Lithium-Lithium-ion ion

1800 W/kg1800 W/kg 99.9%99.9% 1200 cycles1200 cycles $ 2.8 – 5 $ 2.8 – 5 USD/Wh USD/Wh


Lithium- Lithium- ion ion polymerpolymer

2800 W/kg2800 W/kg 99.8%99.8% 1000 cycles1000 cycles $2.8 – 5 $2.8 – 5 USD/WhUSD/Wh


Zinc – Air Zinc – Air BatteryBattery

Experimental, Experimental, Not availableNot available

ExperimentaExperimental, Not l, Not availableavailable

ExperimentalExperimental, Not , Not availableavailable



Molten Salt Molten Salt BatteryBattery


ExperimentaExperimental, Not l, Not availableavailable





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Who killed the electric Who killed the electric vehicle?vehicle?

Economic interests - car manufacturers??? Estimated revenues for engine spare parts $5 billion USD/year

VS


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Economic interests - car manufacturers??? Estimated revenues for breaking spare parts $1 billion USD/year

VS


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Us – Market Driven Features???

VS


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Chronology of an Chronology of an attempted technological attempted technological

assassinationassassination

Inside Information

+


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Is the electric car really Is the electric car really death?death?

New Electric Cars 2008

The Tesla Roadster, the first 500 of which are scheduled for delivery in early 2008 uses Li-Ion batteries to achieve 245 miles per charge, while also capable of going 0-60 in under 4 seconds.

The Toyota RAV4 EV was powered by twenty-four 12 volt batteries, with an operational cost equivalent of over 165 miles per gallon at 2005 US gasoline prices.


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New Electric Cars 2010

The Saturn Vue Green Line, is a plug-in hybrid wigh Lithium-ion batteries that would give an equivalent energy efficiency of 70 mpg under normal operation. Mass production for this vehicle is scheduled to start in 2010 (so, it would be the 2011 Model Year)

The GM Volt, is a plug-in hybrid with Lithium-ion batteries that would give an energy efficiency equivalent to 150 mpg with a range of 640 miles. It is scheduled to go into production in 2010 (2011 Model Year)


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Growth of Battery Electric Vehicles in the USA

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Year

Num

ber

of B

att

ery

Ele

ctr

ic V

ehic

les


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An example of the future: An example of the future: fuel cell vehiclefuel cell vehicle

It has no mobile parts in its engine, it gets its energy from the reaction of Hydrogen and Oxygen. The issue, how do you get the hydrogen???


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Questions??Questions??


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Thank you!!!Thank you!!!

Documents

Who killed the electric car? (is it really dead???) Ramon Sanchez. Harvard University December 19, 2007