Who is this very famous contributor to modern biology?

Biography 30 minute video

Mini Review Who is the "father of modern genetics?"What was his occupation?What plant did he work with?What did he call offspring that received the same alleles for a trait from both parents?What is a hybrid?What is a dominant allele (or dominant trait)?What is a recessive allele (or recessive trait)?How do geneticists designate dominant and recessive alleles?What does it mean to be homozygous for a trait?What does it mean to be heterozygous for a trait?

Mom's genome Dad's genome

These are "Karyotypes"

Mom's egg:Dad's sperm:

Fertilization

Zygote:

Homologous chromosomes

Haploid or diploid?

Mini Review

What occurs during fertilization?What is a zygote?What is the female reproductive cell called?What is the male reproductive cell called?Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid?Why is this (#5) important?Is a zygote haploid or diploid?How does the number of chromosomes in a body cell differ from the number in a gamete?

Life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

Adult (2N)

Life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

meiosis

Adult (2N)

Gametes (1N)

egg

sperm

Life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

meiosis fertilization

Adult (2N)

Gametes (1N)

Zygote (2N)

Life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

meiosis

mitosis

fertilization

Adult (2N)

Gametes (1N)

Zygote (2N)

Embryo, fetus, baby (2N)

Life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

meiosis

mitosis

fertilization

Adult (2N)

Gametes (1N)

Zygote (2N)

Embryo, fetus, baby (2N)

mitosis

2N

_N

_N_N

_N

meiosis

mitosis

fertilization

100 chromosomes

___ chromosomes

___ chromosomes___ chromosomes

___ chromosomes

2N

_N

_N_N

_N

meiosis

mitosis

fertilization

___ chromosomes

___ chromosomes

___ chromosomes___ chromosomes

___ chromosomes

For humans

Life cycle of asexually reproducing organisms

Adult (2N)

Life cycle of asexually reproducing organisms

mitosis

Adult (2N) Baby (2N), a clone of the parent -- genetically identical.

Life cycle of asexually reproducing organisms

mitosis

mitosis

Adult (2N) Baby (2N), a clone of the parent -- genetically identical.

(FYI: Most plants that can reproduce asexually can also reproduce sexually via flowers and seeds)

Mini Review

What processes occur in sexual reproduction but not in asexual?Are the offspring resulting from sexual reproduction genetically identical to their parents?Are the offspring resulting from asexual reproduction genetically identical to their parents?What is a term used to describe genetically identical individuals?Can you think of a benefit to asexual reproduction?Can you think of a benefit to sexual reproduction?

S

Haploid or diploid?

Cell reproduction: interphase -- preparing for division

Mitosis

Haploid or diploid?

Cell reproduction: after prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

Meiosis

Haploid or diploid?

Cell reproduction: after prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and cytokinesis

Mini Review

What are two ways cells can divide?

How many cells result from one round of mitosis?What type of cells does mitosis produce?Are the resulting cells from mitosis haploid or diploid?Are the resulting cells from mitosis genetically identical?

How many cells result from one round of meiosis?What type of cells does meiosis produce?Are the resulting cells from meiosis haploid or diploid?Are the resulting cells from meiosis genetically identical?

Penny activityA penny represents a heterozygous pair of alleles, with a head side and a tail side. Each time a penny is tossed represents meiosis and the segregation of alleles into a gamete. Each gamete will have either the head allele or the tail allele. Let's say the head allele is dominant. So, "H" represents heads and "h" represents tails.

Each student gets a penny then pairs with a partner. Decide who is mom and who is dad.Each tosses his/her penny to form a gamete (egg or sperm). Combine the pennies to represent fertilization.Note the zygote's genotype (the alleles it got): HH, hH, Hh, or hh, listing Mom's allele first. Repeat for a total of twelve offspring per family.

Mendelian Genetic Vocabulary.pptx

Mini Review

Allele vsgene

dominant vsrecessive

haploid vsdiploid

heterozygous vshomozygous

mitosis vsmeiosis

Mendel's Experiments:

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Using Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Step 1: Define LettersBlack fur allele is dominant to white.

Cystic Fibrosis (a genetic disorder) is recessive.

Yellow pea color is dominant to green pea color.

Huntington's disease is a dominant trait.

The gene for being able to roll one's tongue is dominant over the non-rolling gene.

Using Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Step 2: Determine parent genotypes. In these examples, use B = black, b = white.Mother is heterozygous.

Father is homozygous recessive.

Father is homozygous black.

Mother is white.

Mother is black.

Using Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Step 3: Set up Punnett SquareTT and tt

Nn and Nn

Nn and nn

RR and Rr

tt and tt

Using Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Step 4: Offspring genotype

N

n

H

h

N

N

n

n

n

n

n

n

nn

H

HH H Hh

h

h

hh

Using Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Step 5: Determine phenotype percents. N = normal, n = Cystic Fibrosis1. 25% NN

50% Nn25% nn

2. 50% Nn50% nn

3. 100% nn

H = Huntingtons, h = healthy4. 50% HH

50% Hh

5. 25% HH50% Hh25% hh

6. 50% Hh50% hh

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Tay Sachs is a disorder caused by a recessive allele. If a person heterozygous for the disorder marries a person who lacks the Tay Sachs allele, what are the chances their children will have Tay Sachs?

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

A homozygous short pea plant is crossed with a homozygous tall pea plant. What will be the genotype and phenotype percents of the offspring if tall is dominant?

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele. If a person heterozygous for the disorder marries a person who lacks the Huntington's allele, what are the chances their children will get Huntington's disease?

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

A heterozygous pea plant is crossed with a homozygous short pea plant. What will be the genotype and phenotype percents of the offspring if tall is dominant?

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

A normally pigmented man whose mother was an albino marries a normally pigmented woman whose father was an albino. The gene for albinism is recessive and normal skin is dominant. What are the chances this couple will have albino children?

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Define letters Parent genotypes

Offspring genotype % Offspring phenotype %

Rebops

Rebops

Rebops

Rebops

What genes contribute to you Rebop babies characteristics?What are the alleles for, say, tail shape?If TT Curly tail, Tt Curly tail, tt straight tail

which allele is dominant for tail shape ?If Mom and Dad Rebops have the same genotype (TT, tt, or Tt), and all possible phenotypes are represented among their offspring, what does this tell you about the parent genotypes?If you know the genotypes of parents, can you predict any particular offprings phenotype?If NN red nose, Nn orange nose, nn yellow nose, is any allele dominant?

Hints: use the glossary on page 88 to help with definitions.do Punnett squares for questions 4-6."Co-dominant" is when both alleles are expressed, like for nose color:

NN = red nn = yellow Nn = orange

Rebops

Rebops Rebops Punnett Square PracticeMom's alleles: Dd Aa Nn Ee Mm Tt LlDad's alleles: Dd Aa Nn Ee Mm Tt Ll

1. What are the chances offspring will be heterozygous for gene "D?"

2. What are the chances offspring will be heterozygous for ANY one gene if parents are heterozygous for it?

3. What are the chances of an offspring being heterozygous for all genes, like it's parents?

Attachments

Mendel's peas genetics - Experiments that changed the world..mp4

Mendelian Genetic Vocabulary.pptx