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WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM IN THE NETHERLANDS?
WOUT ULTEE & MAARTEN WOLBERS
RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN
RC 28 SUMMER 2011 MEETING
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY
THE NETHERLANDS UNTIL THE 1960s
A SOCIETY NOT SO MUCH CONSISTING OF SOCIAL STRATA ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER
BUT OF RELIGIOUS PILLARS STANDING NEXT TO ONE ANOTHER
AND AS A CONSEQUENCE VERY LIMITED EMPLOYMENT OF MARRIED WOMEN
A LEFT-OVER FROM THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s AND GOVERNMENTS DOMINATED BY
RELIGIOUS PARTIES:
UNTIL 1965 A WOMAN WHO HELD A JOB IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AUTOMATICALLY LOST HER
JOB UPON MARRIAGE
THE NETHERLANDS NOW A COUNTRY WHERE A MAJORITY OF THE INHABITANTS STATES TO BE
WITHOUT ANY DENOMINATION
AND RAPIDLY RISING FEMALE EMPLOYMENT RATES
THE NETHERLANDS IS ALSO THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENT OF WOMEN
WORKING PART TIME
(AND THE COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENT OF MEN WORKING PART TIME)
PART-TIME JOBS IN THE NETHERLANDS CARRY THE SAME SOCIAL RIGHTS AS FULL-TIME JOBS
FALSE STARTS AND MISLEADING FINDINGS ON THE TOPIC OF WOMEN
IN THE DUTCH LABOUR MARKET
FIRST MISLEADING FINDING:
WOMEN HAVE MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE THAN MEN
SECOND MISLEADING FINDING:
FOR WOMEN RETURNS TO EDUCATION IN TERMS OF PRESTIGE
AND INCOME DECLINE
THESE ARE RESULTS FROM MODELS THAT DO NOT INCLUDE THE NUMBER OF YEARS WOMEN HOLD A PAID JOB
THIRD MISLEADING FINDING:
THE NUMBER OF WOMEN WITH A PART-TIME JOB AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL
WORKING WOMEN IS RISING
HOWEVER, THE NUMBER OF WORKING WOMEN IS RISING TOO, AND SO IS THE
NUMBER OF FULL-TIME WORKING WOMEN AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL WOMEN
WHEREAS WOMEN USED TO STOP WORKING UPON BEARING THEIR FIRST
CHILD, THEY NOW SCALE DOWN
FROM A FULL-TIME TO A PART TIME JOB
AND AFTER THEIR SECOND BABY FROM A THREE-DAY JOB TO A TWO-DAY JOB
THE PRESENT PAPER TRIES A NEW TACK ON THE TOPIC OF WOMEN ON
THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE NETHERLANDS
TO ALLOT THE OCCUPATIONAL TITLE OF A PERSON TO THE ERIKSON-
GOLDTHORPE-PORTOCARERO CLASS SCHEME
INFORMATION IS NEEDED ON THE NUMBER OF PERSONS SUPERVISED BY
THE PERSON HOLDING THIS JOB
THE PRESENT PAPER FOCUSES SUPERVISION
HOWEVER, THE PRESENT PAPER DOES NOT TURN THE
OLD SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
INTO A PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED IN ITS OWN RIGHT
THAT HAS BEEN DONE BEFORE
THE PRESENT PAPER STARTS FROM THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE GOAL OF EQUALITY FOR
MEN AND WOMEN IS FLEETING
UPON GETTING CLOSER TO, SAY, EQUAL PAY FOR A JOB
OTHER JOB CHARACTERISTICS TURN OUT TO BE IMPORTANT
FOR GENDER EQUALITY
THE MATTER OF THE GENDER OF SUPERVISORS BEING ONE
OF THEM
PRESSING THE QUESTION OF THE GENDER OF SUPERVISORS FURTHER
THE PRESENT PAPER STARTS FROM THE CASUAL OBSERVATION THAT QUITE A FEW
WOMEN WHO SUPERVISE
ARE SUPERVISING OTHER WOMEN
THEREFORE, THE PRESENT PAPER FOCUSES THE
RELATION BETWEEN THE GENDER OF PERSONS WITH A JOB AND THE GENDER OF
THEIR FIRST SUPERIOR
SO THE TITLE OF THE PRESENT PAPER EXTENDS THE TITLE OF A 1970s DIANA ROSS POPSONG
FROM
WHO IS THE BOSS?TO
WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM?
TWO POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
TO WHAT EXTENT DO MEN BOSS MEN, AND WOMEN BOSS WOMEN?
AND:
TO WHAT EXTENT ARE MEN BOSSED BY MEN AND TO WHAT EXTENT ARE
WOMEN BOSSED BY WOMEN?
HERE WE OPT FOR THE SECOND QUESTION
IT IS QUITE EASY TO ASK IN SURVEY RESEARCH A PERSON AFTER THE
GENDER, AGE, ETNICITY AND EDUCATION OF THE SUPERVISOR OF THAT PERSON
AND THE DATA ALLOW FOR STRAIGHTFORWARD ANALYSIS
OF COURSE ONE MAY ASK A PERSON WHO CLAIMS TO SUPERVISE X PERSONS
HOW MANY OF THEM ARE MEN AND HOW MANY WOMEN
BUT THE FIRST CLAIM MAY BE INFLATED AND IT IS NOT WISE TO EXPLAIN THE
MALE-FEMALE RATIO FOR THE PERSONS BEING SUPERVISED
IN ADDITION,
THE QUESTION OF WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM
ALLOWS FOR FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS ABOUT CAREER CONSEQUENCES
FOR INSTANCE PAY COMPARISON QUESTIONS:
PAY OF MEN SUPERVISED BY MEN
PAY OF MEN SUPERVISED BY WOMEN
PAY OF WOMEN SUPERVISED BY WOMEN
PAY OF WOMEN SUPERVISED BY MEN
PRIME PREVIOUS RESEARCH FINDING ON ONE BRANCH OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY IN THE NETHERLANDS IN THE 1970s
(WHEN ALL BOSSES WERE MALES)
WOMEN IN ACADEMIC LIFE AFTER COMPLETING THEIR PH D
RECEIVE A SALARY RAISE LATER THAN MEN AFTER COMPLETING THEIR
PH D
DATA COME FROM A RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEY UNDERTAKEN IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 2009
WITH SOME 1400 PRIMARY RESPONDENTS AND THEIR LIVE-IN PARTNER, IF THEY HAVE ONE
FUNDS FOR THE SURVEY
FROM THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN NIJMEGEN
AND FROM THE DUTCH NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
THE 2009 INSTALLMENT OF THE NETHERLANDS FAMILY SURVEY
EARLIER INSTALLMENTS IN 1993, 1998, 2000 AND 2003
ON OF THE AIMS OF THE SURVEY IS TO ASK AS MANY ITEMS AS
POSSIBLE IN A FORM APPLIED IN OTHER SURVEYS
SUCH AS OCCUPATION AND BRANCH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
IT ADDS RETROSPECTIVE ITEMS TO ITEMS ABOUT A PERSON’S
CURRENT SITUATION
THE VALUE ADDED OF THE SURVEY MUST COME FROM THE COMBINATION OF ITEMS FROM
DIFFERENT SURVEYS AND FROM A FEW NEW QUESTIONS
THE ITEMS ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS OF ONE’S
DIRECT SUPERVISOR BEING ONE OF THEM
MALE SUPER-VISOR
FEMALE SUPER-VISOR
TOTAL
MAN
WOMAN
TOTAL
MALE SUPER-VISOR
FEMALE SUPER-VISOR
TOTAL
MAN 100%(1017)
WOMAN 100%(1021)
TOTAL 100%(2038)
MALE SUPER-VISOR
FEMALE SUPER-VISOR
TOTAL
MAN 100%(1017)
WOMAN 100%(1021)
TOTAL 72%(1467)
28%(571)
100%(2038)
MALE SUPER-VISOR
FEMALE SUPER-VISOR
TOTAL
MAN 100%(1017)
WOMAN 56%(557)
44%(446)
100%(1021)
TOTAL 72%(1467)
28%(571)
100%(2038)
MALE SUPER-VISOR
FEMALE SUPER-VISOR
TOTAL
MAN 88%(892)
12%(125)
100%(1017)
WOMAN 56%(557)
44%(446)
100%(1021)
TOTAL 72%(1467)
28%(571)
100%(2038)
THE TABLE HAS AN ODDS RATIO OF
5.5WE DO NOT KNOW
WHETHER THIS ODDS RATIO WAS HIGHER OR
LOWER IN EARLIER YEARS
WHICH OTHER FACTORS,
APART FROM A PERSON’S GENDER, INFLUENCE THE
ODDS OF HAVING A FEMALE RATHER THAN A MALE
SUPERVISOR?
AND UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS THE
ODDS RATIO FOR (FE)MALES BEING SUPERVISED BY (FE)MALES SMALLER?
THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON FEMALE SUPERVISION PERSISTS IN
MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS
AGE DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT
DISTINGUISHING THREE LEVELS OF EDUCATION
PERSONS WITH INTERMEDIATE AND HIGH EDUCATION ARE MORE LIKELY TO
HAVE A FEMALE SUPERVISOR THAN PERSONS WITH LOW EDUCATION
SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT
IF THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY IS HIGHER, THE CHANCES OF FEMALE SUPERVISION ARE HIGHER
THE INTERACTIONS IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS OF GENDER WITH
OTHER FACTORS
THERE IS ONLY ONE SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION
THE EXTENT TO WHICH WOMEN ARE SUPERVISED BY WOMEN IS SMALLER FOR
WOMEN WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF EDUCATION
FOUR CAREER CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE SUPERVISION:
ON OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE (ISEI)
ON NET MONTHLY INCOME
ON CURENT WORKING HOURS
ON LOG NET HOURLY INCOME
STUDIED BY WAY OF LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS
OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE
AGE AND EDUCATION MAKE FOR MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE
WOMEN HAVE MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE THAN MEN
THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY LOWERS
OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE
WOMEN WHO ARE SUPERVISED BY WOMEN HAVE LESS OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE
NET MONTHLY INCOMEEDUCATION AND AGE HAVE A
POSITIVE EFFECT,
BEING A WOMAN HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT
THE SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT,
AND SO DOES THE PERCENT OF FEMALES IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
THERE IS NO EFFECT OF FEMALE SUPERVISION
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S
GENDER AND THE GENDER OF THIS PERSON’S SUPERVISOR
CURRENT WORKING HOURS
WOMEN WORK A LOWER NUMBER OF HOURS THAN MEN
WITH AGE, WORKING HOURS RISE
MORE EDUCATION MAKES FOR LESS WORKING HOURS
THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY LOWERS A PERSON’S WORKING HOURS
THERE IS NO EFFECT OF FEMALE SUPERVISION
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S GENDER AND THE
GENDER OF THIS PERSON’S SUPERVISOR
LOG OF NET HOURLY INCOME
WOMAN HAVE A LOWER HOURLY INCOME
SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT LOWERS HOURLY INCOME
AGE DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT
FEMALE SUPERVISION DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S GENDER AND THE GENDER OF
THIS PERSON’S DIRECT SUPERVISOR
FALSE NEGATIVES ???
A PERSON’S CURRENT INCOME DOES NOT RESULT FROM THE GENDER OF THIS
PERSON’S CURRENT SUPERVISOR
A PERSON’S CURRENT INCOME AMOUNTS TO A CUMULATION OF THE (SMALL) EFFECT OF THE GENDER OF EACH SUPERVISOR OF THIS
PERSON UNTIL NOW
BUT THEN, IF A PERSON’S CURRENT SUPERVISOR IS (FE)MALE, THIS PERSON’S
PREVIOUS SUPERVISORS TEND TO BE (FE)MALE TOO
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS!
QUESTIONS?
THIS POWERPOINT IS POSTED ON MY WEBSITE
SEARCH IN GOOGLE FOR ‘WOUT ULTEE’
THE FIRST HIT IS MY WEBSITE
(TAKE CARE TO ACTIVATE THE COMPATIBILITY BUTTON)
GO ON THE LEFT TO FOREIGN PRESENTATIONS
THEN CLICK IOWA CITY 2011