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Who are you? Social roles: student, daughter, boss, husband Physical characteristics: tall, short, beautiful… Intellectual: smart, curious, stupid, inquisitive… Moods, Attitudes: optimistic, critical, energetic Belief system: liberal, atheist, Christian Skills: swimmer, carpenter, artist, musician, Ethnic/cultural: Asian, Black, Irish, Latino/a Socioeconomics: poor, rich, blue collar, white
collar, middle class, etc.
Identity and Communication Identity is a foundation from which
the communication process operates.
Our social identities are powerful
influences on our views of ourselves and others and how we communicate.
Communication and the Self-Concept
Self-concept, defined: A relatively stable set of perceptions you hold
of yourself. Imagine a special mirror that reflect physical
features and allow you to view other aspects of yourself.
Reflection is your self-concept.
How Self-Concept Develops
Reflected Appraisal Social Comparison
importance of Reference Groups
Your Own Interpretations/Reflections
How the Self-Concept Develops
Reflected appraisal, defined: A mirroring of the
judgments of those around you.
“Significant others” are people whose evaluations are especially influential.
.
Social Comparison
Social comparison, defined: Evaluating ourselves in terms of how we
compare with others. Reference groups
People we use to evaluate our own characteristics.
How can social comparison give a person an overly positive or overly negative self-concept?
The Self-Concept is Subjective
We inflate and/or underestimate our self-perception.
How may an individual’s self-perception be influenced by: obsolete information? distorted feedback? the myth of perfection? social expectations?
The Self-Concept Resists Change
Why do we resist revision of our self-perception?
Cognitive conservatism, defined: Seeking information that conforms to an
existing self-concept.
Identity Management
Identity management, defined: The communication strategies people use to
influence how others view them.
Public and Private Selves
Characteristics of Identity Management
Identity management is collaborative “Process theater” in which we improvise scenes
where our character reacts with others. What happens when someone rejects or does not
collaborate with our identity management attempts?
Characteristics of Identity Management
Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious What situations would require deliberate
identity management? We unconsciously act in small public
performances, making a particular facial expression or using a particular tone of voice.
Interplay, 12th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Characteristics of Identity Management
People differ in their degrees of identity management
What are advantages to being a high self-monitor? Drawbacks?
Why Manage Impressions?
Social rules Personal goals Relational goals It is impossible not to
create impressions
How Do We Manage Impressions? Face-to-face impression management
Manner / Words / Nonverbal actions Appearance / Personal items people use to shape an
image Clothing / Hairstyle / Personal affects
Setting Physical items people use to influence how others
view them “Artifacts” decorate the space we live in Automobiles / Artwork
Identity Management and Honesty People sometimes misrepresent themselves to gain the
trust of others. What are examples of ethical or honest identity
management? Not only one honest way to behave in every
circumstance. Impression management involves deciding which face—
which part of yourself—to reveal.
Self Disclosure: Choosing What to Reveal
Self-disclosure Every verbal or nonverbal behavior we engage in is
self-revealing Distinguishing factors of self-disclosure:
Honesty Depth Availability of information Context of sharing
Models of Self-Disclosure Degrees of Self-Disclosure: The Social Penetration
Model Two dimensions:
Breadth of information volunteered Depth of information volunteered
Types of information revealed: Clichés—ritualized, stock responses to social situations Facts Opinions Feelings
Awareness of Self-Disclosure: The Johari Window Model
Johari Window Frame contains likes, dislikes, goals, secrets, needs. Part 1: Open area; information of which both you and
the other person are aware. Part 2: Blind area; information of which you are
unaware, but the other person knows. Part 3: Hidden area; information that you know, but
aren’t willing to reveal to others. Part 4: Unknown area: information unknown to you
and others.
Benefits of Self-Disclosure
Catharsis Self-clarification Self-validation Reciprocity Impression formation Relationship maintenance and enhancement Moral obligation Social influence Self-defense
Risks of Self-Disclosure
Rejection Negative impression Decrease in relational satisfaction Loss of influence Loss of control Hurt the other person
Guidelines for Self Disclosure
Is the other person important to you? Is the risk of disclosing reasonable?
Is the self-disclosure appropriate? Is the disclosure reciprocated? Will the effect be constructive?
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Occurs when a person’s
expectations of an event/accomplishment/failure/etc. make that more likely to happen
Your own S-F prophecy Others S-F prophecy about you
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication
Self-fulfilling prophecy, defined: When a person expectations of an event, and her or high
subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have true.
Four stages: Holding an expectation (for yourself or for others) Behaving in accordance with that expectation The expectation coming to pass Reinforcing the original expectation
.
Types of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Self-imposed
Your own expectations influence your behavior. Research: “Communicators who believed they were
incompetent proved less likely than others to pursue rewarding relationships and more likely to sabotage their existing relationships.”
When a person’s expectations govern another’s actions, whether positive or negative. “Pygmalion” effect = positive “Golem” effect = negative
Communication and Self-Esteem
Self-esteem, defined: Part of the self-concept
that involves evaluations of self-worth.
How does high or low self-esteem affect communication behavior?
What do the authors mean by: “Although self-esteem has obvious benefits, it doesn’t guarantee interpersonal success”?