which they feel wi l l be adequate for the protect i on of

thei r loved ones should they be taken away . Part i cu larly

i s th i s t he case wi th men in the i r younger years when they are

bu i l d i ng u p a home , i t may be as the support of widowed mother

or of s i sters or i n h opefu l u pgrowth wi th the dear one of thei r

cho ice and the fledgl ings which cl u ster a t the i r knees . Wheret he cal l s for mai n tenance are so many there i s often but l i tt l e l eft

to be put away for si cknes s or for sorrow'

s days . At such t imes

i t i s that the beneficence of Fraternal I n su rance wi th i t s easy

month ly payments comes to bri ng confidence and happiness into

the home , that sense of res t whi ch qui ets the pi l low of the

weary worker wi th the knowledge th at , out of h is persona

savings , he has provided fo r h i s dear ones shou ld the dayl igh t

never come again . Fraterna l I nsu rance by i t s co-operat i on of

fri end with friend , of brother with brothe r, each for t he other's

good,has brough t al l t h i s abou t . Wel l m ight Theodore Roose

vel t,t he President of the Un i ted States , say

Tb VERY few i s i t gi ven to have al l th e Li fe Insurance

The Fraternal Soc i et ies are i n my opin ion one of the

greatest powers for good governmen t and the protect ion of the

home that we have i n the country . This government wi l l endu re

j u st so long as we protec t the great i n terest s represented by the

Fraterna l Orders .

No man wi th such opportu n i t i es at h i s hand for moderate

premiums,payable monthly

,ought to be for a day wi thout Li fe

I nsu rance .

But even i n after years when comfort has been gained by

carefulness or by success,when the account i n the Bank has

grown,or accumulati ng pol i c ies have been nearly paid up ,

Fraternal Insu rance comes yet strongly to aid the bettered con

d i t ions . By i ts system of mutual self help , i n tercourse w i th

carefu l and sel f- respecting men , i t not only widens the oppor

tun i t ies of associat ion with others i n l i fe possibi l i t i es ou tside th e

home,bu t also brings to the home i tself, fu rther and greater

protect ion i n the older ratings of age than otherwise can be

obtained .

No man can leave beh ind too much for the help offl ose hehas brought in to the world li is bet tered means wi l l now enable

h im to make yet larger provis ion . Fraternal I nsurance , with i ts

graded rates , enables him to do th i s with good effect in h i s

middle age . For th is reason i t i s that so many men of improved

fortunes endorse thei r mak ings by an addi t ional Fraternal“

Pol i cy ,with premiums paid ei ther quarterly or yearly.

T o al l these phases of Li fe the Independen t Order of

Foresters appl ies i ts wide provi sions and provides the securi ty

desired .

Yet more , should si ckness enter the door, bringing loss of

earn ings and increased expenses , t hese a re helped by the prov is ion of the “ Sick Benefi ts . ”

Should accident or d i sease pu t an end to the power for work

and change the supporter of the home i n to being a dependentupon the energies of those whom he has previously maintained

,

the “ Permanen t’ D i sabi l i ty Benefi t ” comes in— one-hal f of thePol i cy i s paid at once , al l fu rther premiums or assessments

cease and the remain ing half i s paid t o the fami ly when l i fe i s

ended .

Should length of days be granted , the ful l years of 70 bereache d and the d i sabi l i t ies of age resul t, not only do al l furthe r

payments cease but an “Annual payment " on account of thePol i cy i s made to the holder unti l i t has al l been received .

T h i s i s , broadly, t he proved Insu rance system of the I ndependent Order of Foresters , t he full detai ls of which can beobtained on i nqu i ry of the Head Offi ce or the Local Courts orby reference to the other pages of th i s publ icati on .

They are worthy of cons ideration by every th inking man or

woman , for both are admi tted to fel lowsh ip i n i ts Cou rts and toshare i n i ts advantages .

—z

A GLANC E AT THE

From THE FRATERNAL Momr o xz, ROC HESTER, N .Y . , Apr i l 1 , 1904.

Foresters real ly began i ts work i n 1881 , when i t was re

organ i zed by the present leade r of i t s forces, Dr . Oron

hya tekha . I ts h istory , therefore , i s p racti cal ly ofonly twenty- three

years .’

I t i s i nst ruct ive to glan ce at the resu l t s wh i ch i t has

ach ieved i n spit e of ve ry considerable d ifli cult ies wh i c h i t had to

encounte r.Thi s Order has probably been attacked more than any other

of the repu tabl e soci et i es . The reason i s to be found i n the

facts

(1 ) That i ts leader was a fearless foe , never spari ng i n h i s

blows to h i s opponents , and

(2) That under°his guidance the Order pu rsued a very vig

orous and aggressi ve pol i cy and has , therefore , come to belooked upon as a captai n i n the forces of fraternal i sm .

A society with such a man as the fight ing Mohawk at i ts head

migh t be expec ted to occupy j ust such a place . I t i s fa i r, how

eve r,to say of the Supreme C h ief of the Foresters that

,whi le he

has battled for h is Order fi rst , he has nevertheless done i t i n such

a manner, and wi th such abi l i ty , that h i s vi ctories have been vi c

tories fo r the genera l cau se and have inspi red the fraternal

forces everywhere wi th fresh determination and vigou r for th estruggle i n which th ey are engaged .

'

QLTHOUGH founded in 1874 , th e Independent Order of

The h i story of the twenty- th ree years of t he Order demon

st rates the value of the appl i cat i on ofca reful medical tests . The

Foresters have sometimes been cri t i c i sed becau se of the severi ty

wi th which thei r supreme med i cal board has deal t wi th appl i cants,

but the Supreme Phys i c ian seems to have gone on the idea that

he owed noth ing to the appl icant s bu t everyth i ng to the Soc iety

and ,therefore , fel t that , even at the expense of growth , i t was

h i s duty to keep down th e death rate . We not i ce that i n 1882the death s pe r thousand in the I .O .F . were 11 and i n 1885 t hey

were Neve r s ince the latter year has the rate been as h igh

-3

as even i n the thousand , and only i n seven differen t years

of the eighteen has i t reached In 1902 i t was less than 1901 ,and in 1903 sl igh tly less than 1902 , being In consideringthese figures i t ought to be remembered that th i s Order acceptsappl i cants up to fifty -five years of age , a maximum cons iderably

h igher than that adopted by many of the societ i es and,therefore

,

to be taken in to account when comparisons are made .

I t i s , however, i n the c reat ion of a reserve fund that the

I .O . F . stands out in such bold rel i ef among the fraternal soc i

e t ies . I n th i s matter i t i s on ly j ust to say that i ts exampl e hasbeen a powerful factor i n influencing the different orders to aban

don the hand - to-mouth system . At the beginni ng of 1882 the

total assets of the I .O . F . were I t i s almost incred ibl ethat th i s smal l sum has been increased year by year unt i l at the

beginn ing of 1904 i t had reached the enormous total of

000 . To say that th is resu l t has been a su rpri se and d i sappoin t

ment to the old- l i ne enemies of th i s Order i s u nnecessary . Ih

deed we mav be pardoned i f we express the thought that i t i s aresu l t ach ieved not withou t su rpri se by the leaders of the Order .They were labouring wi th the hope of secu ring good resu l t s

,and

thei r methods proved perhaps even better than they had ant i c i

pated .

However that may be , i t i s safe to say that the pi l i ng up of

th i s enormous sum by the Order has been a constan t i n spi rati on

to the different societ ies to persi st i n thei r efforts to get togethera respectab l e emergency fund .

The table givi ng the i ncrease i n the I .O . F . funds from year

to year reads almost l ike the story of the black smith and hi s“ penny per nai l pri ce , wi th the pri vi lege of doubl ing at each

nai l . I t wil l be of general interest to fra terna l ist s to have before

them the figures recently publ i shed by the Order i n tabular form

and giving the i ncreases whi ch have been made i n the d ifferentyears . We , therefore , i n sert the table here

ACCUMULATED FUNDSl st - January , 1883 93

1884 65

I ncrease in 12 mon ths . 72l st January , 1886 .

1887

I ncrease i n 12 months. 86

l st Janua ry , 1889

1890 .

I ncrease i n 12 months 40

l st J anuary , 1892 .

1893 .

I nc rease i n 12 months 65

l st January , 1894 .

1895 .

I nc rease i n 12 months 22

l s t Janua ry , 1896

1897

I ncrease i n 12 months 92

1s t January , 1897 4

1898

In c rease i n 12 months 40

l s t Janua ry , 1898 78

1899 36

I nc rease in 12 58

1s t J anuary , 18991900

I nc rease i n 12 months 22

l s t January, 1900 58

1901 22

I n crease i n 12 months 64

l s t January , 1901

1902

I ncrease i n 12 months 36

l s t January, 1902

1903

I nc rease i n 12 months 59

l st January , 1903 17

1904. 7 453 308 14

I nc rease i n 12 months 97

I t wi l l be not i ced that i n 1903 t he unprecedented add it ion of

over a mi l l i on and a quarter dol lars was made , or an i nc rease

pe r every work ing day of the yea r of considerably over

wh i le the Soc iety paid ou t i n death claims , s i ck , funeral and d i s

abi l i ty benefi ts d uring the year, for each work ing day , only

abou t We con fess to a good deal of tol erat ion for the

-6

jealousy that su ch resul ts create— not because we are no t

del ighted that the Foresters have been able to accompl i sh thi smarvel lous resu l t , but because human nat ure does not feel some

what for the smal le r i ndividual i n the fight.The 1903 record of the Order shows that the i nsu rance at

risk has increased only per cent . and the assets percent . We shou ld th ink that the membersh ip wi l l viewsuch aresul t wi th profound sat i sfaction , and that with even sti l l greatersati sfact ion they wi l l note the fac t that the assets of the Society

,

per capita of the membersh ip , i s at the present t ime double whati t was ten years ago and more than t reble what i t was twentyyears ago . These -figures , taken i n conjunct ion wit h the death

rate which , as shown above, i s much.

less than i t was some yearsago , and which has been practi cally stat ionary for a number ofyears back , show a wonderfu l ly improved and constantly im

proving posi tion .Wh i l e the Order i s occupying several foreign fields , i t s ch ie f

strength i s i n Canada and the Uni ted States , and from what we

can gather from widely d ifferent sources , the membersh i p i s l oyalto the Supreme E x echt ive h a nd active i n the effort s to extend theOrder. We congratulate both management and membersh ip

upon th i s fact , as wel l as upon the splend id pos i ti on which theOrder occupies among l i fe insurance inst i tu t ions .

—6

ORONHYATEKHA IN HIS L IBRARY

ti ltthepenhmt QDrhrr nf IfinrezteraORONHYATEKHA H ISTORICAL ROOMS

AND L IBRARY"155

4 I0 TEMPLE BU I LD ING, TORONTO,CANADA

C A T A L O GU E

A N D N oT E'

s

OF THE

(IDmttligttIeklia tfitnriral '

a llt rtinn

PREPARED BY

F . B ARL OW CUM B E RL AN D ,M .A. ,

M ember of Coun ci l of the On ta r io H istor i ca l Soci ety

PUB L ISHED BY THE AUTHOR ITY OF

THE SUPREME COURT ,INDE PE NDE NT ORDER

OF FORE STERS

IN T RO D U C T IO N

H IS Oronhya tekha H i s tori cal Coll ect i on of Obj ects of h i s

tori c ev idence , art and i nterest , represent s th e selection

made , from many sou rces , du ring wel l n igh a l i fet ime

by a cu l t i vated and observan t mind , and i s as cosmopol i tan a nd

i n ternat i onal i n i t s character as i s the membersh ip of the I nde

penden t O rder of Foresters , the great l i fe-work of i ts Col lec tor,t hei r accompl i shed Leader. I n the Museums OfGovernmen ts and

Of the Sc ien t ifi c Assoc iat i ons are contained extens ive exh ibi ts i n

part i c u la r d i rect ions o f special research;to these th i s col l ect ioni n i ts many l i nes of exceed ing value and uni que i nformation ,part i cu larly i n mementos of the early h i story Of Canada and of

the Uni ted States bordering on the Grea t Lakes , and Of the Royal

annal s of Great Br i ta in , may serve as an effic i en t prel ude .

Having been presented by O ronhya tekha to the Order, i t

has been placed and arranged i n th e Oronhya tekha H i s tori ca l

Rooms and Library” Of th e Temple Bu i ld ing, as an a cknow ledgment of h is generos i ty and for the advan tage Of the members Of

th e Order and vi s i tors to the Headquarte rs of ou r work .

As a Ch iefta i n of the Mohawks , one of the Six Nat ion s , i twas but nat u ra l that ou r C h i ef shou ld have ea rly d i rected h i s

at tent i on to prese rv i ng evidences of h is tori c and pre-h i stori c

I nd ian days , and by means of h i s spec ial opportun i t i es have thu s

saved from d i spersion so many objects Of las t ing in terest . H i s

t ravel s a round t he world i n plan t ing the standard of I ndependen t

Forestry , and i t s beneficen t advantages , have taken h im th rough

many lands and so have brough t together evidences Of t he i r

h i st o ry , taste , typi ca l habi ts and natural b eau t i es . Al l t hese , to

the Observing eye , wil l be of educat ive val ue .Many gi fts , personal to h imself, have al so been here depos i t

ed . Those , by whose good -wi l l t hey were granted , wi l l pleasantly renew acquai ntance w i t h these h i sto ri c remi n i s cen ces i n th e

H i s to ry Of ou r Order.

—9

The Catalogue and Notes on the Col lect ion do not purport

to cover or describe every arti cl e . I t i s t rus ted that by d rawing

attent ion to the more sal ien t ones , and by'

sho r t topi cal nota

t ions on some , add i t iona l i n te rest may be given to what i s seen by

the eye , that a col lect ing m ind may be encouraged , and a

desi re for fu rther i nformation be aroused . Educat ion , i n creased

in terest i n h i story , natu re , and art , and beyond al l , t hought and

reading in the Home , t he cent re of every Foreste r'

s heart , may ,i t i s hoped , be hel ped by a short s tudy i n th i s col lect i on and so

gladden the generous donor who has transferred h i s valued

treasures to the general u se .

Grea t thanks are expressed to Mr. G . M . McC lurg,by

whom the detai led i n format ion respec ting the origi n of the

I ndian rel i cs has been given M r. David Boyle , Archae ologi st of

the Ontari o Museum , Normal School ;Mr. W . R . J enn ings , a

comrade of Oronhya t ekha i n t he W imbledon Team of 1871 , in'

t he Arms,and Mr . James Bain , C h ief Librarian Of the

Publ i c Li brary , Toron to , for thei r val ued assi stance i n

preparat ion .

F. BARLOW CUM BERLAND .

Temple Bui ld ing ,J uly , 1904 .

CORONAT ION CHA I R IN W ESTMINSTER ABBEY .

Glatalnnue anh Nntw

Exact reproduct ion of t he Coronat ion Cha i r in West

m i ns t er Abbey .

I t may seem strange to see , among such modern su r

round ings , so anc ien t and venerab le an art i cl e as th i s

chai r, beari ng upon i t , as i t does , a ll the evidences of age

and long usage . I t i s n ot the or igi na l cha i r bu t ~ a remark

ably wel l executed and exact facs imi l e of the celebrated

Coronat ion C hai r i n Westm in ster Abbey . No previous

copy had ever been made , bu t as a spec ial cpncess ion to

thi s Canad ian col lect ion , permi ss ion to make a copy was

granted , and those who look upon i t see the detai l s of the

o r igina l cha i r exactly - in every part i cu la r, i n shape , di s

figuremen t s and colou ring, as i t n ow i s In Hen ry VII's

Chapel i n Westm inster Abbey . The in i t ial s and names

carved on i t are th e boyish pranks of the boys Of theWest

m inster Col lege School , w h ich , .since the t ime of QueenE l i zabeth has adjoined the Abbey . Among many other

names are those wel l-known ones Of Pelham ,

" “ Lister,and N . C u rzon 1 767. Th is last may perhaps be one of

the ancestors of the present Vi ceroy of I nd ia , whose wi fe ,a daughter of Mr. Leiter, of C h icago, i s the fi rst American

lady to occupy t he h igh posi t ion of “ Vi ce-Reine Of

I nd ia . There are no in i t ia lings s ince 1800 , as after thattime greater care has been taken of the chai r . On the

occas ion of the coronat ion Of Edward VII, 9 th August ,1902 , a magn ificent velvet and cloth of gold coveri ng was

th rown over th e whole chai r;the l ions forming the feetwere also , at the same time , regi lded . The h i s tory of th i s

Coronati on Chai r goes back many.

centu ries . The'

wood

work was construc ted under Edward I, . when , i n 1296, he

brought the s to ne beneath the seat from Scotland . Ever

si nce that t ime every Sovere ign of England has been

crowned seated in th i s chai r,and i t s continuou s h i sto ry i n

th i s one local i ty covers a period of over six centuries .The stone beneath the seat has a st i l l l onger s tory . I t i s

known as “ The Stone of Scol

ne , or “ The Stone Of

Dest i ny , and upon i t the early Kings of Scots werecrowned , the last , prior to i ts removal to England , being

King Alexander I I I , i n 1249 . Trad it ion narrates that theoriginal stone was brough t from Egypt to Spain i n orabout the t ime Of Moses and was reputed to be the ident i

cal stone from Bethel upon whi ch the Pat riarch J acob laid

h i s head , when he saw the heavenly ladder , as related i n

Genesi s xxvi i i , 10-22. Expert examination of the stone

states that i t i s O f the same character as that of whi ch the“ Vocal Memnon , one of the most celebra ted statues i n

Egypt , i s carved . From Spain i n the seventh centu ry

before the bi rth of Chri st , King Simon Brech brough t i tto I re land , where i t rema ined unti l i t was taken by KingFergus to Scotland some 400 years later. On i t the series

of Scotti sh Kings were crowned at the Abbey of Scone ,near Perth . I n A.D . 850, King Kenneth of Scotland i s

said to have engraved upon it the Lat in couplet“ N i fa lla t fa t um, Sco t i , quocunque loca t umInven ien t lap idem . regna re tenent ur Ibidem.

"

Of thi s , however, no t race remai ns . Hol inshed , a wri ter

of the s ixteen th centu ry , mentions the existence of the inscription and translates i t as fol lows

“E x cep t Old saws do fa i l,And w iza rds

’

w i t s be bl ind,

The Sco t s m place must re ignW here they th is stone sha ll fi nd.

Certain ly since 1603, when James VI of Scotland becameJames I Of England , the prophecy has been largely fu l

fi l led , but some people are wicked enough to say that the

Scots are dominant i n every country to wh ich they remove ,apart from the prophecy , or presence, Of the Stone ofScone . The reproduct ion i s the work Of the celebratedfi rm of Hampton Sons , London , England .

Dais and background of t he Speaker’s Throne i n the

Old Parl iament Bu i ld i ngs,Toronto.

The Dai s upon wh ich the Coronat ion Chai r stands i sthe original dai s i n the old Parl iamen t Bui ldings

,Toron to

,

which supported the throne occupied by the Governors ofthe Provinces .

_12

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Cha ir reserved for Oronhyat ekha , M .D atthe Coronati on of King Edwa rd VII, i n Westminste r

Abbey , 1902 .

Carved Candelabra Figure from Ven i ce .

Carved Candelabra Figure from Ven ice .

Enamel led Brass Flower Jar from J eypore , I nd ia .

Enamel led Brass F lower Jar from Jeypore , I nd ia .

Tab le Cover of si lver and s i lk hand embro idery , I nd ia .

Table Cover of si lver and si lk hand embroidery , I nd ia .

Large Sponge from Nassau , Bahamas . An " old man

Sponge fi t to have been u sed by the greatest giant ever .

met by Jack- the-giant-k i l ler. Sponge i s pract i cal ly thed ried skeleton or framework of a class of “ j el ly fish ,or pori fera . The sea water from which they derive the i r

food i s drawn inward through the smal l pores and passed

Ou t th rough the large ones . Attach ing themselves to therocks when fi rst th rown off from the parent sponge theyincrease i n size with age . After being raked up out Of the

sea they are covered wi th qu i ck l ime to destroy the jel lysubstance , and when dried form the sponge Of commerce .

Piece of Pot t ery of I nd ian design .

Egypt ian Baby Mummy from t he Ni le. The ou ter

wrapp ings have been removed , a smal l port ion only re

maining.

The word mummy is derived from the Arabic word

mummia , from the “mum or wax wi th whi ch the

mummy cloth was treated for the wrapping of the

e m b a l m e d r e m a i n s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e bel iefs ofancient Egypt , the soul of man after death passed in to aperiod of probat ion i n the “ underworld

,after wh ich

at the appointed t ime the sou l and body would be reun i ted

for existence i n the fu ture state . I t was therefore con

s idered requ i si te that the body should be pre served i n

order that i t m ight be in readiness for that t ime of resu rrect ion . I f i t was so preserved i t would be retenan ted by

i t s soul . The pract i ce i s considered to have con t inued

from B C . to 700 A.D . The embalming of a wealthy

noble cost abou t the poorer men were s imply embalmed w ith pi tch . Cats , c rocodi les , and o t her animal s

held to be sacred , were also embalmed by the Egypt ians .

Burmese Sacr ificial Q ong and Gong Holders .

Thi s very characterist i c spec imen of Burmese carvi ng

and design was brought from the palace Of King Theeba u ,

Mandalay,Bu rma . Two carved figures i n Burmese

costume,

‘elaborately decorated wi th i nlay of colou red gar

nets and fanci fu l scrol l work,hold upon the i r shou lders

the rod from which the gong i s su spended . On the

gong are pai nted the figures Of warr i o r priests and

Amazons . Most gongs are flat t hroughou t , but some

have the round boss i n the centre ind icat i ng sacrific ial

u se . I t i s reported by explorers i n Neepaul, Ch ina and

Bu rma , that the victors cu t out the heart s of thei r a d

versa r ies and cooked them in the bosses Of these gongs

as sacrifices to thei r dei t ies .

Tom -t om Drum used bv the priests i n the Temple -services .

Tom -t om Drum used by the pries ts i n the Temple serv i ce s .T hese elongated tom- toms are slung over the shoulder

and beaten wi th the fingers i n accompan iment to the ri tua l

i n the Buddh i s t Temples . I t i s not i ceable that the use of

these smal l d rums or tom- toms i n connect i on wi th rel igiou s

ceremon ial services is widespread . An instance of a

s imilar u se amongst the I nd ians of the North American

Cont inent i s found in NO . 66.

Burmese hanging of appl ique embroidery , from Rangoon ,

Bu rma .

Phot ograph of a Burmese lady .

Easel and frame carved i n Burmese des igns , the peacock , completi ng the apex , i s the emblem Of Burma .

Model of a Burmese w ar canoe.

Shel ls from Cey lon .

Shel ls from Cey lon .

—15

The figure of Buddha , from a shri ne i n Burma , and twoaccompanyi ng worsh ippThi s figure of Buddha i s characteri st i c of the many

simi lar figures exi st i ng i n Buddhi st Temples represen ting

Buddha in the act of “ renouncing the world . The

expression of the face , the elongated lobes of the ears , andlong fingers of the hands are typical ly repeated . The

figure i s elaborately gilded and decorated wi th in laidgarnets and moonstones .

BUDDH ISM .—Thi s rel igiou s cu l t arose i n the H indoo

kingdoms at the foot Of the Nepau lese Mountain s , abou t

the year 400 B .C . Buddha (Boodha ) , upon whose sa i ntly

l i fe and moral precepts the rel igion was based,claimed

for h imselfno divi ne honou rs , bu t after h i s death was deified

by h i s fol lowers . I ts lead ing teach ings are tendernesstowards others , seren i ty of mind , personal rel igious de

vo t ion and a l i fe of sel f-den ial and self-control , based upon

a bel i ef i n the con ti nu i ty of the sou l as passing from one

earthly l i fe to another, raised or lowered i n the scale of

exi stence accord ing to the meri t or demeri t of i ts possessor

for the ti me being . I n th i s “ t ran smigra t ion of soul s the

ever exist ing sou l e i ther passes upwards to a higher scal ei n human condi t i on or degrades to a lower scale of an imal

or plant exi stence , accord ing to the care , or carelessness ,of the mortal be ing to wh ich i t had for the l i tt le wh i le been

committed , the sou l being cons idered not an ind iv idualpossessi on , bu t a “ talent committed to each mortal for a

time . “ Ni rvana , the final state of the perfected soul,

was a condi t ion Of bl i ssfu l repose . The fai th was promoted

by devotees, priests and monasteries . I t was the domin

ant rel igion in I ndia for a thou sand years , when i t wasout- classed by Brahmin ism and transferred i ts ru l i ng

centres to Cey lon , Tibet , Korea and Ch ina , where i t now

flouri shes . Some persons , or about one-th i rd

of the whole human race , are fol lowers Of Buddha .

Perforat ed brass i n H i ndu designs , Benares , I nd ia .

BRAHM IN ISM .—The modern H i ndoo rel igion i s a de

velopment of Buddh ism . The earl i est teach ings of the

Brahmin doctrines are contai ned in the Vedas , or sacred

E 16

BUDDHA.

books, wri tten i n a form of Sanskri t i n t imes prior to thel 0th century before Chri st . Out Of th i s original andanc ien t rel igion Buddh i sm , whose characteri st i cs , as de

scribed on page 19 , are more parti cularly those of personal

mora l i ty , was evolved . One thousand years later, or aboutthe 7t h cen tu ry A.D . , Brahmin i sm , by the absorpt ion of

some of the views of t he Buddh i sts , regained i ts ascend

ency i n I nd ia and has become the prevai l i ng rel igion of

modern I nd ia . The C reator and one impersonal and

Spi ri tual God is “ B ramah . There are subsid iary gods

represent i ng personal a ttributes . Brahmin ism i nculcates

the bel ief i n the transmigrat ion of soul s , i ncluding thei r

passage i nto an imal condi t ion as a penalty for evi l doing

and also the maintenance Of caste as a rel igious duty .

I ts fol lowers abstai n from ki l l ing animal s, pay money to

priests,do penance and propi t iate the dei ties by Offerings .

“ Ganesh,here represented with elephant head and four

arms , i s the god of good luck or su ccess, and i s a very

great favou ri te i n thei r devotions .

Fans from Cey lon .

Sma ll Tray belonging to Venet ian figure No . 5.

Egypt ian Screen , carved wood wi th smal l windows for

conversation wi th women wi th in .

Egy pt ian Screen , carved wood with small windows for

conversat i on wi th women wi th i n .

S i lver Burmese Bow l , embossed representation ofb

l ion

and t iger hunting,with carved wooden stand of elephan t

design .

S i lver Burmese Bow l , embossed representat ion of a

wedd ing procession,carved wooden stand of dragon

design .

Brass and lnlaid S i lver Bow l , Egypt .

Brass Benares Bow l .

Brass Benares Bow l .

Brass Benares Bow l .

17

Brass Flower Bow l with elephan t hand les , Benares ,I ndia .

At tar Jar of enamel led brass from Jeypore , I ndia .

Beggar’s Bow l of enamel led brass from Jeypore , I ndia.

This excellen t specimen of the in laid art Of J eypore i si nteresti ng as being

,al so

,i n th e form of a Buddh i st

beggar ’s bowl . ” The priest or monk i n seek ing susten

ance for h i s monastery,passes , without speaking, from

door to door, standing for a wh i le i n fron t Of each so that

the generou s may con tribu te food to thei r support . As

the meal s consi st , i n those countries , princ ipal ly of ri ce and

stewed meats, th e cond iments rece ived in the w idespread

Opening of the bowl makes at least good foundation for a

cu rry .

Urch in Fish or Sea Hedge-hog .

This fish , exi st ing in the Tropi cs , when attacked inflatesi ts body and erects i ts spi nes i n the posi t i on as shown inth i s dried specimen . I t i s somet imes , from thi s hab i t ,cal led the Pri ckly Globe Fish .

lndian Sh ield , wood .

Model i n alabast er of t he Taj Mahal , Agra , I ndia .

Model representati on i n minute form of th i s most magn ificen t specimen of Indian arch itectu re . The tomb was

erected during hi s l i fet ime by the celebrated Emperor

Shah Jehan , at Agra, as a mausoleum for h imsel f and h i s

favou ri te wi fe . It i s said that men were occupiedduring twenty- two years i n i ts con struct ion . Bu i l t

th roughout of wh ite marble , enc rusted wi th preciousstones , decorated with extraord inary invent ion and beau ty

of detai l , i t sh i nes as brightly to-day in the clear sunl igh t of

I nd ia as when fi rst created . Commenced i n A.D . 1630

i t i s an evidence of the h igh c ivi l i zat ion of a race Of

colou red men whi le many whites ofWestern Eu rope wereOnly emerging from primeval condi t ion and Ameri ca wasst i l l i n the backwoods .

Model of t he Lat eran Obelisk , Rome. The shaft i sEgyptian .

-18

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WOODEN PESTLE AND MORTAR .

Kn ife and Scabbard of Ch ippewa Ch ief l‘

l iskokomon ,

War 1 8 1 2 .

C hief Miskokomon’

s fami ly states that thi s i s the onlyrel i c the old ch ief brought home from the war of 1812-15,

t he hunting kni fe belonging to the case having been lost

at Moravian t own , where Ch ief Tecumseh was kil led .

Kn i fe and Scabbard of Tecumseh’s ch ief warr ior

Oshawana .

Hunt ing kn ife made from a piece of steel taken from

one of the Bri t i sh gunboats whi ch was afterwards sunk in

Lake St . C la i r, near the River Thames . The blade was

made by a French blacksmith at Det roi t and the deer-horn

handle pu t on by the ch ief himsel f.

Fresh -wat er Eel Sk in used for Medicina l Purposes .

Obtained from a Tahwah Indian Medicine Ma n , Of

Walpole I sland . I n cases of l umbago the eel - sk in was

moistened wi th wate r and wound around next the skin

( the pat ien t having, of cou rse , been fi rs t subjected to the

i n cantations Of the medic ine man ) , thu s producing rel ief.

Belt Pouch of Ch ief John Tecumseh Henry .

Thi s pou ch , made of bucksk in and h ighly decorated

wi th porcupine qu i l l s , was used by messengers in carrying

the “wampum bel ts ” wh ich conveyed information from

one t ri be to another and served also as a token of recog

n i t ion and responsibil i ty . See 118 .

BeadedO

Counci l Belt Of C h ief John Tecumseh Henry.

See 63 .

Beaded Pouch w i t h Snakesk in Shoulder S t rap of wi fe

of Chief J ohn Tecumseh Henry .

Beaded Pouch w i t h Snakeskin Shou lder St rap o r

Ch ief John Tecumseh Henry .

Large bead pouch , h igh ly decorated , a good spec imenof Ind ian work . T hi s pouch of Chief John Tecumseh

Hen ry , as al so NO . 59 , that of h i s wi fe , have the ra re

I nd ian snakeski n covering for the shoulder st raps . These ,and other art i c les i n thi s col lect ion (Nos. 77, 79, 89,

were worn by the Chi ef and hi s wife when they represented

the Caradoc Indian Reserve and presented an address to

the Pri nce ofWales on the occasion of h i s vi si t to Canadai n 1860. For photograph of the Ch ief and h is wi fe , i n fu l l

costume , see No . 418 .

Smal l Beaded Pouch or Pocket , Six Nat ions .

Head-dress w i t h feat hers of Golden Eagle of Ch ief

Wa ubuno , John B . Wampum .

Wa s worn by Chief Waubuno, or J ohn B . Wampum ,

when presented to Her la te Majesty Queen Vi ctoria , i n

1886. The feathers are held by a band decorated wi th

bead work . Si lver bands (Nos . 389 were u sed for

the same purpose i n early trading days .

Beaded Ves t of Ch ief Wa-be-che-chake of 18 1 2 .

C hief’s Vest for ceremon ia l occasions , worked in beads

by the wi fe of Warrior C h ief Wa -be—che-chake,of 1812.

The beads are some of the earl ier k ind brought i nto Canada

by the Engl ish and French fu r t raders , and the red cloth

material was given to her by one of the ofli cers of the

t ime .IND IAN BEAD WORK .

— It wil l be noted that there are

i n th i s col lection i nterest ing and varied specimens of Ind ian

bead work from d ifferent t ribal local i t i es and ranging over

a long period of dates The work ing of the beads i s done

upon two differen t methods . I n Counci l bel ts such as

Nos. 58, 71 and 72 , the design i s worked transparently .

The Ch ippewa Indians i n Northern Canada may sti l l beseen working t hei r beads i n th is system . The threads are

placed from top to bottom of a frame,making the warp

upon whi ch the design i s worked , each bead of the woo l

bei ng sewn separately on the warp . Another method of

bead work , and the more usual way , i s the sewing of the

i ndividual beads of the pattern upon cloth or skin . An

early i nstance of both methods to be noted in No . 88 , t heancien t beaded pouch o f Chief Tom , of the Chippewa Ind ians . The des igns of the bead work of the Chippewa

and Ontario I nd ians are mainly i n regular and angular

forms , the pattern being in whole colou rs, wi thou t shading .

The later i n stances , such as No. 59 and 60, i nd icate theinfluence of whi te woman 's designs . The North-WestB lackfeet I nd ian work on leather, Nos. 53 and 509, are

i nterest ing, showing how much beauty may be obtainedfrom a few changes of form and colou r. The North-Westbead work on leather i s worked more closely

,the whole

groundwork being fi l led i n wi th beads,and the designs

are very flor ia ted , part i cularly i n the pouches , su ch as 74 ,75 and 86. The convent ional representation of flowers onthese are admi rable i n thei r nat ive arti sti c resul ts

.

Kn i t t ed Ind ian Carry ing Band for forehead . I n common use they are made of leather. An Indian wi l l carry

a barrel of flou r on hi s back suspended by one of thesebands across the forehead .

Kn i t t ed W aist Scarfs ( two) .

Tom-t om Drum used by i ndians at Feast s and

Ceremon ies .

The Tom- tom of Ch ief Oshawana , said to have beenused i n h i s Tribe for over a century . D rums of simi lar

form w ere used by the Pagan Indians at thei r “ Green

Corn dances i n the incantat ions and celebrat ion of thegiving of names to the chi ldren .

NAMES AMONG IND IANS —Names, being the i ndicationo f totemic descen t i n the various fami l ies of the Tribe ,were of much importance . They were not selected by the

parents bu t by a counci l of the women of the Counci l and

t hen recommended to the Tri bal Counci l , and when con

fi rmed were given at a special Corn Dance and cere

mony . These names were not necessari ly borne through

l i fe . Upon the occurrence of any parti cu lar subsequen tevent i n the bearer 's l ife a new name migh t be given by

the Counci l , cal led the manhood name . ” I n more mod

ern days the pract i ce has obtai ned of us ing the name of

the father a s the su rname of the fami ly, as , for instance,the Mohawk fami ly of Brant , the Chippewa family of

Sh ingwauk ,and the fami ly of the well-known Mohawk ,

Dr . Oronhya tekha .

For use of tom-toms in other lands, see No. 15,

Papoose Dolls .

i nd ian Gart ers for Full D ress Leggings .

Beaded Counci l Belt of Tahwah I nd ian Ch i ef.

Beaded Counci l Belt of Tahwah Ind ian Ch ief.

Counci l Bel ts , to be worn by Ch iefs when attend ing

Counci l were used as a d ist i nct ive designation . Newlyappointed Ch iefs were presented by thei r fami l i es with

t hese insignia . See al so No . 58 .

S i x Nat ions Indian Wa is t Belt w i t h Bells .

These wai st bel ts, as al so th e leggings No . 76, with

bel l s and bel l- shaped metal worked along the seams , wereu sed by the I nd ians principal ly at Green Corn dances .

Masks,such as used at same time , see No . 178.

Beaded Ind ian Pouch or Pocket , Canada .

See 63 .

Beaded Indian Pouch or Pocket , Canada .

See 63.

S i x Nat ions Bucksk in Leggings w i th Bel ls used at

Green Corn dances .

Black Beaded Coat worn by Ch ief J ohn Tecumseh Hen ryThis beaded coat and the leggings , No . 78, were worn

by the Chief when he was presented to the Prince o fWales i n 1860.

Ceremon ial Beaded Leggings with sil k border, worn byCh ief John Tecumseh Hen ry .

Buckskin Coat of “ Coureur de bo is .

”

Bucksk in coats , deeply fringed , such as th is, are ment ioned by Fenimore Cooper as having been u sed byLeather S tock i ng and the woodsmen of h i s period .

Ch ippewa lnd ian Woman’s Leggings , rare bead work

of early type.

Beaded Pocket , heart shaped , modem .

Dressed F ish Skins for pu rifyi ng Ind ian.Medi cines , St .

C la i r River.

Hoof Of Ind ian Pony from Ba toche , gift of R .

H . C uthbert , XXXVI I Battal ion .

St ones and Arrow Heads taken from an Ind ian’s grave

on Walpol e I sland .

Beaded Pouch for

Kink inn ik Tobacco of Ch ief Piepot , Touchwood , N .

VV.T . (Gift of R . H .

Cu thbert . )Tobacco solace

of the I nd ian — the

accompan iment of h i s

Counc i ls , was eked

ou t wi th a mixtu re of

leaves o r the i nner

bark of the red wi llow

and together termed

k ink inn ik .

"

See Ind ian Bead

Work , No . 63 .

Beaded Pouch and

Belt of Ch ief Wau

buno (John P . Wam

pum ) , Moravian Re

serve .8 6Rare Beaded Pouch

K INKINNIK TOBACCO POUCH .

of C h i ef Tom o f

C hi ppewa Ind ians . See 63 .

Head-dress decorat ed w i t h Beads and Porcup ine

w ork of wi fe of C hief J ohn Tecumseh Henry . See 60.

This head-dress was worn by the wife of, and No . 91

by, Ch ief J ohn Tecumseh Henry when presented to the

Pr in ce ofWales , 1860 . See photograph No . 418.

Beaded Head-dress of Tahwah Ind ian Chief, Walpole

I sland .-z5_

Ceremonial Head-dress of John Tecumseh Hen ry .

See 60 .

I ron Pa i l from old Hudson Bay Post, La cloche .

The Hudson Bay Post a t La cloche was one of the earl

iest establ i shed on the shores of the Georgian Bay . I t

exi sted as a miss ionary centre i n the early Fren ch period

when access to these d ist ri cts su rround ing Lake H uron

was , after the time of Champlain , gained by the Ottawa ,Lake N i pi ssing and the French River rou te . Many of the

articl es from th i s oldQFort have been carried over portages

of th i s ancien t t rai l . The name , derived from the words

La C loche “ the bel l,refers poss ibly to the chu rch

bel l s of the French miss ionaries who fi rs t came among the

I nd ians .

Flat Irons , Lacloche .

95. COW Bel l , Lacloche .

96. Engraved Seal .

97. Fish Spear , Lacloche .

38

}S ickles , Lacloche.

100 . Pa i r of Ice Creepers , La cloche .

101 . Adze.

102 . St eelyards .

103. Adze.

104 . Iron Clamp and Meat Hooks .

105. Copper Ket t le, La cloche .

The I nd ian brave considered i t beneath h i s d ign i ty tocarry anyth ing except h i s weapons and h i s pipe . I n mov

ing camp the women were bu rdened wi th al l the belong

ings of the fami ly , i ncluding the papooses and the necessary

pots and cooki ng u tensi l s . The adven t of the copper

kettles brought i n by the French must have been a sou rce

of i nten se rejoici ng, for the women had , most probably ,received very defin i te reminders when , i n goi ng through

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cou ld be dried around the wire legs of the base , and heat

i s given ou t th rough the i n terval between the upper and

lower parts . The u tmost amount of u ti l i ty combined wi thexceeding l ightness

was obta ined in th i sold rel i c of many

arduou s canoe and

snow- shoe travel s

i n h igh lati tudes .

Banner St one. See. 261 .

Indian T ra d i t i o nBelt of Ch ippewa

i nd i an s , M a c k

inaw .

O b t a i n e d from

Mrs . ‘ August ine at

Ga rden River, On ,

tafi o , t h e g r a n d

n i e c e o f C h i e f

S h i n gw a u k . The

trad i t ion submitted i s that th i s bel t i s th e record of the

d ivi s ion which took place i n the C h ippewa Tribes after a

general counci l wh i ch was held a t Mackinac I sland , said to

have been i n the year afte r Bran t ’s death Runners

from every tri be of C hippewas were present to d iscuss the

matter of whi ch s ide they should joi n forces wi th i n the

coming war between the Bri t i sh and Americans . Three

whi te men were l ook ing after the Bri t i sh and th ree after

the American in teres ts . At the con c l u si on of the great

counci l i t was decided the Band would have to d ivide ,hence the bel t was made showing th ree whi te men walking con trary ways . Thi s marks the d ivi s ion i n the Band ,as part j oi ned the Ameri cans , part the B ri t ish . Beforethe concl usion of the war many of the C hippewas whojo ined the Ameri cans were found fight ing on the Brit i shs ide . Thi s bel t was handed over to Ch ief Shingwa uk , aloyal Ch ippewa warrior and Head Ch ief of the NorthernCh ippewas , and has remained i n his family unt il obtainedby Dr. Oronhya tekha .

TRAVELLING LAM P AND STOVE .

Ind ian Trad i t ion Belt of Ch ief Sh ingwauk .

Obta ined from Mrs . August i ne , of Garden River,grandniece of C h ief Sh ingwa uk . This bel t of bi rch ba rk

and porcupi ne qu i l l s was i n the possession of the Chi ef andpresen ted by h im at the I nd ian Counci ls . I t was stated

to have been made over 100 years ago and was much

pri zed by Sh ingwauk’s descendan ts

,bu t the tradi t ion or

i nterpretat ion of the\be1t has passed away .

I N D I A N T R A D I T I O N B E L T S .—The lore respecting

Indian wampum bel ts covers a wide range of many

wri ters , wi th many vary ing Opin ions . The Ind ian had no

method of wri t i ng , h i s on ly means of communi cation or

record was by a system of s igns , emblems or rude pi c

tu res . As i n early Eu ropean days when the art of wri t ing

was not greatly prevalent , s ignet rings or tokens were

u sed to evi dence the origi n or show the authori ty of the

messenger, so bel ts of wampum were passed between

the Ameri can Ind ian Tribes to vouch the cred ibi l i ty of

thei r representat i ves . Counc i ls of the members of a Tribe

were cal led together by runners bearing messages and

bel ts of wampum , and communi cat ions and General C oun

c i l s wi th al l ied t ribes we re cert ified by the same means .

P. D . C lark i n “ The Tradi t ional H i s to ry of the Wyan

dot tes mention s the u se between 1 790 and 180 1 by the

Mohawk Chief, Capt . Brant , of glass bead belts of a dark

green colou r,having on them the figure of a beaver i n

whi te beads , as a cert ificate for the authori ty of the

messenger to whom they were confided for commun ication

with the several Tribes .

I n the conduct of Conspi rac ies or Confederacies for war

or defence,these messenger wampum belts ” would be

largely u sed . I n them the main colourings are said to have

had thei r special mean ings , su ch as black for death , black ,purple or red for war

,and wh i te for peace . When Coun

ci l s were held or t reat ies made , the only record of theproceed ings would be by memory . As an aid to th i s,bel ts of beaded wampum

,or of bi rch bark worked in

colou red qu i l l s,were u sed to i l lu strate the phases of the

agreement.Tradi t ionWampum Bel t s

” such as these are

Usually a band’

s breadth i n width and from two to three

feet i n length , marked wi th s ign s or figures wh ich would

assi st thei r i nterpre tation . Parkman narrates that “ thesewere d ivided among the various custod ians , each chargedwi th the memory and interpretati on of those assigned toh im . The meaning of the belt s was from t ime to t ime expounded in thei r Counci l s . .

Chadwick i n “ The People of

theLong-House gives a detai led account of some Ind ian

Counci l s i n which the C hiefs of the Tribes i n success ion

in terwove thei r speeches by the production of wampum

bel ts corroborative , or as a record , of thei r statements .

Many other i n stances of thei r u se might be mentioned .

When these Trad it i on Bel ts were made of beads (Nos.

1 18, 374) they were not worked on any background orfoundat ion but strung transparently i n the same manner

as were the “ Chi efs ’ Counci l Bel ts (Nos. 58 , 70,

Each bel t bore some mark or del i neation bri nging backto the memory of the speaker the event or detai l wh ich

he was to t ransm it . I t i s not to be supposed that they

were i n tended to be of exact ly Sim i lar form or werecapable of being considered an exact representati on of

any event . I t i s bu t natural , therefore , that i n the hands

of any others than the original holders they inay be cap

able of differi ng i nterpre tati ons . The belts may remai n ,but thei r exact h i story has passed away wi th the fad ing

nat ions whose publ i c a rch ives they once were .

Skull (Western I nd ian Chief ).

Skul l of Indian Ch ief from Wikwemikong Reserve ,Man itoul i n I sland .

Clay Water-bot t le.

These bottles were made by the same method as thatadopted for mak i ng pipes .

Horned Trunk Fish .

The body i s cased in hard exterior a rmou r,th rough

open ings in wh i ch the tai l and fins work .

Counci l War C lub of Ch ief Sh ingwauk .

See notes on I ndian war clubs, No . 412.

Baby Al ligat or .

126. St one Weigh t .

127. St ick used i n Ind ian Game of Baggat away fromGarden River I ndian Reserve .

BAGGATAWAY ST ICK .

I n pi c tu res by Pau l Kane ,'

of Canad ian Ind ians i n the

early part of the last cen tu ry (now the property of E . B .

Osler, E sq . , the I nd ians are shown playing thei r

bal l game wi th st i cks sim i lar to th i s specimen . The stick

was cal led i n French la crosse and the game has been

developed i n to the present game of Lacrosse .

Jack Kn ife, Gore Bay .

Ind ian Wooden Bow l .

Long St em “ Peace Pi pe”

of ~ Chief John Tecumseh

Hen ry .

The stone bowl i s excel len tly moulded . See notes on

I nd ian pipes,No . 218, etc .

Bone and Shell Necklet . The presence of a port ion of

a Conch Shel l from the southern waters ind icates the inter

change between migratory Ind ians .

War Dance Ear-r ings of Chief Sh ingwauk .

Ind ian Hunt i ng Kn i fe se t i n Deer's Antlers, from Indian

grave at Wel l i ngton Square, near Hamil ton , Ont .

Copper Spear-head from Sh ingwa ukonce .

Thi s,and Nos . 136 and 137, have been hammered ou t

by the Ind ians from native copper obta ined from the shores

of Lake Superior,the sou th shore especial ly .

Smal l Copper Ax e B lade for i n serti on i n a Wa r C l ub ,Garden River.

—3 l

137 . Copper Aw l from Wh i tefish I slan d .

138 . Indian l‘

l ed ici ne Plan’s S t r ing of Fish Bones and Eagles

’

C laws , Walpole I sland .

139 . Scalp Trophy . See No . 153 .

140. Fly ing Fish .

141 . Hunt i ng Kn i fe and Scabbard of Ch ief Shingwa uk .

The whi te deer was always held i n h igh esteem by theI nd ians . The Chi ef's hun ting and scalping-kn i fe i s en

closed in a scabbard made from whi te deer-ski n .

142. War Club of Ch ief S h i ngwauk .

Th i s famous war-cl ub i s said to be over 200 years old ,and t rad i t ional ly d id great execut ion du ring the early

I ndian wars when on ly su ch weapons were in use . Thehead i s formed of a large rounded natu ral knot . Note the

handle convenien tly grooved for fi rm gri p by t he fingers .

(See I ndian war cl ubs , No .

143. Medicine Bag of Ch ief Sh ingwauk .

Thi s bag and also the beaded garters , No . 149 , of t he

Ch i ef are excel len t examples of early beads i nterwoven

by the product of a smal l hand loom , the beads being

woven in the pat tern as the work proceeded .

144 . War Head c dress of Ch ief Sh ingwauk .

Head-d resses for ceremon ial u se were composed of a

c i rcle of feathers held upright , ei ther by s i lver bands (Nos .

389-96) or set i n bands of bead work (Nos . 62, 90 ,

Thi s war head-d ress was in tended to add feroci ty, and not

decorat i on , to the appearance of the Ch ief. It i s of al ter

nate bands of colou red st rips , red and blue , bound together

i nto a rope wh ich fi tted closely upon the head . Long tai l s

o f i ntermingled human and horse hai r dangled behind,

and i n the front appears the si ngle d roopi ng feather

affected by the I roquoi s i n thei r war head -dresses .

145 . Imp lement for Scut ch ing Flax and wooden covers .Rel ic of early Canad ian sett lemen t dav s when every

one had to make everyth ing for themselves , as i n Nos .

146 and 53 .

—32

146. Handmade Lock on old Church , W ikwemikong.

147. Curved Kn i fe for mak ing Baskets .

148. Bear ’s Foot I'

Iould for Maple Sugar.

149 . War Dance Beaded Garters of Ch ief Sh ingwauk .

150 . Ind ian C lub , natu ral growth .

1?2}Tr igger Fish .

So cal led because the large poin ted spine snaps up anddown l ike a trigger.

153 . Scalp Trophy— c i rcu la r piece of skul l .

The tak ing of an enem’

y'

s scalp was the proof of vi c

t ory,and the more scalp lock s an I ndian wore hanging

from hi s bel t the greater was h i s renown . I n peace times

the wa rrior 's hai r was worn long , but i n war t ime the head

was shaved , excepting a ci rcl e at the top of the head

abou t th ree i nches i n d iame ter, forming the scalp lock .

This was a chall enge to the adversary , and h i s rightfu l

due i f he could win i t . Somet imes , i n addit ion to the

scalp- lock and at tached skin , a ci rcu lar piece of skul l was

also cu t ou t by the v ictor, and attached to h i s bel t by a

hole i n th e edge . See No . 139 , and a decorated specimen

No . 272 . The various Tribes had fash ions i n the shapes

i n whi ch they cu t scalps from the i r foes, some cu tt ing

them ou t i n t riangles , others i n c i rc les . The Tribe of the

vi c to r was thu s evidenced .

154 .S i lver S un Disc from old Jesu i t Fort, Chri st ian I slands.A large c i rcu la r s i l ver ornament , 6 i nches in d iameter,

to be worn upon the breast , eviden tly of Eu ropean make

and of th e French peri od (see The perforateddesigns a round the outer and inner c i rcl es are excel len t .

The connec ting surfaces are engraved somewhat i n the

same styl e as the Osceola Wa ugha sees (Nos. 382

157. Ch ief’s Tomahaw k and Pi pe from Muncey Ind ian Re

serve .Obtained by the Rev . H . P . Chase from Ch ief

Kiageosh , ofWalpole I sland .

S ILVER SUN D ISC .

Chief Sh ingwauk’s Point ed Tomahawk .

These steel tomahawks, combi ning a pipe wit h th e

tomahawk or axe portion of the weapon , were carried

usual ly by ch iefs , being a designati on of thei r offi ce .

Usual ly they are of th e French form , such as No . 200, the

tomahawk of Chi ef Macounce , a most excel lently fin

ished weapon . No . 158, t he tomahawk of Ch ief Sh i ng

wauk , presen ts the very excepti onal pointed form of a

sp ike instead of an axe , and i s remarkable i n th i s respect .

Ch ief M iskokomon’s Steel Tomahawk and Peace Pipe .

See 412 .

Engli sh Broadclot h Ski rt decorated wi th bands ofcoloured si lk , presented to Ch ief Kiagesis Chi ppewa forh i s wife , 1793, by order George III.

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ashes on the hearth were st i rred and then the pat ient was

sprinkl ed with hot ashes upon h i s head and hai r t i l l t hey

were covered . Afte r t h i s fol lowed the i ncantat ions and

si nging of the False Face Dance .

MASK THE FALSE FACE .

The Ind ian myth i s

recorded by Mr. Davi d

Boyle . Accord ing to

the I r o q u o i s b e l i e f ,certai n spi ri t s whose

whole ent i ty i s compre

hended in ugly vi sages ,have the power to in

fl i c t bod i ly a i l m e n t s

a n d s e n d d i s e a s e s

among the people . To

counte ract thei r mal ign

i nfluences , societ ies of

a s e c r e t c h a r a c t e r ,known as the “ Fal se

F a c'

e s,w e r e main

t a i n ed a m o n g t h e

pagan I roquoi s to ap

pease the evi l spi ri ts ,a’nd claim ing power to

charm against d i sease

and to affec t cu res .Tradi t ion says that“Rawen N iyoh , after

ak ing the world , l eft

i t for awh i le and on

retu rni ng met a strange

long-ha i red figure wi th

a face red and twisted ,whose name he de

manded and was told i t

was A- k'- o u -w a - r a h

(the False Face) . Aftera hot d i scu ss ion and

testi ng one another ’s powers by wonderfu l deeds , i t was

settled that the False Face shou ld have the power of

heal ing and avert ing d isease so long as the world should

last, provided that h i s fol lowers kept up the False Facemysteries and dances.

Mr . Boyle reports (Archaeologi cal Report , Ontario ,1 899) the proceed ings which took place on the transfer toh im of a very simi lar mask

After affect ionately st rok ing t he long hai r which

forms the wig , he replaced the mask on the back of the

chai r, whence he had removed i t for the purpose of tyingon the l i tt le parcel of tobacco . He t hen leaned forward ,look ing almost reverent ly at the mask

,and speaking in a

low tone to i t , said ‘My friend, (dropping a l i ttle

tobacco among the coals) you a re now going to leave me

for the fi rst t ime , and I am burning th is tobacco to keep

you calm and wel l pleased . (More tobacco . ) You and I

have been together for a very long time . We have always

been good friends . (Tobacco . ) I have been good to you ,and you have been good to me . You have cured a great

many peopl e and we wil l not forget you . (Tobacco .) You

may sti l l do good where you are going,and I h0 pe Ah- i-wah

ka -noh-n i s wi l l u se you wel l . (Tobacco . ) I have put a

l i t tle tobacco on you r head that you may always have

some when you want i t . (Tobacco . ) We shal l not be

very far apart,and we wil l often thi nk of you , and wi l l

often bu rn some tobacco for you .

’

“ On concluding h i s touch ing l i tt le address he th rew

a ll that was left of h is handfu l of tobacco i nto the fi re , took

the mask from the back of th e chai r, and , after once more

st rok ing i ts hai r, handed i t to me .

175. Corn Husk Masks used in I nd ian Green Corn Dances .176' Onondaga . See 66.

177. Med icine Man’s Rat t le, Six Nations . A turtle body eu

closi ng dried bone .

A tu rtle rattl e or shaker was used in the h ighly import

an t and spec ial ceremon ies . I t i s held i n both hands and

when the c i rc le was made struck violen tly on the ground

to the accompaniment a t i nterval s of the tom -tom . Among

the I roquoi s those u sed by the women had no handles .

Travel l ing Bag of Tecumseh , made from the ski n s oftwo moose heads .

Pol ished Buffalo Horns , B lackfeet Ind ians, N .W .T .

Esquimaux Sk inn ing Kn i fe, bone handle grooved forfingers .

Ind ian Fl int AW IS (2) for d ri l l ing holes .THE STONE PER IOD .

-Du ring the stone period,before

the i nt roduct ion of metal tools, t he i ngenu ity and pat ience

of the I ndian i n making implements for h i s u se were simply

IND IAN BONE COMB .

general ly suffi c ien t work in

any , u sually i n st raight l i nes .

marvel lous . Fl in t implement s

were made fi rst roughly by

striking one fl i n t against theother and afterwards flakingoff the sect ions with pieces of

d r y b o n e . S t o n e s w e r e

shaped and smoothed by chipping and rubbing one against

the other. Holes were dri l l ed

by fl i n t tools , such as No . 181

and bi ts of wood worked with

sand and water . I n look ing at

al l these specimens of fl i n t and

stone produc tions , we must

not forget when and by whom

they were made and est imate

the implements at thei r val ueto thei r origina l owners

,as

the product of thei r i ndu st ryand pat ien t ski l l .

Long Indian Bone Comb .

The d iffi cul ty of cutting

ou t the teeth of a comb was

i tsel f and th e decorat ion,i f

No. 183 i s elaborately

decorated on both sides, one side having on i t a man i n a

canoe with tomahawk , war club an d arrow very cleverly

execu ted . The unfini shed combs , 184 of Ameri can Ind ian ,—38

185 of Esqumaux make , are i nterest ing as showing the

progress of th e work . Ancien t bone combs,very simi lar

i n make and i nc ised decorat ion to that of the American

Indian combs , have recently been found in Egypt , in theN i l e val ley .

Indian Bone Comb , elaborate ly decorated on bo th sides .

i nd ian Bone Comb , unfin i shed .

Esquimaux Ivory Comb .

Pot t ery Bow l i n the style of Ontario I nd ian Work .

Indian St one Gouge , excavated at Cape C roker , Ont .

See stone gouges , No . 19 0.

African Cooking Pot , Beaboo .

Sout h African Pot t ery .

IND IAN STONE GOUGE .

Ind ian St one Gouge, except ionally fine specimen .

STONE GOUGES for t he purpose of hollowing ou t canoesand troughs

,evidence much carefu lness in thei r formation .

No . 190 , 22 i nches i n length , i s one of the best ever found .

The groove extending from end to end of the implement ,deeply cut

,i s tapered regu larly in width from the smal le r

to the larger and cutt ing end . The curves of the cut t ingedges are also perfectly shaped .

Indian St one Gouge, Ontario .

Ind ian St one Gouge, Middlesex County , Onta rio .

Wat er-worn St one used as Hammer by Ind ians .

The I nd ian was glad when he found a stone rounded

by the act ion of the water. To help h imi n i ts use , he

ch ipped and rubbed down a hol low in the centre to form

a fi rmer finger hold . See Nos. 292 , 315, and in the J esu i t

rel i cs ofA.D . 1649 a very excel lent example , No . 468 .

Water-worn Hammer St one.

Large Wat er-w orn Hammer St one.

St eat i t e Ind ian Plat form Pipe, probably of Ontario .

See Ind ian Pipes , 218.

Pipe Of Cat l in i te, probably west of W i nn ipeg ,by C ree

I nd ian s, North-West Terri tori es .

Bone Necklet .

Pot t ery Vessel pressed wi th al l igator skin , probably fromFlorida .

Ch ief’s Tomahawk Head and Pipe, C h ief Ma counce ,

Walpole I sland . Very fine specimen . See 158 .

Old French Axes

Esquimaux Lamp , Ungava .

Esquimaux Woman ’s Smooth ing Kn i fe for d ressing

skins .

Esquimaux Cooking Vessel made of steat i te , HudsonBay.

Grooved St one Ax e with flattened s ides for wedges , from

S . I nd iana .

STONE AXES .—These have , with much labour, grooves

ch ipped and ground in to the stone near t he head . The

I nd ian could not dri l l a hole to admi t of the in sert ion of a

handle, and therefore at tached th is ou ts ide by withes ,s im i larly as shown in stone tomahawks Nos . 4 13, 417,

retain ing the band i n place by means of th i s groove . ( I n

Eu rope holes were made . ) I n No . 205, both i n fron t and

back , and in No . 209 i n front only , the s ides were flat tened

to admi t of wedges being driven down to t ightenthe band .

No . 207 i s add i t ional ly i nterest ing a s having the lower part‘of the axe also ground down , giving the effec t of a

shou lder to the lower s ide of the groove . The workman

sh i p of No . 208 , from Ohio, i s parti cularly smooth and

excel len t . I n No. 210 the groove has j ust been commenced .

I n On tari o the grooves are much shal lower and wider

than we find i n the northern Un i ted States .

Grooved St one Ax e, Stratford , On t .

Grooved St one Ax e, Ontario . Very val uable specimen .

Smal l Grooved St one Ax e, Robl in , Ohio .

Grooved S t one Ax e, Ohio , with one side flattened fort igh ten i ng wedge .

GROOVED STONE AXE .

Ind ian St one Ax e, sl ightly grooved , Ontario .

Small Grooved S t one Ax e, probably Ohio .

S t one Adze, Ontario .STONE AD"ES .

-These tool s a re flat on one side and

rounded on the other. The difference can be plain ly seen

by comparing Nos. 215, 216, 218, 223, 226, 229 .

Ind ian St one Adze, Scarboro ’, Ont . , one side plain , otherrounded .

Grooved St one Ax e, Ontario.

S late Adze, Ontario .

Slat e Adze, Ontario .

Large Pla in St one Adze, Ind ian grave, N iagara Fall s ,On t .

Huron I nd ian Clay Pipe wi th seated figure of an I nd ian .

IND IAN P IPES .—Smok ing

,to j udge by the pipes found

i n the i r anc ient vi l lages and graves, was wel l n igh un iversal

among the I ndians of North Ameri ca . Being migratory

in thei r habi ts , the use of tobacco may have been learned

from the Southern Tribes . Evidence of th i s i n terchange

i s given by the find ing i n the mounds far down on the

M issi ssi pp i of stone pipes made of the un ique “ Catl i n i te

Rock of Dakota and the upper M i ssou ri d ist ri ct,and of

the “Red Rock ” of the Nepigon’

Bay in Northern Ontario .

The Hu ron Nat ion s cult i vated tobacco and were part i eula rly given to i ts use . One of thei r tri bes , centeri ng on

the Bl ue Mountai n s at the head of No t tawassaga Bay , be

i ng know n as the T ionnona tes , or the Smokers of Tobacco .

Pipes , parti cu larly those made of clay, are found i n al l

parts of Ontario . Smoking was to the I nd ian not solelya solace , but st i l l more a ceremonia l observance aecom

panymg h i s rel igious and del iberative meeti ngs . I t may

have been that the ri sing fumes of tobacco smoke were

supposed to appease the spi ri ts of thei r Dei t i es as were

l ibati ons of wine poured out to the Gods of Roman and

Grecian mythology , t hus pipe and tobacco were la id i n

each grave to aid the warrior on h i s way to the far-off

count ry . I n the i r Counci l s, w hen the Counc i l fi re had

been ceremon ial ly l ighted , t he long“ Counc i l Pipe of

Peace , having i ts long stem elaborately decorated wi th

beads and feathers , was gravely passed around the c i rcle ,each tak ing in tu rn a few puffs d i rected fi rst towards the

sky,then the earth and the card inal poi nts , and then hand

ing the pipe on to the next . Contemplat ion and the stoi cal

sel f- restra i nt of the I nd ian race were a ided by the passage

of the pipe whi le th e arden t orator stood and addressed h i s

phenomenal ly si lent l i steners . Much sk i l l , i ngenu i ty and

labou r were expended upon the making of pipes . Whenthe rude character of h i s methods i s cons idered , the ab

sence of tool s,the fact that stone was only to be formed

and shaped by stone,the fin i shed resul t obtai ned by the

I nd ian s i n many stone pipes i s much to be marvel led at .

The methods by wh ich th e long holes were d ri ll ed in some

of the stems i s st i l l to somea matter of conjectu re . I n

the maki ng of clay pipes, t he soft“clay was moulded

around twigs and pieces of wood,which were bu rned ou t

_ 42_

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gest ion i s made that they were drilled with wood and

sand— a suffi c iently long operat ion to make a pipe valu

able . I n No . 163 t he hol e i s much larger and probablyd ri l led wi th a fl i n t d ri l l (No . Nos . 130, 197 ,

223 and 286 are of the Counci l Peace pipe form . The

black steat i te pipe , No . 223, i s sa id to have been used byTecumseh at the Ind ian Counc i lsprior to the war of 1812 .

No . 219 ,al though found in Ontario, i s from i ts shape and

design probably the product of North-VVestern Plain

I nd ians . The neat l i t tl e steat i te , No . 228 , and the hard

head (a stone , from i ts d iffi culty of work ing seldom used) ,No . 245 , of Ch i ef Oshawana , both have the smal l hole or

Ind ian pocket for at taching by a t hong to the bel tNo . 221 , of brown stone , comes from the Tionnona tes

count ry, and from i ts fin i sh and excel lent decorat ions ind ica tes the repute i n whi ch smok ing was held i n that

l ocal i ty .

C LAY P IPES .— Nos. 220, 226 and 250 are of the simple

form found i n al l parts of Ontario . The greater capabi l i ty

for moulding gave more play for fin i sh i n the making of

pipes from clay . No . 218 i s a rudely bu t effect ively represented figu re of an I nd ian , seated , forming the bowl .No . 222, an elongated human head , i n add i t ion to the

cu stomary ring mark ings . No . 227, a more perfect ly

moulded human face .

Ch ippewa St eat i t e P ipe , Muncevtown , Onta rio .

Indian Clay Pipe.

Brown S t one P ipe from B lu e Mounta i ns , near Coll ing

wood , probably assi sted by French design .

Clay Pipe, with elongated human head , of very unusualform .

St eat i t e Pipe of Chief Tecumseh , mended by white man’s

method .

Gorget or Tab let to hang on breast , Hu ronian slate .See stone gorgets No . 261 .

Pieces of Hemat i te, used for colou ring purposes .Colou ri ng matters were used by the I ndians for decora

-44_

t iOn on thei r faces and bodies when they donned thei r war

pain t for cou nci l s or for war . When dry, th i s materiali s of a du l l red , bu t when moistened with water , or appl i ed

with grease , presen ts and retai n s a bright red colou r. I t

was ground i nto a powder and mixed i n paint pots , as Nos .

230 and 231 .

Head Of Clay Pipe excavated from Indian mound , London ,Ont .

Clay Human Head , perhaps a t some time a pipe .

Small St eat i te Pipe with hole fo r carrying.

Fragment of Pipe Head with l ug.

Hol lowed Bone, probably a pain t pot .

St one Pa in t Pot for m ixing pai nts for face and body .

St one Ch isel , given by R . F . C unningham , Lot 5, Con

cessi on 4 , Markham .

The sharp cu tt i ng edges of these smal l tool s have been

wel l grou nd down,part i cularly Nos . 232 and 234 .

Ind ian St one Ch isel , Davi svi l le , Ontario.

Ind ian St one Ch isel , Scarboro ’ , Onta rio .

Ind ian -Ax e or Ch isel .

236 . Smal l Rudely Formed Ax e, sl ightly grooved for a t

tachmen t purposes , given by A . D . Weeks , found nea r

Gananoque , Ont .

Smal l Ch isel .

Club Head , found on K. Ki rk’

s farm .

STONE TOMAIIAV VKS OR C LUB Hams — These smal ler

example s Of axe ‘form wi th tapered head , were largelyused for i n sert ion i n the heads of war cl ubs . See No . 422 .

I t wi l l be not i ced that i n most examples th e part left out

s ide the wood has become much pol i shed ,

240 }St one Tomahawks for i nsert ion i n c lub heads .

24 1 . S t one Club Head , Stratfo rd , Ontario .

}Club Heads .

243. Club Head found a t Brantford , Ontario , near Wel l i ngtonSquare , 1883 .

245.

“Hard Head” St one P ipe Of Ch ief O shawa na . See 218 .

246. Perhaps a Club Head , I sland C reek , Ontario .

Ind ian Ax e, Stratford , Ontario .

248 . Ind ian Ch isel or Axe , from Agincourt, Ontario .

249 . Axes . (246, 249 and 317 together) .

250. Indian Ch isel from Cape C roker .

251 . Ind ian Ch isel from Scarboro ’ , Ontario .

Woman’s Large S late Kn ife, I ndian origin .

STONE KNIVEs .—These flat stone implements with

sharp edges and serrated ends for i nsert ion i n hand les areusually termed “

women ’s kn i ves. ” The women d id al l

the work of the camp . Esk imo women u se s im i lar imple

ments to thi s day .

St one Tab let from Lot 7, Concession B, Keppel ,gi ft ofL . G . Robson . See 261 .

254 . Worn S t one, encrin i tal marble .

Ind ian Ch isel , from J . A . McDona ld .

25 6. Indian Clay Pipe, Ontario . See 218 .

257. Indian St one Gorget or Tablet , B i xley , Ontari o .

Indian Woman’s Kn ives .

Ind ian St one Gorget s or Tablets .

STONE GORGETS .

T hese flat stones of elongated form taperi ng toward

the end , rounded a t the edges and pie rced wi th one toth ree holes , were worn as personal d eco rati ons . They

were , i n the stone period , the progen itors of the si l ver

waugha sees . I n No . 253 the workman has abandoned hi s

labou r, one hole be ing unfin ished . I n NO . 266, the upper

hole has been commenced i n one place and completed i nanother, and in the

l ower ho le th e bor

i n g s m a d e fr o m

both sides have not

cen tered wel l . The

boring i n al l t he

other s p e c i m e n s ,al though l aborious , B I RD AMULET

has been wel l fini shed . From the edges Of some , i t i s

suggested that these stones may also have been used as

tools or kni ves . Thi s may have been a secondary use ,long afte r the spec imens had been used as ceremonial

gorgets .

Ind ian St one Gorget s or Tablets . NO . 267 being fromStratford , Ontario .

Head of Bi rd Amulet .

B I RD AND BUTTERFLY AMULETs .— ’I‘bese are found

more frequent ly i n On tario than i n any other part of North

Ameri ca , and are considered to have been used solely for

ceremon ial o r rel igiou s use . I n NO . 268 t he eye projectsl ike a button from the

bi rd ’ s head . The holes

for suspending these amu

le ts were usually made

d i a g o n a l l y a c r o s s t h e

lower corners . Butterfly

amulets,NO. 269 , two

wings extended , have the‘ holes i n the centre Ofeach ,

e i ther of suspens ion or the tying of the two parts together.

I t may be that these are tal i smans or rel igious tokens of

the Dei t ies of th e b i rds and in sects of the a i r .

BUTTERFLY AMULET .

But t erfly or Banner St one.

Incised Bone Ornament Of Shou lder B lade Of Bear.

- 47

Esquimaux Small Snow Shovel or Trowel .

Incised Skul l Scalp Piece. See 153.

F lint Spear Heads from different parts Of Ontario .

Bear ’s Toot h .

St r ing of European Cat l in i t e and Shel l Beads .

See Bead Necklets, 280 .

St r ing of European Cat l in it e and Shell Beads .

See 280 .

Copper Ghost Arrow placed i n graves to sat i sfy

Spi ri ts .IND IAN RELIG IOUS BEL IE FS— The North American In

dians were universal ly bel ievers in a state of futu re .exi s t

ence of the soul a fter death . Rawen N ioyoh ( I roquoi s)or Na nahbozhoo (Algonk in ) made the world and i s theGreat Spi ri t ” who rules al l , and to whom thei r worsh ip

and prayers are addressed . There were al so gods orspi ri t s of subm d ina te rank , su ch as Of Game , Fish , W

'

ater

Fal l s,Thunder, Heal th , etc . , who requi red to be appeased .

The dead were ei ther placed for a t ime on elevated pla tforms or i n t rees or bu ried singly i n the ground . Bow and

arrows, pipe , tobacco , kni fe , kettl e , t rinkets and other

art ic les such as t he deceased would carry when going on

a long jou rney.were placed i n the grave . Among the

Hu ron I roquoi s I nd ians of Ontario at i ntervals of ten or

twelve years a great Feast of the Dead would be held .

Not ificat ion of th is was sen t around and the dead from al l

the neighbourhood were col lected and with great ceremony

and feast ings placed together i n one common grave . I n

th i s way were formed the large I nd ian grave mounds orossuari es of which so many have been found . The cond i

t ion of the sou l i n the far world wa s dependent upon theact i ons of the man i n th i s z— Brave warriors , good hunters ,good fathers and neighbou rs luxu riate i n al l the pleasures

of the happy hunt ing grounds . ” Cowards , lazy , th ievesand adul terers wander in darkness exposed to at tack s andterrors from wolves , bears and other fierce animals .

St r ing of Ind ian Bone Money Wampum.

D i sc or c i rcular wampum was the money of the Indianand h i s medium o f exchange . I t w a s made of bo ne or

she ll , ou t flat and strung on st ri ngs th rough the holes

pierced in the cent re , the st rings being valuable accord ing

to thei r number, colou r and qual i ty. Money wa‘mpum was

origi na l ly made by the I nd ian s themselves but a f terwardsby wh i te men . One Of t he Acts passed by the fi rst

Parl iamen t of the Province Of Quebec, i n 1792, was tolegal i ze t he importat ion of money wampum from the State

of New York for use among the Canad ian I nd ians . See

No . 360, Apache wampum .

S t r ing of Indian Disc Money Wampum , some whi te

man ’s work .

Venet ian Glass and Cat l in i t e Beads .

BEAD NECKLETS —The wearing of these decoration swas not confined to the women but was largely affected by

the men . The bears ’ teeth i n some indi cates thei r wear

ers ’ prowess in hunt ing . Small rounded , and long catl in

i te and shel l beads were laboriously bored by the Ind ians .

T hese shel l beads were principal ly made of parts of shel l sfrom the Atlanti c coast

,whi te and purple i n colou r, the

purple be ing considered t he more valuable . The wh i te

fur t rader i nt roduced the more gaudily shaped and coloured

k i nd . Comparison of the red catl i n i te NO . 280, and the

red venet ian of No . 283, wi l l show how closely the trader

fol lowed the nati ve producti on .

Necklet of Mar ine Shel ls and Bear’s Teet h .

Beads made from Bones of Bi rds .

Neck let of Venet ian G lass Beads . See 280.

Necklet Of Venet ian Glass , I ndian’s stone and bear teeth .

Pieces of Punk U sed wi th fl in t and steel for making

wampum .

Large Cat li n i te Pipe i n la id wi th lead , North-West err i

tories . See 218.

—49

Flint Arrow Heads from different parts of Ontario .

The col lection contains very many spec imens coveringabout al l the varieties of form extant . Some are smal lt riangles to be set i n a notch i n the head of the arrow so

that when the shaft was withdrawn the fl in t head wouldbe left i n t he wound . Some wi th a straight- sided shank

to be pointed and embedded in the shaft , others wi th

FLINT ARROW HEADS .

curved shanks to hold firmly the thongs by wh ich they

were fas tened . Some tribes affected oval form for thei rarrow heads , others sharper and more angular forms .

The larger heads were u sed for inserti on i n spears , or in

tomahawks or war cl ubs .

Fragment s of Indian Pot t ery .

F lint Arrow Heads with grooved stems .

Dr ied Ven ison .

Fragment of Clay P ipe, head of unusual form and styleof decoration . See 218 .

Unusual six- s ided form Of bowl taperi ng down toward

the base and decorated wi th l i nes of smal l i nden ta ti ons

fol lowing the out l ine .

Wat er-w orn St one, may have been u sed a s hammer.

Ind ian St one Tab let . See No . 261 .

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Curl of largeConch Shel l , found near Watertown , Ontario,must have been brough t from far southern waters .

321 . Bone Pa i nt Pot wi th s tem . See 230.

Wat er-w orn St one used for mixing paints and as pipestopper.

Cone Pi pe St op , probably for pressi ng down tobacco i n

pipes .The Ind ian never pressed the hot tobacco down i n h i s

p ipe w i th h is finger .

324. Bone Pipe St op , probably for pressing down tobacco i n

pipes .

Esquimaux Aw l , pol i shed bone .

Boar ’s Tusk and R ims of Sea Shells used for noseornaments .

327. Th ree Deer Cal ls (four) .

Bone Wh ist le, (one genu ine I nd ian make ) .Phalangal bones cu t i n form of whistles , bu t most prob

ably u sed for pi tch and toss . See NO . 346.

Ind ian Net t ing Needles , made of bone .

Ind ian Smal l Need les (eigh t ) .

BONE AW LS AND NEEDLES - To be val ued not accordi ng to thei r appearance but to thei r val ue to thei r original

owners i n the wi lds . Some of these may have been employed as pin s o r skewers , to fasten the cloth ing on the

person .

331 .

341 .

342 . Esquimaux Ivory Pin .

312°

}Conical Brass Arrow Point s , made from Old kett les .

} Indian Bone Aw ls (eleven ) .

345 . Beaver ’s Jaw from an Indian grave , Mani toul i n I sland .

Note chi sel - shaped front teeth for fel l ing trees .

347° Foot Bones of Bears and other an imals found i n graves ,

34

9 may have been used for gambli ng ,

_52_

DAGUERREOTYPB OF OLD IND IAN CH IEF OSHAWANA.

350 . Pipe Head i n shape of fox's head . See 218.

Med icine St ones col lec t ed from different reservations inCanada .

Daguerreot ype of Old Ind ian Ch ief Oshawana .

Taken abou t 1838 . Oshawana was Ch ief of the

C hippewas and the C hief Warrior Of Tecumseh . The

photograph i s an in terest ing example Of semi -c ivi l i zed

costume and the adaptat ion of d i st i nc tive Ind ian ornaments . Around the h igh hat , whi ch had been presented

to him by a Bri t i sh Officer, are s i l ver head -dress bands

(see On the left breas t i s h is George I I I medal (see

NO. over the shou lder i s the bead and snake-skin

shoulder bel t of h i s Counc i l Pouch ( see NO . on the

right breast are s trings Of whi te and purple, Counci l wam

pum , and below these a stri ng of d i sc money wampum

(see 278, on the right s ide are si lver wa ughasees or

gorgets of French hal f-moon shape (see No . also theround si l ver bel t medal of Tecumseh (see No . I n

the hand i s the Chief s tomahawk and pi pe (see No . 157)a nd s i lverwri st le ts on h i s arms .

Daguerreotype of Old Ind ian Ch ief Johnson .

Implement for St r iking Fl int .

Ancient Fi remaker or Strike-a -Light of steel,

Chippewa , used for s trik ing fi re on fl in t s, the sparks ign i t

i ng a smal l p iece of punk .

”

357. Tecumseh Belt Medal .

Thi s bel t medal , fou r i nches i n d iameter , i s made Of a

pl ate of com S i l ver bearing the Royal M int mark , deeplymou lded a t the edges and the surface hand engraved .

Obverse— Arms of Great Bri tai n . Reverse— Plain , withtwo loops for fasten ing to the bel t o r Counc i l wampum .

Six of these meda l s were made by royal order at the min t .The one in quest ion was presented to Tecumseh byGeneral S i r I saac Brock , a t Fort Malden ,Western Canada ,by order of George I I I . These bel t medal s were made indifferen t shapes , some the shape of a heart and some

octagonal . Duri ng a vi s i t to the Garden River Reserve

i n Algoma D i st ri c t , Western Canada , Mr . McC lurg reports

one of these bel t medal s in the shape of a heart . I t had

been presen ted to Chief Sayers, an old Indian who took

part i n the Wa r of 1812—15, together with two othermedal s

,a George I I I , 1814 , large s i ze , and a large si ze

George I I I Of 1812. The presen t C h ief Sayers states

that the heart-Shaped bel t medal was presented to hi s

BELT MEDAL OF TECUMSEH .

father by General B rock on accoun t of h i s being head

Ch ief of the Northern warriors . The Old C h ief al so re

ceived a brass tomahawk or pipe Of pea ce’

from the

General,bu t no t race of i t can be found .

Antelope Horns .

U sed by med ic i ne men for bleed ing and cuppi ng. The

blood was sucked ou t th rough the larger horn .

St ring of Wampum (wh i t e and purple) and glas s beads .

See 278 .

St r ing of Wampum Ind ian Money .

String of Apache Ind ian money , New Mexi co , each

d ivi s ion value of a pony . See 278, Northern Ind ianWam

pum .

St r ing of Large Coloured G lass Beads .

Engl i sh importat ion for t rading with the Ind ians

late r period .

St rings of Wh i te, B lue and Black Beads .

Three stri ngs glass beads, white , blue and black .

Exchanged by French wi th Ind ians i n fu r t rad ing. Early

period .

MED IC INE MAN ’S “ SHAKER .

Med icine Man’s “ Shaker ,

” made of toes of whi te deerhoofs .

The wh i te deer was always,as al ready not i ced , con

sidered sacred by the I nd ians;hence to faci l i tate thei rpassage to the Happy Hunt ing Ground

,th i s shaker ”

was u sed over dying persons .

Tecumseh ’s Brass Compass .

H i sto ry of the Tecumseh Brass Compass , as given

by an Ind ian woman , named “W inn ipegoosquaw ,a

member of the Shawnee T ri be of I nd ian s who resided i nWestern Canada on the River St . C la i r.

C hief Tecumseh joi ned forces with General Si r I saacBrock i n August , 1812 , near Amherstburg, Canada .

Duri ng a conversat ion between Tecumseh and General

Brock, the la tter drew from h i s pocke t a small brasscompass . Tecumseh immediately asked General Brock

what o ’clock i t was , and was told the hou r when the

Genera l looked at h i s watch . The Ch ief observed that

t he General carried two watches, whereas he had none .

The General smi l i ngly handed C h ief Tecumseh the brass

compass . The gift was , of cou rse , graciously a cknow l

edged by Tecumseh however , i t was not long before he

di scovered h i s watch was always ind icat ing the same time .

Afterwards be summoned one of h i s t rusty warriors , Chi ef

Oshawana ,and hand ing h im the compass requested that

i t shou ld be kept in a place of safety for h im . I t was en

graved by Sewel l , a local j ewel le r in Detroi t , at the request of Oshawa na after the death Of Tecumseh .

Tecumseh ’s Brass Tomahaw k and Peace Pipe.

Thi s tomahawk was presented to Ch ief Tecumsehby order of General S i r I saac B rock , on the Detroi t

River at Fort Ma iden or Amherstburg inWestern Canada ,on the occasion of Tecumseh and hi s warriors concluding

to j oi n forces wi th the B rit i sh sold iers . Some hal f dozen of

th i s pattern Of tomahawk and pipe of peace had been made

by royal order of George I I I , and sen t to Ameri ca to bepresented to the Head Ch i efs of any Tribes of Ind ians who

migh t joi n forces wi th the Bri t i sh against the Americans .Tecumseh had thiS ' tomahawk i n h i s bel t beh ind h i s bel t

medal when he was k il led at the battle Of the River

Thames in Wes tern Canada . Oshawana , Tecumseh’s

ch ie f warri or, removed the bel t medal and the tomahawk

from hi s body as he was lean ing up against a t ree

when he had received h i s fi rst wound . Variou s t radit ions

are extan t as to the final detai l s of the death Of Tecumseh,

bu t the general concl us ion i s tha t h i s foll owers carried

away and concea led h i s body so that i t m ight not fal l i n to

the hands of h i s foes .

Claws of Ow l .

Port ra i t of “Was igezeegoqua ,”

w i fe of Tecumseh .

(Mr. McC lurg) .

Horn Spoon , made by Blackfeet I nd ians .

371 . Tahwah Lit t le Ind ian Idol , Walpole I sland .

Chi ef Shaughonose of the Tahwah Tri be of I nd ians onthe St . C la i r River i n Western Canada , i s reported to havegiven the fol lowing h i story of the l i tt l e wooden god orGreat Spi ri t :

“ This l it t le wooden image has been handed down i nou r fami ly from Al igognoyenk , my great grandfather, who

was a great Pagan and Head Chi ef of the Tahwah Tribe .He was the great Ch ief who went in search Of the

Happy Hunt ing Ground ” i n the West . He was away

very many moons and t ravel l ed a very great d i stance unti lthe l i tt le spi r i t prevented h is gett ing any further by plac ing

i n front of h im the great water and throwing sal t i n th e

water so the C h ief and h i s fol lowers cou ld not drink i t .They retu rned i n thei r canoes and the Chi ef was much di sheartened to th i nk he cou ld not even look across the great

waters and see the Happy Hun ting Ground . After mygreat-grandfather retu rned and reported to the otherI nd ians h i s unsuccessfu l miss ion a great Coun ci l of a l l theI ndians was cal led and i t was dec ided to bu ry wi th each

Indian who died a sufli cien t quanti ty Of food , water, etc . ,to take them over th i s great sal t water i n safety . The

l i tt le box in which the l i ttl e Great Spi ri t i s kept was pre

sented to my grandfather,Wekeeshedance, by C 0 1. Leighton , a Bri t i sh Ofli cer . I am now a Chri st ian and give th i s

wooden image to ou r friend Mr. McC lurg.

Box which contained the Idol .

373 . Penn Wampum Belt Pouch .

Grass pouch i n wh ich the Penn Wampum Bel t was

kept . The tribal emblem Of the Tu rtl e i s worked in thefabri c on one side .

374 . Penn Wampum Belt

This bel t i s made of stri ngs of beads of shel l wampum,

th readed on bark and sinew thread . I t was obtai ned from

Ch iefWa ubuno (John P . Wampum ) at Muncey town , On

ta rio,i n 1887, by Mr.‘ McClurg and was stated to be an

Ind ian record Of what took place at the great Counci l i n

1682 , when the I nd ians ceded what i s now the State of

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friends of the unc ivili zed you must use them ki ndly andt ru s tfu l ly ,

’ and th is i s what I say too . I f you go amongthem wi th big guns and k i l l them th i s wi l l not make themfriend ly , bu t if you go wi th t he word of God i n you r handand t reat them accord ing to what i s there wri tten , youwi ll make friends in stead of enemies . And now , my

fri ends ,” he continued , I want to get my people educated ,

l i fted up,so that we can have nat ive teachers and misa

s iona r ies who can preach to ot hers salvat ion by Jesu s

Chri st and so I am in you r country to get you to help u s .I want to bu i l d a place for schoo l and for meet ings . We

had a l i t tl e room but i t was burn t down . W i ll you help u s ,Ch ri st ian Friends , to rai se abou t £300 for th i s objec t .

”

As the Old C h ief, with h i s arms ou ts tretched , and leaningforward

,concluded h i s patheti c appeal every heart was

moved and he took h i s seat amidst general tokens o t

sympathy.

He i s h ered i tary Ch ief of th e Muncey Tribe o f Dela

ware I ndian s now located Ou th e north -west shores of

Lake E ri e , i n the Domin ion of Canada . He i s the great

grandson of a Ch ief of a tribe wi th whom W i l l iam Pennmade the celebrated Treaty wi th the I ndian s, when he

founded the State of Pennsylvan ia . He i s a fine spec imen

of h i s race . Theworthy old Chief i s now in h i s seventy

second year. Att i red i n h is Ch ieftai n ’s dress, he presented

a un ique and impressive appearance . H is coat , moccas in sand shoes made of deer sk in , specially prepared , were

handsomely ornamented wi th bead work , the hand iwork

of one or more Of the women of h i s Tribe . On h i s head

was’

a huge coronet of eagles' feathers , t he exclu s ive

i nsign ia of Ch iefta i n sh ip ;sl ung across h is shou lder wa sh i s medic ine bag , where he al so carried the Penn Wam

pum Bel t, w h i lst i n h i s bel t was a form idable tomahawk

so const ructed that i t might al so be u sed as a calumet orpipe of peace . On h is breast was a large si l ver medal on

which was represen ted W i l l iam Penn and Ch iefWampum ’

s

great-grandfather hold ing friendly counci l together. Thismedal was given to h i s grandfather by order of GeorgeI I I

,when the treaty was renewed by the State of Penn

sylvania i n 1766. On the occasion of the renewal of th i streaty another wampum bel t was made

,and Chief

Wampum states h i s grandfather left i t for safe keepingwi th the Quaker Soc iety of Ph i ladelph ia

,Pa . A large

sum was raised for the good ol d man,who was overcome

by th i s as wel l as by other tokens Of good-wil l shown

towards h im . J us t before tak ing h i s departu re a party ofEngl ish fri ends , t h rough M r. D . Mi ll igan , presented the

old Chief wi th a smal l s i lver medal su i tably engraved .

On the occas ion of the last presentat ion the Chai rman

sa id : He was glad to be able to cal l Ch ief Wampum

h i s brother fOr he fel t h im to be such . (Applau se) . He was

int roduced to h im by h is honoured friend Froame Ta lfourd ,who for many years fi l led a prominent pos i t ion i n Canada ,having the oversight of a number of the I ndian Tribes .He assu red me he had known C h ief Waubuno or Wam

pum for more than forty years as a Chri stian and as a

total absta iner . That he acted as i nterpreter for Lord

Bury when in Canada , and that he rece i ved a s i lver medal

from the hands of the Pri n ce of Wales when vi s i t ing thatcountry . Moreover, he had in h is i ron safe at home

Offic ial documents of recogni t ion , and a certificate re

spect ing h im signed by Si r John A . Macdonald , theCanad ian Prime Min i ster. Therefore , you may rest as

sured of h i s genu ine cha racter. ”

G i lt Waughasee, French crescent shape . I n the cen tre

i n si lver i s a cock wi th outs tre tched wings .

S ILVER GORGETS . —The Indians were i n the hab i t Ofwearing “Wa ughasees

” or Tablets su spended upon the

breast as decorat ions . Early examples of these i n s tone

are seen i n Nos . 224 , 261 . The French i nt roduced tab

l ets of brass or s i lver made in the form of a crescen t w h ich ,from thei r sim i lari ty to those worn as protection for the

t hroat between t he helmet and the breast-pla te in su its of

armou r, th ey cal led “ gorgets . W i t h these and other

si lver trinkets they atta ined great success i n thei r deal ings

with the I nd ian tribes . Gorgets given to Chi efs had en

graved upon them the‘

to tem Of the Ch ief or t ribe , and some

t imes the name (376, 38 1, The French Waugha sees

are said to have been fi rst int roduced in 1693 . Some

Ch iefs had so many that they wore them in a long string

suspended from the neck to the waist . I n Tupper’s “ Life

of Brock , Tecumseh i s shown as wearing th ree Of t hese

crescent- shaped waugha sees . I n the l ikeness of Ch iefNa tahwa sh , Miskokomon Ch ief, given i n the “H i story of

the Ojebway I ndians, by Peter J ones, the Ch ief i s shown

wi th a fine st ring Of gorget s . Report was made of theadvantages of the d i stri but ion of these decorations and

under George I I I a supply was forwarded to America , these ,being made Ofco in si lver beari ng the offi cial Hal l mark ,

"

No . 385-8 , gained immediate preference and contributedto the improvemen t in fu r t rad ing and preserving the good

wi l l O i the I nd ians , whi ch the Engl i sh obtai ned . TheEngl ish wa ughasee i s more rounded than the French ,heavie r, and of purer metal . I n the wars i n whi ch the

Ind ians joi ned forces wi th the

Bri t i sh , t he I nd ian ofli cers used

t h e s e w a ug h a s e e s o n t h e i r

shoulders a s epaulet tes . Ch ief

J oseph Brant i s reported (Stone ,

3 3 2 Vo l. I I ) as wearing s i lver epaulettes i n 1780, and on an old

m i l i tary coat worn by the late

Ch ief Oshawa na du ring the war of 1812 a pai r of wangha

sees were st i l l attached to the shou lders by buckskin

st rings when taken out of h i s Old t ravel l i ng bag.

FRENCH CRESCENT WAUGHASEE

376. French Crescent -shaped Waughasee, two bosses w ith

ri ngs i nside for fasten ing— engraved with the Tahwah

totem— deer and hound .

877. French Crescent -shaped Waughasee, si lver , engraved

with a crown .

378. French Crescent -shaped Waughasee, si lver , engraved

w i th Ch ippewa totem—s qu i rrel .

379 . French Waughasee, s i lver, engraved wi th the Delaware

totem—a boar.

French'

Waughasee, engraved with Mohawk totem— a

mountain l ion .

—6“

381 . French Crescent eshaped Waughasee, engraved wi th

Ch ippewa totem— squ irrel .

French Waughasee, s i lve r, presen ted by the French to

Ch ief Osceola of the C herokee Tribe of I nd ians about

1772 engraved wi th the flower totem , and Osceola .

383. French Waughasee, si lver, presen ted by the French to

Ch ief Osceola of the Cherokee Tribe about 1772. Flowe r

totem . Engraved Osceola .

”

384 . French Waughasee, s i lver, presented to Ch i ef Osceola

Of Cherokee Tri be Of I nd ians , by the French abou t 1772 .

Sachem totem .

English Waughasee, s i lver, Hal l marked ;engraved onfront wi th Royal Arms of George I I I , above “ G . R

below i s th e i n script ion “ Loyal

C hief Outa c i te Cherokee warrior .

Engl ish Waughasee, s i lver, Hal l

marked , engraved on front wi th

Royal Arms of George III.

Engl ish Waughasee, s i lve r, Hal l

marked , engraved on wi th Royal

Arms of George 111 .

Engl i s h W augh as ee of Ch i ef

Joseph Brant , s i lver, Hal l marked ,engraved wi th Royal Coat of Arms , ENGL ISH WAUGHASEE .

George I I I;above i s G . R . and

be low the i n script ion , as ordered by H is Royal H ighness ,Presented to Ch ief Joseph Bran t by George I I I , on the

occasion of h i s vis i t to E ngland . On the sides are en

graved the unus ual add i t iona l decorati ons of a tomahawk

enci rc led wi th a lau re l wreath , and a t rophy of the Union

Jack and mil i tary weapons .

} S i lver Head-Dress BandsSi lver head-dress bands , brooches , etc . , were early

used by the Du tch , French and Engl i sh in t rad ing‘

w i t h

th e I nd ians . Some have considered that they were the

work of the Indians themselves , bu t the shape and work

manshi p would i nd icate European origin . The long si lver

bands enci rc led the fi l l et i n which were placed the eagle ’s

and other feathers of a Ch ieftain ’s head-dress . (See eu

graving Penn ’s Treaty , No . 511 and Nos . 62, Smallerbands were used as armlets . A bri sk t rade was carried

on by the Dutch and French w ith the Five Nati ons Tribes

between 1610-1700 . The si l ver earrings and buckles i n

the col lect ion were mainly obtai ned from the Ojebway or

Chippewa Ind ian s , Munceytown , Ontario . Some are

qui te art i st i c i n shape . I n the case contain ing rel i cs fromthe Old fort at Chri st ian I slands burned i n 1649 and

abandoned by the Jesu i t Fathers and

Hurons a re two excel lent examples , NOS .

445, 446 of si lver sun d i sc brooches .

See al so 154 .

397. S i lver Roman Cat hol ic Scapula , found

i n ancien t Indian ’s grave on WalpoleI sland .

398. Ind ian S inew Thread , used for sewing

and s tringing beads and wampum .

399 . Med icine Pouch .

S ILVER BUCKLE .

S ILVER BUCKLE . S ILVER BUCKLE .

S i lver Buck le, eight bal ls .

S i lver Buckle, c i rcu la r, e igh t bal l s .

S i lver Buck le, perforated pattern .

S i lver Earr ings with blue s tones , Ch ippewa Indian woman ’s , Munceytown .

S i lver Earrings , green glass .

S i lver Buckles , seven pla in c i rcular .

Si lver Buckles , si x octagonal , perforated .

S i lver Buckle, large pla i n c i rcu lar .

S i lver Buck le, large , perforated , crescent edging .

S iver Buck le, la rge , scol loped edgi ng, perforated wi thten ci rc les .

Breast Ornamen ts , two large flat ci rcular,perforated

pat tern , used al so as earrings .

4 0 8S I LVER BUCKLE . BREAST ORNAMENT .

Breast Ornament , large s i l ver , scol loped edges , the

su rface engraved i n sc rol l patterns and perforated inc i rcular and heart - shaped open ings .

INDIAN WAR CLUBS .

Some of these war clubs are actual originals ;others ,copies made by I nd ians in Canadian Reservat ions fromtrad i tional types . T he early stone axe heads and the

wood knots (No . 142 of Chief Sh ingwauk , 150 , 416) show

how the Ind ian adapted to spec ial u se the materia l wh ichnatu re had provided . T he i ron heads of the French period

(No . 157. 159 of C hief Mi skokomon , No . 427) are a furtheradvance . Fla t clu bs , having an angle or e lbow, were used

pri ncipa l ly when attend ing counc i lsw See No . 124 , 415.

CASE 2 0

411 . Medicine Man’s “ Shaker ,

” tu rt le body enclosing dri ed

bones and corn . See 177.

4 12 . War Club , bal l headed , Six Nat ions .

413 . St one Tomahaw k , with wooden handle .

T h i s , 4 17 and 423 show the method of attaching handlesby wi thes to stone axe heads . See 205 .

4 14 . War Club , Oneida , a snake hold ing the bal l at head i n i tsmou th .

IND IAN WAR CLUBS AND TOMAHAW KS .

415. E lbow War Club , i ron blade i nserted . Hawk totem ofOneida band .

416. War Club , bal l head of hardwood knot , grip handle .

417 . Large S t one Ax e and wood handle . New England .

418 .

420} St one Skinn i ng Tools .

421 . Handcuffs said to have been those placed on L oui s Riel

when taken pri soner .

;m_

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I do hereby certi fy that the Bearer , Skayentagheugh

al i as J oh n Bearsfoot , a war chiefof the Onondaga tribe , behaved wi th d i sti ngui shed bravery and stead iness th roughout the late war wi th the Un i ted States of North America

and was severely wounded i n the back and in the face at

the Bat t l e of Queenston on t he 13t h October , 1812 , andsin ce that t ime says he sufl

'

ers great i nconven ience from

the wound i n h i s back .

“ I have been in formed by several half pay offi cers

that he joi ned the Bri t i sh standard i n the early pa rt of the

fi rst Ameri can war and on every occas ion hi s bravery andfidel i ty were conspi cuous .

Mohawk V i l lage , Grand River, Upper Canada , 2 8 t h J une , 1 8 1 2 .

J . BRANT , late of I nd ian Dept .

REL ICS FROM THE FRENCH FORT AT CHRIST IANISLANDS .

CASE 15

429 . St one Ax e Head .

430. Iron Wedge. Thi s and the arti cl es t o No . 504 were ex

cavated September 7th , 1902 , from the old French Fort

on C hri s tian I slands , Georgian Ba v, which was set on fi re

and abandoned by the Jesu i t Fathers and Huron I nd ians

i n 1649 . At the period when these implemen t s were

brought ou t from France by the Jesu it m iss ionaries to

assi st i n promoting the welfa re of thei r I nd ian charges,

the voyage across the Atlanti c occupied months of sai l ing

i n small and ventu resome vessel s . From Quebec to Lake

Huron the transport would be by canoe and over long and

weary portages on the i nner wa ter courses . These t ools

would be worth wel l n igh thei r weight in gold before they

reached thei r destina t ion at the Fort , apart from thei r

value to the nat i ve I nd ians who only through them

emerged from the previously exi st i ng stone period .

THE STORY or THE FRENCH M ISS ION .~ —From the ad

ven t o f t he French to Canada , the ir m iss ionaries hadfollowed thei r fu r t raders i n thei r expedit i on s into the far

in teri or and had endeavou red to spread Christ ian i ty

among the I nd ians. The Algonquins and Hurons occupy

ing the northern d i stri ct of the St . Lawrence and great

i n land lakes had , s i nce the advent of Champlai n i n 1613 ,received them among them . The I roquoi s of the southern

shores , and what i s now the State of New York , were the

fierce and unremi tt i ng enemies of the French and of the

north ern I ndian Tribes . These rel i cs,dug up in Sep

tember, 1902 , from the s i te of the old Jesu i t m iss ion on

the C hri s t ian I slands, bear the memories of a self-sacrific ing efi

‘b rt and the clos ing of a momentous period . No

more th ri l l i ng books of adven tu re and deeds of valou rexi st than the works of Parkman

,and among them the

early h i story of early Ontario as contai ned i n the volume ,“ The J esu i ts i n North America . The hi st ory of the

pla ce from which t hese rel i cs came may wel l be noted .

The Hu ron s l i ving i n the i nt erior of what i s now Ontarioa nd on the shores of the great “ Fresh Sea " of Lake

Huron were vi l lagers , t i l le rs of the soi l , fu r hunters andt raders . The I roquoi s were a race of conquerors and

fighters . For years t he I roquoi s had constant ly harried

t he northern Tri bes by frequent i ncu rs ions along t he

routes of the Humber River and the T rent Valley to Lake

S imcoe and the north . I n 1648, they took the warpath in

st i l l greate r force , d ri vi ng the’

now thoroughly cowed

Hurons before them . The Ind ian vi l lages were one after

the other devasta ted or abandoned . St . Loui s, the

French J esu i t m iss ion , was stormed and destroyed and

t he missi onaries La leman t and Breboeuf found marty rdom

a t the hands of the I roquois (a chu rch to thei r memory has

beeni

erected at Penetanguishene ). Al l was over with the

Hu rons Thei r other forts having al l been destroyed the

Jesu i ts found themselves obl iged to abandon Ste . Marie ,t hei r last foothold i n the main land , and determined to

ret i re to the great Man i tou li n I sland as being nearer the

French River and the Ottawa , thei r connect ing route with

Quebec . C lose to the mainland of the Hu ron count ry and

nea r the entrance of Ma tcheda sh Bay , Lake’

Hu ron , are

three I slands,Fai th , Hope and Chari ty , now known as

the Chri st ian I slands . At the ea rnest ent reaty of the

—69.

defeated Hu rons , the mi ss ionaries agreed to remainamong them and with t hem seek refuge on these I slands .Destroying “ S te. Marie " they set out , and landing on

the largest erected there a new chapel and fort cal ledby them “ St . Joseph . Du ring t he winter they werejoi ned by from six to eigh t thousand of the expatriat ed

nat ives . Huddled together in bark hovel s,over- crowded

,

and short of food , famine and pest i len ce soon raged i nthei r m idst . I n the spring the I roquoi s were again upon

them— on the i sland was famine , on the shore thei r

deadl ies t enemies . Forced by thei r necessi ti es, the

Huron s determ ined to leave the I sland and find refuge

in the fores t s on t he main land , or seek sa fety byadoption wi th the I roquoi s . The missi onaries endea v

oured to persuade them to ret i re wi th them to the north

and t o Quebec,but th e I nd ians determ ined to face t he

per i ls nea rer home . Rel uctantly the pri ests then preparedt o l eave Fort S t . J oseph , a nd on the 10 th of June, 1649 , i n

canoes , accompanied by al l the i r French fol lowers and

about 300 Hu rons , set out on thei r voyage . The val iant

and sel f-denying labou rs of forty-five years came to an end ,the J esu i t m iss ion to the Hurons was abandoned , and theseare some of the rel i cs of thei r martyred enterpri se . The

I roquoi s pursued the l i t t le company along the shores of

the Georgian Bay . Lake N ip i ssi ng they found desolated .

On the Ottawa again they were attacked;even'

a t Mon

t real the Hu rons feared they were too near the I roquoi s

and so the remnan ts of the band were brought to Quebec ,where , after many vi c i ss i tudes , they at length became in

t ermingled wit h t he I nd ians of Lorette . Of the remain ing

Hurons none were left wi th in thei r ancien t domain . Onebody moved to the south of Lake Ontario and were incor

pora ted i n the Senecas ;the Tobacco nation wandered

beyond the M issi ssippi,and others becoming Wyandottes

sought refuge near Detroi t , and i n the subsequen t wars

fought on the side o t the French . Naught rema ins of theHurons except thei r h i story and the ashes of thei r numer

ous vi l lages in the pen insu la of Ontario .

St one Ch i sel . 432 . Iron Wedge .

Iron Hinge.

Seal Charm .

St one Tomahaw k.

Hasp of Bolt Lock .

Fi remaker . See No . 356.

Fragment of Pot t ery ,

genu ine I nd ian . Door Bolt .

Spearhead .

Smal l St one Py rami d .

Iron Hand le.

Piece Of Ir Oblong ‘

Large Na i l or WedgePiece of old i ron Lock .

Door Handle.

S i l v e r S u n D i s c , o r

breast ornament .

S i l v e r Su n D i s c , o r

breast ornament .

Very interesting ex

amples of early French

manufac tu re . See “Si l

ver Ornamen t s , No .389 .

Clay Pipe Head .

Small Iron1Ax e or Ch isel

P iece of Iron Lock .

Piece of Copper Ket t le .

Mar ine Compass from the old“Russel l sunk near Gore

Bay i n 1860 .

Brass Ammun i t ion , blank cartri dge Enfield -Snider rifle ,

Ind ian Pot tery , Moosehead Landi ng, Ontario .

Indian Pot t ery , near Sarnia , Ontario .

451 . S quare'

cut out of Cop

per Ket t le.

452. 5 Pieces of Iron,l ike

l ock .

456 . Kn ifie.

457 . Hi nge.

458 .

459 .

460 . Iron Hand le for tub orpai l .

461 . Old Lock .

124

}464 . P iece of Old Hinge .

465 . Part ly made Sick le .

466. Pieces of old Hinge.

467. Indian Hammer St one .

See notes on HammerStones , No . 193 .

468 . Ind ian Hammer S t one.

469 . Old Musket Barrels .

470 . Iron S pade.

471 .1 St eel Axes of o ld French503-1 pattern .

504 . St one Ax e .

Beaded Saddle Mat , N .W .T . See Indian Bead Work ,No . 63 .

510 . Brant Trunk . Thi s old trunk crossed the Atlant i c twice

wi th Captain Joseph Bran t and once with h i s son JohnB rant . Obtained from Catherine Porter of Ohsweken ,

grand -daughter of Captain B ran t .

511 . Engrav ing of Penn ’s Ind ian Treat y , 168 2 . Line en

graving, dated 1775, by John Hare , from the original

pain ting by Benj . West , the property of Thomas Penn .

Wm . Penn i n Quaker costume i s represented trad ing withthe Ind ians . See 374 .

512 . Collect ion of M i li tary But t ons of war 1812-15,of the

Canadian M il i t ia , Bri t i sh Regulars and American regiments;dug up on the batt le-field s of the N iagara Pen insula .

513 . Old Bay onet s'

of ear ly War

Rel i cs from the Bri t i sh gunboa t sunk in the Rive rT hames

,near C hatham ,

Ontario , in 1814 , and recentlyrai sed .

514 . Grape and Can ist er Ba l ls .

515. Wooden Fender .

516. Shel l , 4 4 -Pounder .

517. Cannon Bal l , l z -Pounder .

218°

}Cannon Ba lls , 6-Pounder .

520 . Diamond-backed Rat t ler ,” Florida .

521 . Ind ian Snow shoes .

522. Old Engl ish Specie Box , made of Engl ish oak , put together with hand-made copper nai l s , was used for bri ngingmoney from England for T reasu ry expendi tu res i n Upper

Canada .

523 . Large Hand Forged Sca les brough t ou t by the North

West Trad ing C ompany and t ransferred by them to the

Hudson Bay Company and used for weigh i ng furs at t he

old trad ing post near La cloche .

St eeri ng Padd le (on floor) .

525 . Pa ir of Lions , carved in ebon y , from Burma .

Brass Spear Heads (2 ) for ceremonial staves , characterist ic peacock design , Burma .

527. Wooden Bow l (on floor) .

528 . Easel , from Florence .

Carved Sanda l Wood Figures (2) Ladies of Burma .

INDIAN WEAPONS'

AND FIREARMS .

T hese are in terest i ng as showing how the I nd ian heldto h i s old shoot i ng i ron and mended and re-mended i t

to th e best of h i s abi l i ty. Some date far back into t helast

centu ry and have been changed from thei r old “ fl i n t lock “

condit ion when percuss ion caps were introduced . Thesmal l powder horns were principal ly u sed for the fine

priming powder which , after the weapon had been loaded ,was put i nto the "‘

priming pan" and igni ted by the sparks

from t he fl in t .CASE 30

530 . Long Wooden Q uiver with handle ou tside for hold ingarrows .

531 . Decorat ed War Club , St . C ruz I sland .

Long Cavalry Sw ord and scabbard of the 1812 period .

S t . Cruz Machet e and sheath for cu tt ing sugar cane .

F i j i Clubs wi th flattened round metal heads decorated

wit h feathers for war and ceremonial pu rposes .

Fi j i Club with i ron head set wi th spikes .

Figured Toy Weapon .

Bund le of Fi j i Arrow s .

Helmet of lat e Sergeant Macfarlane , 5th Heavy Dra

goon Guards , Cr imea .

Pow der Horn ofChiefKegedonce, South Bay Reservat ion .

544 . Pow der Horn with the names of “ Captain Robert Cook ,and “ D . S ta rnama n , h i s son - in- law

,cu t on the

horn .

545. Pow der Horn of Chief Kegedonce , South Bay I ndianReservati on .

548 .

549 .

551 . Copper Pow der Flask , MajorW i nnett , D rummond Island ,Superintendent of Ind ians i n 1812 .

} Spade Bay onet and trench ing tool u sed i n the U .S . army .

F l int Lock Pist ol of Captain Joseph B rant . B rass octagon

barrel marked “London” and brass mountings . Received

from Mr . C . T homas , Wel l i ngton Square , the former homeof Capta in Bran t .

FL INT LOCK P ISTOL— JOS . BRANT

Pistol , double barrel shotgun cut down .

Fl int Lock English Duel l ing Pis t ol , plat i num mountings;fine sample . From Chief Pe towegesic ,

Walpole I sland .

Navy Revolver , Savage pattern, 1856, from Thessalon

River Reserve .

Horse Pist ol , Ameri can percu ss ion , 1850 , club stock .

Percuss ion Revolver , long rifle barrel , sel f cocker .Major W i nnett , D rummond I sland .

Colt ’s Percuss ion Revolver , earl i est pattern . B l i nd

River, Missa sagua Reserve .

Pocket Pist ol , smooth bore , concealed trigger . Oshweken ,

Six Nati on Reserve .

L 74_

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S ingle Barrel Percuss ion Shot Gun , brass guard , stockgnawed by animals . I n i tial s S .A .

S i nglejBarrel Percuss ion S hot Gun , barrel much used ,l ock added late r.

Fl int Lock Tower Fl asket and Bayonet , scrol l guard ,ea rly George I I I . I n i t ials 1780 , on stock , said tohave been the property of Captain B ran t .These fl i n t lock muskets are such as were used by the

t roops under Wol fe at Lou i sbu rg and the capture of Quebec

,afterwards th rough the Revol ut ionary Wa r , 1775-81 .

T hey carried about 200 yards and were a poor match

agai nst h unt i ng rifles . The Tower of London wa s for along period the arsenal and i ssu ing department for Bri t

i sh mi l i tary stores . The word Tower ” i s impressed onal l arms that passed it s i nspection .

F l int Lock Tow er l’

l usket and Bay onet . George IIItype . 315 t Regiment Regu lars , 1812 .

Fl int Lock Tow er l‘

l usket and Bay onet , brass sight ,18 12 type , Fort George , N i agara. Type u sed by bo t h

Ameri ca ns and Bri t i sh i n war 1812- 1815.

At the attack made by the Ameri can s upon the old

town of York (now Toron to ) on 27th Apri l , 1813 , t he

t roops landed from the fleet on th e shores of the H umber

Bay . General Pike of the Ameri can forces was on one of

the ships watch ing the land ing , which was taki ng place

under fi re from the I nd ians under Colonel Givens and the

8th Regiment i n the woods and on the banks a round the

shore . Noti ci ng a hesi tancy after h i s t roops had reachedthe beach t he General j umped i n to a boat and made forthe land . Afterwards he gal lan tly led h is men th roughout

the attack , which lasted al l day from the Humber th rough

Fort Roui l le to the Garri son C reek , finally los ing h i s l i fe by

the explosion of the magazi ne when the Bri t i sh , overcome

by the superio r numbers of 4 to I , blew up the“Old Fort

and reti red . The apparent hes i tancy had been caused by

the offi cer i n command giv ing hi s men the order to “prime ,and halt i ng for th e pu rpose . I n these old fl i n t lock arms

the fine priming powder was put i n the priming pan

—76

after the gun was loaded . Smal l powder horns served

for th is , bu t the u se of a “ pricker ” i n the touch holeand a rap on the butt u sua l ly su fficed for the mi l i ta ry

muskets . I t i s sa id the men acqu i red suffi cient celeri ty

to be able to fi re two shots i n a minute .

At the taking of Quebec , 1759 , the Bri ti sh on thePlains of Abraham reserved thei r fi re unt i l with in 40

yards of thei r adversari es , and the two vol leys they thenfi red at th i s short range did such damage as to decidethe day .

Much the same th ing occurred at the battle of Cow

pens ,"17th January , 1781 , i n theWa r of I ndependence . T he

Congress t r0 0 ps had been changing thei r formation , and themovement had been mistaken by the Bri t i sh for a retreat .

SMALL POWDER HORN .

Suddenly they faced round and del i vered a deadly volley

withi n th i rty yard s with su ch effec t that the Bri t i sh,who

were fol lowing i n hea dlong impetuosi ty, were th rown into

confusion and a charge from Morgan ’s caval ry completed

the tu rn ing poi nt of the day . See No . 589 .

W i th the long d istance weapon ofmodern t imes the con

testa n ts begin to feel one another’s fi re when a mi le

away . These fl i n t locks come from the t ime when menreserved thei r fi re unti l they could see the wh ites of one

another ’s eyes .

574 . Long Barrel , Full Wood , Percuss ion Shot Gun , origin

al ly a fl i nt l ock al tered .

576. Fl int Lock Trade Hunt ing Piece, brass mount i ngs , I nd ianbow and arrow engraved on lock . Stock shortened .

577. Long Bow , Fij i I sland .

578 .

579 .}Wooden Throw ing Spears , Fij i .

580 . Long Bamboo Th row i ng Arrow , Fij i .

587 . 1FIJI Arrow s .

CONGRESS IONAL BRON"E I'lEDALS .

Congressi onal bronze medals , i ssued by the Congressof the U n i ted States commemorat ive of the services ofthe i r General s i n the Wa r of 1812-15.

The Wa r of 1812- 15 between the B ri ti sh and the Un ited

States i s no exception to ‘ the i nvariable ru le that theaccounts of engagemen t s \be tw een contest ing forces in

war vary accord ing to the poin t of view from whi ch they

are taken . Some engagements even va ry i n name a nd

natu ral ly the su ccesses rewarded on the one side are no t

rewarded on the other . T he events of that war have

long since passed i nto hi story . Duri ng the almost one

hundred years that have i nte rvened,the nat ional i t ies , i n

days previou s to the Wa r of Independence un i ted under

the same government bu t then pol i t i cal ly separated forever, have learned to understand one a nother better and

have j oi ned hands for the fu rtherance of peace and

advancement throughout t he wor l d . No more poten t

power work ing for good and fraterni ty exi sts than our“ I ndependent Order of Foresters . I t s influences are

world-wide . I t s members are not only i n the Un ited

States and the Dom in ion of Canada , on both sides'

of

the l i ne i n Ameri ca,bu t al so i n Great B ri tai n and al l Eng

l i sh - speaking peoples in other parts of the globe . No

better i n stance of th i s heart fel t un ion of in terest and

brotherly ent ry i nto one another 's feel ings can be given

than by the proved acti ons of the members of ou r Order.

When the ci t i zens of the U ni ted States sent thei r brothers

i n arms to serve thei r count ry i n the Span ish war, the

wi th t rue patrioti sm,and fatherly care for the

fami l i es of thei r brothers , carri ed al l thei r members ser'

v

i ng at the fron t in t he Un i ted States armies, wi thou t any

increase of premium . And so agai n when thei r brothers

from Canada , Great Bri tai n and Aus tralasia wen t ou t to

serve thei r Queen and country i n South Afri ca , the I .O . F .

granted the same advantages to al l sold ier members i n

the field . Bette r evidence of t rue brotherhood cannot begiven , nor the val ue of Internati onal Fraterni ty for the

protec tion of the Home and the welfare of the na t ions beshown t o be more fu l ly appreciated .

CASE 19

Commemorat ive Medal of battl e of Wyoming , 1778 .

Representat ion of battle between Ind ians and Whi tes .

589 . Commemorat ive Medal of bat tl e of Cowpens , Sou th

Carol i na , 1 7t h January , 1781 , when General Morga n defeated Colonel Tarleton . Obverse , I nd ian hold ing lau rel

wreath over the head of the vi c tori ou s General . Inscr ip

ti on,

“Da n iel M orga n , D uci E x ercz'

tus . Reverse , pi ct or ia l representa ti on of the batt le , General on horseback

leading charge against retreat ing enemy . I nsc ription ,Vi ctor i a L iber ta t z

’

s Vi n dex .

590 . Major-General Jacob Brow n , 1 8 1 4 . Obverse,l i keness

of the General i n un i form reverse,martial trophy of arms

and flags supporting fasces , on i t a wreath of lau rel , from

which suspend th ree tablets marked “ N i agara , E rie ,Chippewa ;i n the foreground an Ameri can eagle withrai sed wings standing upon the Bri t i sh colours . Legend .

Battles of Ch ippewa , J u ly 5th , 1814 N iagara , J uly 25 th ,

1814 ;E rie , September, 17th , 1814 . Resolu t ion of Con

gress, November 8th , 1814 .

591 . Major-Genera l E . W . Ripley , 1 8 14 . Obverse , profi l el ikeness of the General i n uni form . Reverse, a palm treeupon wh ich Fame , hold ing a trumpet and wreath of lau reli n the righ t hand , i s wi th the left placi ng a sh ield having

on i t the names ,“ Chippewa , N iagara , E rie . Legend ,

“Bat tles of C hippewa , J uly 5th , 1814;N iagara , J u ly 25th ,

1814 E rie , August 16th , September 17th , 1814 Resolut ionof Congress , November 8th , 1814 .

592 . Br igadier-General James Mi l ler , 1 8 1 4 . Obverse , l ike

ness of the Genera l in un iform ;reverse , scene of Bat tleof N iagara executed i n great detai l , showing the Americans charging up the h i l l , a battery of a rt i l lery i n the foreground . Legend , Batt les of Chippewa , J u ly 5th , 1814

N iagara , J uly 25t h , 1814 ;E ri e , September 17th , 1814 .

Resolut ion of Congress, November 8th , The bat tl eof N iagara i s known in Canadian tH is tory as

“ Lundy 's

Lane .

Major-General W i lliam H. Harr ison , 18 1 8 . Obverse ,l i keness of the General i n un iform reverse , mil i tary trophy

of halberts,muskets and pennons , on which i s suspended

a table t bearing the words of Fort Meigs , Battle of the

Thames . A draped figure of Valou r placing a wreath of

lau rel on the t rophy and holding i n righ t hand a spear

rest i ng on a sh ield decorated wi th the Un ited States Stars

and Stripes . Legend , “ Battl e of the T hames , October

5th , 1813. Resolu t ion of Congress , Apri l 4 th , 1818 .

Governor Isaac Shelby , 18 1 8 . Obverse , l i keness of t heGeneral . Reverse

,representat ion in great deta i l of battl e

i n the woods , represent ing caval ry charging in to a l ine ofi nfantry . Legend , “ Battle of the T hames , October 5 th ,1813. Resol ut ion of Congress , Apri l 4 th , The

batt le of the Thames is known in Canadian H i story as

Morav ian Town .

Colonel George Croghan , 1 83 5 . Obverse , l ikeness of

the Colonel i n un i form . Legend , Presented by Congress

to Colonel George C roghan , Reverse , representat ion i n great detai l of B ri ti sh troops i n l i ne attack ing

stockade , flanked by block houses , over wh ich the Un i ted

States flag i s flying . I n the d istance are the shores o f

Lake Ontario and three vessel s . Legend above,

“ Pa rs

magn a f u z’

t”

( I n wh i ch he took a great part) . Battl e of

Sandusky , 2nd August , 1813 .

MEDALS OF COLONIAL PERIOD.

Penn ’s Treat y Commemorat ive Meda l . I ssued i ncommemorati on of t he fi rst treaty of 1682 . Obverse

,

Penn deal ing wi th the Ind ians . Reverse , T reaty of 1682 .

U nbroken Faith .

Ki t tann ing Medal , 1 756 .

The Delaware tri be of I nd ian s i n the early struggles

between the Engl i sh colon ies and the French fough t upon

the French s ide . Thei r headquarters were III the I nd ian

vi l lage of Kittann ing , wi th i n 45 miles of Fort Duquesne,

now Pi ttsbu rg. From here they harried the border landsof the Bri t i sh colony of Pennsylvan ia

,attack ing and

scalp ing the settlers . A body of volunteers was led byColonel J ohn Armstrong across the Alleghan ies to attackthe Delawares and avenge t hei r compatrio ts . For destroy

i ng the vi l lage of Ki ttann ing, the Corporat ion of the c i ty

of Ph i ladelph i a vo ted honours and medals to him and h i s

gal lan t band . The State of Pennsylvan ia has given the

name Kittann i ng to the county wh i ch i ncl udes the battl e

field i n commemorat ion of the events wh ich took placewhen i t was a B ri t i sh colony .

Obverse , offi cers accompan ied by two men point ing toa sold ier fi ring under cover of a tree i n the background ,I ndian houses i n flames . Legend

,Kittann ing destroyed

by C0 1. Armstrong, September 8, 1756. Reverse , the

arms of the Corporat ion of Ph iladelphia . Legend “ The

gi ft of the C orporat ion of the C i ty of Phi ladelph ia .

George II Peace Medal , 1 757 . Bronze medal i ssued upon

renewal of the Penn Treat ies a nd peace between the

Pennsylvanians and the Indians i n 1757. Obverse , bus t of

George I I lau reated . Legend “ Georg i us I", Dei Gra t in .

Reverse , a whi te man i n the costume of the Soc iety of

Friends of Pennsylvan ia and an Ind ian seated beneath a

tree on opposi te sides of a Counci l fi re a decorated long

pipe of peace i s bei ng passed from one to the other .

Above i s shown the sun w i th expand ing rays . Legend ,Let us look to the Most H igh who blessed ou r fathers

wi th peace , 1757.

Bronze Medal lion;commemorat ing Vict ories in t he

French War , 1 7 59 .

Obverse,

figure of V i c tory supported by J usti ce and

Commerce . Reverse , the Royal Arms supporting an oval

on which i s a Fleu r-de- lys reversed . Legend , “N iagara ,J ohnson Guadeloupe ,

"Bari ng and Moore M inden ,

Ferd inand ;“ Lagos,

"Boscawen ;“C rown Point ,

"Am

herst ;“ Quebec , Wolfe , Monckton , Townsend , Hawke .

Bronze Meda l , I nd ian Travell i ng.

—81

Bronze Medal , Imperial Order of Red-men .

Bronze Token for Th ird-Class Passage. The first rai l

way opened in Canada was between Mont real and Lach inei n November, 1847. This bronze token , a l i tt l e larger thana hal f-penny , wi th a hole i n the middle l i ke the I ndianwampum

,was the fi rst ra i lway t i cket i ssued i n Canada .

Brock Bronze Token , 1 8 16 . At the conclusion of peace

i n 1815 , copper tokens were is sued local ly i n consequence

of the dearth of smal l cu rrency . Legend on one s ide ,1816, Success to commerce and peace to the world .

"

Reverse , cherubs crowni ng a funeral u rn . Legend , “ Si r

I saac Brock,hero of Upper Canada . General Brock was

in command at the capture of Detroi t and at QueenstonHe ights

,at whi ch latter engagement he lost h i s l i fe and a

monument has been erected to h i s memory.

Upper Canada Copper Tokens . Half-penny “ Plow

token , 1833 , “Colon ies and Commerce .

Nova Scot ia Rose ” Token , 1 856 .

Bronze Medal , commemorat ive of Bran t Memorial .

“ Foudroyant” Meda l , commemorat ive of Nelson ’s

favou ri te flag- ship .

Badge of “ Sold i e rs ' Total Abst i nence Association of

I nd ia .

Welcome Home Medal , C i ty of Toron to , given by

the C i ty to each member of the South African Conti ngentson thei r retu rn home from the war .

Badge Imper ia l Army and Navy Vet erans .

An Associa t ion formed i n Canada of residents who haveserved in the regu lar regiments of the Imperial Army and

now ret i red .

WAR MEDALS GRANTED TO CANADIAN M ILITIA .

A complete set of t he Imperial Wa r Medals which have

been gran ted to the Canad ian M il i t ia for act ive servi ce athome or on foreign service .

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V i c toria . Reverse , the Sph inx , above which the wordEgypt . C lasp ,

“ The N i l e , 1884 -1885 . Medal i ssued

to Boat 40 , J . Le B lan c Caughnawaga Det .

The Serv ice Medal , Canada . After a simi la r delay to

that i n the i ssue of the “ Wa r Medal , 1814 , t h i s wasgranted in 1898 to t he su rv ivors of the Canadian M il i t ia andImperial Regiments wh ich had been i n act i ve service i n

defence of th e frontier during the Fen ian Raid s or i n

the “ Red River Expedit ion ” under General Wolseley .

C lasps ,“ Fenian Raid

, 1866;Fenian Raid , 1870 ;Red

SERV I CE MEDAL , CANADA .

River , 1870 . Obverse , head of V i ctoria . Reverse , the

Canadian E nsign surrounded by a wreath of Maple . The

ensign bears the Un i on Jack i n the upper corner a nd‘

t he

Arms of Canada i n the cen tre of the fly of the flag.

The Nort hwest Canada fl edal . Granted in 1886 to men

who had served i n the Canad ian Northwest in 1885 i n

suppressi ng the Ri el Rebel l ion . The clasp “ Sa ska t che

wan was added to al l presen t at the actions "‘Fish

Cr eek , Apri l 26 th “ Ba toche , May 12th"

;“ Frenchman ’s Batt le , May 2 7th , 1 885. Medal wi th clasp i ssuedto T . How r ie , Guide , Scout and In terpreter.

—84

The Sout h African War l‘

l eda l . Granted in 1903 to al lmen of the Imperia l Army , and of the Canadian , Austral ian

and other Colonial Con tingents who had served i n t he

South Afri can Wa r , 1889-1902 . C lasps were added for allpri nci pal act ion s to the medals of the men who were

present at them . Obverse , profi l e of Queen Vi ctoria ,period 1900 . A lace vei l d raped over the head surmountedby a smal l Imperial c rown . Legend , “ Vi ctor i a Regi na

et Impera t ri x .

" Reverse , B ri tannia stand ing erect andholding a Un ion Jack i n th e left hand and wi th the right

extend ing a lau rel wreath over a column of Bri t i sh t roopsof the U n i ted Kingdom and Colonia l forces which i s

NORTH-W EST CANADA MEDAL .

marching past;a distant v iew of the sea-shore wit hbattle and sai l i ng ships at anchor. Legend , “South Afri ca .

Medal i ssued to a Canadian with C l asps , “ Cape Colony,Orange Free State

,Johannesbu rg, D iamond H i l l , Bel fast .

"

The Vict or ia Cross i s the h ighest recogni t ion i n the

Bri t i sh M i l i ta ry and Naval services for personal valou r, and

gran ted only for some except iona l a c t of devot ion i n t he

face of the enemy . I t i s made of bronze of captu red guns ,i n scri bed For Valou r , and has been won by all ranks of

men for notable services,such as swimming a river under

fire while carrying despatches , sav ing l i ves of comrades

under heavy ri sk , etc . Lieut. -COL, then Lieut . Dunn , a

Canad ian born in Toronto , was , by the vote of h i s comrades i n t he Charge at Balaclava, granted the V i c toria

C ross for conspi cuous gallan try in that memorable act ion,

being the only C ross granted for that engagement .Smal l copy for u se wi th undress uni form .

INDIAN CHIEFS ’ S ILVER MEDALS .

Large S i lver Ch ief’s Meda l , 1 9 0 1 . Presen t ed to each

Ind ian Head Ch ief by the Duke and Duchess of York at

the great meeting of the Indian T ri bes at Calgary , September 28 t h , 1901 .

Large S i lver l’

ledal , George III, early pattern .

Du ring the early wars between the th i rteen Bri t i s hcolon ies and the French , and al so duri ng the Revol ut iona ryWa r , 1775-80, s i l ve r medal s were granted by the B ri t i shto the C h iefs of I nd ian t ri bes i n recogn it ion of and to preserve thei r l oyalty. These were of la rge si ze si l ver ,diameter 3 i nches , with s il ve r ring for su spension from. theneck by a chain or cord . Obverse , profi l e l ikeness of theKing

,known as the “ young l ikeness , with hai r d ressed

in the manner of the Georgian period , powdered andbrushed back from the forehead and wi th bag and large si lkbowbeh ind . King clad i n armour . Legend , “Georgi us1 1 1 , Dei Grazi a . Reverse , the Royal Coat of Armsof the early period with the Fleu r-dedys of France st i l lshown i n the upper quarter.At the outset of the Revolu t ionary Wa r combined

forces were rai sed among the I ndian s for the defence ofCanada . Among others one was col lected by C has .d

’

La ngda le at the instance of Capt . Ryst er of a largebody of S ioux

,Sankees, Foxes , Menominees , W i nneba

goes,Ottawas , C hippewas , Ma t tawa t tamies , whose war

riors assembled under h is leadersh ip at Montreal , wherea great Counc i l was held . The certificate of the gran tingof one of these medal s to Chawa non , Ch i ef of the FallesAvoi nes

,reads as fol lowsFREDERICK HALDIMAND ,

Captai n , General and Governor- in -Ch ief of the Provinceof Quebec

,General and Commander- in-Ch ief of H is

Majesty's Forces i n said Provi nce and Frontier.

To CHAWANON , Great Chief of the Falles Avoines .“ I n con s iderat ion of the fidel ity ,

zea l and at tachment

test ified by Chawa non , Grand C hief of the Falles Avoinesto the King

'

s Government, and by the said Chawa non ,

Grand Chief of the Fal les Avoines aforesaid,having had

bestowed upon h im the great s i lve r medal,wi l l ing al l and

si ngular the I nd ian inhabi tants thereof to obey h im asGrand Chief and d i rec t al l offi cers and others i n H isMajesty

’

s serv i ce to treat him accord ingly . Given under

hand and seal a t Montreal , th i s seventeenth day of Aug

ust , one thousand seven hundred and seventy eight , i n the

reign of our Sovereign Lord George the thi rd,by the

grace of God , of Great Bri ta in , France and I reland , King,Defender of the Fai th , and so forth .

”

By H is Excel lency’s Command

,

FRED HALDIMAND .

E . JOY .

Large S i lverMedal George III, early pattern , with “ youngl ikeness , granted to Puckesh inwa , a Shawnee C h ief,father of Tec umseh . T h i s Ch i ef was most probably on the

Bri t i sh Colon ia l s ide in t he early wars wi th the French,

and subsequent ly wi th Brant . He t ransmitted h i s loyalty

to hi s son Tecumseh , who was born about 1768 and took a

simi lar lead ing posi t i on i n the Wa r of 1812- 15 that Branthad taken in the Revolu ti onary Wa r , 1776-80. The stringof purple wampum on which the medal i s suspended i s ofshel l beads of earl iest type . (See

Large S i lver Meda l George III, early pattern , grantedto Ch ief Oshawana ,

Chief of the Weste rn Ch ippewas andTecumseh ’s ch ief warrio r . On the reverse i s engraved

the date, 1812 , th i s bei ng done by a local jewel ler i n

Detroi t by order of Ch ief Edward Naudee , son of Chi ef

Osha wana . (See No . 354 and notes . )

Large S i lver Medal George III, the later type grantedby King George I I I to Ch iefs who had been loyal and

fought on the B ri t ish side during the American war of

1812-15. Obverse , l ikeness of George I I I , known as the“ old l ikeness

,

” hai r unpowdered , enci rcled with lau rel

. 4 37

wreath , King clad i n robes and Col lar of the Garter .Legend , Georgi us I l l , Dei Gra t i a , B r i ta n n i a rum Rex ,

R D .

" Reverse , Royal Coat of Arms as changed towards

close of reign , with sh ield i n centre of the Arms o f

Hanover. " Dated 1814 . Medals were i ssued i n two si zes,

S ILVER CH IEF’S MEDAL— G EORGE 1 11.

one large for the. princ ipal ch iefs and smal ler ones forthe minor chiefs . The medal presented to Ch ief Tomigoof the Delaware Tribe .H is appl ication for the i ssue to h im of the war

'

medalNo . 611 reads as fol lows

—88

Medal . Wa r 1812.

Th i s i s to cert i fy that I , Captain J ohn Tomigo, of the

Muncey Tri be of Delaware Ind ians , of the Dominion of

Canada , w as a loyal subject of the Bri ti sh C rown and

fought th rough the Wa r of 1812-14 with Ch ief Tecumseh .

I fu rther cert i fy that I was i n the fol lowing engagements,

vi z . at the tak ing of Detroi t , at Tecumseh Batt le , Thames

River, Canada , at the Grand River Battl e , where I was

wounded by a bul let i n the right th igh , and I was al so in

the Battl e of Maumee River, and that for my services and

loyalty to ou r great father, King George I I I , I was award

ed a large si lver medal by the B ri t i sh Government,and I

fu rther cert i fy tha t I have the rank of Captain with

Tecumseh ’5 Band of Warriors . h i s

Signed , CAPTAIN JOHN X TOMIGO .

W i tness mark .

JAS . GOODW IN , Comr.

COPY.

I bel ieve from the best i nformation I have been abl e

to col lec t that the Muncey Captain , J ohn Tomigo , was

present wi th th e B ri t i sh Army at the Captu re of Detroi t ,under the command of the late Major-General Si r I saa c

Brock , Bart .

(Signed ) J . B . C LINCH, Lieut. -Co l.

Dated I nd ian Department , Supt . I n dian Affa i rs .

London, 27t h Oct . , 1848

A true copy of C l i nch lette r . (Signed)JAMES GOODW IN ."

Small S i lveri

Medal , George I I I , same type as No . 621 .

Presented to Na -bon -a -au-boy , son of Ch ief VVa -be- che

chake,who was k i l led i n the batt le of Fort George , 1813 .

Certificate of h i s su ccessi on i s a s fol lows“ I n c on sequence of Wa -be- che-chake , Chippewa , of

Sau l t S te . Marie , havi ng been ki lled in a batt le du ring the

late war wi th the Ameri cans , at Fort George , h i s t it les

and marks of d ist in ct ion fal l ing to hi s son Ne-bon-a -a u

boy,a boy of e igh t years of age , we , the subscri bers , do

hereby,with the advice and consen t of h i s Tribe there

assembled, i nvest the said Ne-bon-a - a u -boy with the t i t lesand marks of d i sti nct ion belonging to h i s father.

Dated D rummond I sland , 29 t h day of June, 1815.

Signed , Jos . W i nnett , Major Commanding Wm .

McKay , Superin tendent I nd ian Affa irs , D .L .

Large S i lver Medal , Vict or ia , 1 84 0 . Large s i lver medald ist ri bu ted to Ind ian Ch iefs for personal recogn i tion byHer Majesty , from 1840 onwards . Obverse, “young l ikeness” of Queen V i c toria wi th coronet . Reverse

,Royal

Arms as changed at the time of the Queen 's accession ;date , 1840. Medals such as th is , engraved wi th the Prin ceofWales ’ plume and motto , "ch D z

'

en , and dated 1860 , were

del ivered by the then Pri nce of Wales (now King EdwardVII) to I nd ian C h iefs du ring h i s vis i t to Canada i n 1860 .

Great i nterest was taken by the I nd ians i n the presenceof the Prince ofWales . Among other addresses was onedel ivered at Ham i l ton “ Great Brother, t he sky i sbeaut i fu l . I t was the wish of the Great Spi ri t that weshou ld meet in th i s place . My heart i s glad that theQueen has sent out her eldest son to see her I nd ian

subj ects . T hey have heard that at some futu re day youwi l l pu t on the crown. and si t on the Bri t i sh th rone . I t

i s thei r earnest deswe that you wi l l a lways remember them .

The medal i s the one given Ch i efWa ubuno .

Large S i lver Medal , V ict or ia , 1 87 0 . After acqu i ring t herights of the H udson Bay Company in the Northwest T er

r i tor ies i n 1870, the Canadian Government sent ou t Commissioners to make treat ies wi th the I nd ians respec ti ng

t he occupati on of thei r lands . Si lver medal s were de

l ivered to the Head Ch iefs upon the conclu s ion of thesetreat ies . The earl ier medal s varied in form unt i l the

T reaty No . 3 , when the form of th i s specimen was i ssued .

Obverse, l i keness of the Queen , period 1870, head drapedwith a vei l bound under a d iadem . Around the neck acol lar of pearls

,from which hangs a pendant bearing the

l ikeness of the late Prince Consort . Legend , “ Vi ctor i a

Reg in a . Reverse , an Indian encampment showing North

western teepees on the prai ri e at sunset , an Ind ian Chief

i n war costume and a Bri t i s h General Officer clasping

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629 . Gold Medal Diamond Jub i lee, V ict or ia , 1897 .

Obverse , profi le l i keness of the Queen as of 1897, wi thhai r plain , wearing a Court Tiara of class i c form ,

over

which i s d raped a widow 's vei l .’

Around the neck aci rclet of pearl s with the Order of the Ind ian Empi re .

Over the shou lder the Riband and Order of the Garter.Legend , Vi ctor i a An n um Reg

-

i i i sex ages imum fel i ci z‘e

cla nd i t XX j un e, MDCCCXCVII" —(Vi cto ria sixt i eth year

of her reign happily completed 20 J une , Reverse,

you thfu l profi l e l ikeness of the Queen as at her accessi on ,1837 the hai r pla i n , gathered i n a knot beh ind and bound

about by two plai n bands i n ant ique styl e ;a wreath oflau rel leaves and figures 1837. Legend “ Longi tudo

d ier um i n dex tera oj us et i n s i n i st ra glor ia .

Gold Medal Diamond Jubi lee, 1897. Smal l s i ze .

631 . S i lver Medal Diamond Jubi lee, 1897. Large si ze .

632 . S i lver l'

ledal Diamond Jubi lee, 1897. Smal l si ze .

Bronze Medal Diamond Jub i lee, 1897. Smal l s i ze .

MAUNDY MONEY” OF BRITISH SOVERE IGNS .

So cal led from the special s i l ver coinage of 4,3 , 2 and 1

penny pieces each , di st ribu ted annual ly , together with the“ doles or gi fts to deserving poor persons on what , from

the ceremony, came to be known as Maundy T hu rsday ,"

being the day before Good Friday . I n early days th i s

was accompanied by the wash ing of the feet of the rec ipient s i n commemorat ion of the wash ing of t he feet of the

D i sc iples . An anthem ,

“ Mandatum Novem "

(“ A new

commandment I give unto you , taken from St . John ,c . X I I I , v . was al so sung. The “ doles were given

i n smal l baskets or maunds , hence the name .Examples of i ssues under every reign are i n th i s col

l ection . I t wi l l be noti ced that as with the general coi nage

of the Kingdom so with th i s Maundy money— the profi l e ofthe succeed ing monarch faces in the Opposi te di recti on to

that of the predecessor. The d i rect ion has al te rnated

with each reign s ince Charles I I . The profi l e of Queen

V i ctoria faced to the left . That of King Edward VII

faces th e right . There are two sets of Queen V i ctoria,

one the “young head ” i ssued on her accession, t he other

the “ old head of the D iamond J ubi lee, 1897, as used to

the close of her reign .

I n the royal usage of the “ maund ” i n England,the

n umber of “ doles d ist ri bu ted i s reckoned according tothe number of th e years of the age of the Monarch . The

fi rs t i ssue of special Maundy si lver was made by Charle s

I I . J ames I I was the last Engl ish Monarch to perform

the ceremony i n person , bu t the del ivery of the “ doles ”

and Maundy money has been cont i nued annually ,usual ly

i n the Chapel Royal , Whi tehal l , du ring every succeed ingreign .

CASE 3 1

641 . Char les II, 1660-1685. George IV, 1820-1830 .

642 James N"16854 689 649 . W i lliamW , 1830- 1837.

643 . W i ll iam Il l and Flary ,60 0 . V i c t o r i a 183 ,

1689 -1702 .

head7 young

644 ' Anne ’ 1702 1714 '

651 . Vict or ia , 1897, D iamond645. George I, 1714 -1727 . J ubi lee .

646. George II, 1727-1760 . Edward V I I , 1901 .

647. George III, 1760 - 1820. 653 . Edward VI", second set .

THE S ILVER CORONAT ION MEDALS OF BRITISHSOVERE IGNS

The strik ing ofmeda ls to commemorate the coronat ion of

the Sovereigns of England , commenced wi th Edward VI,c rowned February 20 th , 1546. Specimens of th i s medal

are exceed ingly rare . Nei th er Mary, E l i zabeth nor James

I had any coronat i on medals i ssued . The col lection in

c ludes specimens of every si l ver coronation medal subse

quen tly i ssued .

The medal s were dated not of the date of accession

bu t of the ' da te of coronation . I n some instances the

Queens were not crowned,and therefore , no coronat ion

medals were i ssued for them .

654 . Charles I , crowned February 2md , 1626. The coronat ionmedal shows the b ust of the King in hi s Coronat ion robe

,

decorated wi th the col lar of the Garter, and on h i s head

the d iadem . On the reverse i s an arm wi th gaunt let and

sword i ssu ing from a cloud , and the legend , “Donec Pa x

Rea’a’i ta Terr i s

" —“ T i l l peace be restored to earth, re

ferring to the war that was then being carried on wi thSpain .

H en r i et ta M a r i a, Queen Consort of Char les I , was

never c rowned .

Char les I I , c rowned in Scotland on New Year ’s Day , 1652 ,

at Scone . I t was not u nt i l afte r h is restorat ion , ten years

afterwards , t hat the coronat ion i n England took place , 23rd

Apri l , 1661 , when t he present coronat i on medal was i ssued .

The King i s shown‘ i n h i s coronation robes , diadem upon

h i s head ;sai d to be a very excel len t l ikeness . On thereverse , the King i s represented as seated , an angel

c rowning h im,the legend “Everso M i ssus Succur rere

Secu lo, XX I I I Apri l , 1661 Sent to restore a fal len age .

Ca tha r i n e of B raga nza , Queen Consort of C harles I I ,was never crowned .

”656. James II, c rowned 23rd Apri l , 1685 . The medal shows

the bust of the King , with drapery , the head surrounded

wi th lau rel l eaves . On the reverse , a wreath of leaves on

a cushion , above which i s a hand , extended from the

clouds , hold ing the Engl i sh c rown , wi th t he l egend i n

Lat in , “ A M i l i ta r i a a’ Regi a zn From Mart ial servi ce

to Kingdom .

” The al lus ion being to h i s previ ous m i l i ta ry

and naval service .

657 . Mary , Queen Consort of James II. T he medal shows her

head enci rcled wi th lau rel l eaves , the bust c lothed . On

the reverse the Queen i s represented seated upon a mound ,wi th t he legend , “0 Dea Certe A Goddess certa in ly .

"

The King was evident ly proud of h i s wife, who was many

years younger than h imsel f.

W i ll iam I I I and Mary , crowned 11 th Apri l , 1689 , both

represented on the one ' medal;busts clothed , the King'

s

head laureated . On the reverse i s a representat i on of

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George III, c rowned 22nd September, 1761 . The l ikenessof the King i s most excellen t . He i s rep resented c lothed

i n armou r, the ri bbon of the Garter and laurel wreath upon

h i s head . On the reve rse B ri tann ia i s represented

crown ing the King, who i s c lothed in Roman costume .Lying alongside i s the Bri t i sh Lion

,with the orb of

sovereign ty i n h i s paws Legend , “ Pa t r i a e Ova n t i”

Our exul t i ng country .

Charlot t e, Queen Conso rt of George I I I , i s represented

elegantly robed and wi th a st ring of pearl s i nterwoven

i n her hai r. On the reverse, Her Majesty i s represented

standing by an al tar whi le a w inged .V ictory holds the

crown above her head . Legend , “Q ua es i t um M er i t i s

"

-“ Sought by Meri t .

George IV , c rowned 19 th J u ly , 1821 . The head of the

King is su rrounded by a lau rel wreath . On the reverse

the King i s seated clothed in Roman costume ;stand ingbeh ind i s V i ctory abou t to place the Imperial d iadem uponh i s head . Before h im are th ree figu res representing England , Scotland and I reland , plac i ng

'

t hei r righ t hands on

an alta r. Legend , “ P ropr io j am f a re An imo Pa terno”

Now i n h i s own right , with hi s father’s spi ri t . ” The

al lu sion i s to h i s having acted as a Regent i n the place

of King George I I I d uri ng the latter port ion of h i s reign .

Ca rol i n e, h i s Queen Conso rt , was never crowned ow

i ng to d ifferences between the royal pai r. The inc iden t

of Queen Carol ine 's effort to obtai n entry to Westminster

Abbey for the corona ti on was of a most exci ti ng k ind and

commanded i ntense atten tion at that t ime .

George IV Bronze l'

l edal .

W i lliam IV , crowned September 8th , 1831 . A most

fau l t less medal bOt h as to execu tion and fidel i ty of l ike

ness . The King , being a bluff, burly sai lor, preferred

t hat he should be represen ted wi thou t any of the emblem

a t ica l accessories whi ch appear on the medals of h is pre

decessors. For the same reason the legend , i nstead of

be ing i n Lati n i s i n pla i n Engl i sh : “W i l l iam IV C rowned .

—96

Adelaide, Queen Consort ofW i ll i am IV a separate medalwas not execu ted for th i s Queen , her head appearing on

the reverse of the coronat ion medal of the King.I t i s

also a very fine product ion .

669 . Vict oria , crowned 28th J une , 1838. The profi le i s sca rcely

so you thfu l as th e Queen appeared at the t ime of her

coronation . Upon the head i s a l igh t vei l confined by acirclet or band , probably fol lowing the idea of the couse

crat ion vei l whi ch appears on medal s of the Roman Empresses . Legend , Vi ctor ia D .G. B r i tan n i a rum Regi n a

F .D .

” —“Vic tora , (Dei Gratia) by th e Grace of God ,Queen of the Bri ta i ns , (Fide i Defensor) Defender of t he

Fai th . These last in i t ial s and appel lation were fi rs t

adopted by Henry V I I I , being granted to him prio r to the

time of theReformat ion . On the reverse the Queen i s

represen ted seated on a dai s hold ing the orb and sceptre .

Oppos i te her are th ree female figures,representat ives

of the U n i ted Kingdoms , offering her an imperia l d ia

dem . I t i s a strange forecast tha t th i s crown differs

i n shape from the regal c rown worn by any previous

Bri t i sh Sovereign , being of the Imperia l form as worn by

Emperors . or Empresses . Forty years afterwards , Jan .

l st , 1877, Queen V i c toria was proclaimed as Queen of

Grea t Bri tai n and Empress of I ndia , being the fi rs t

Engl i sh Sovereign to be proclaimed as Emperor or

Empress . I n a Regal crown the bands above are curved

downwards i n the centre;i n an Imperial c rown they ri seupwards to a point . Legend , “ E r imas Ti bi Nobi le Reg

n um’ We wi l l be to thee a noble ki ngdom ,

” a promise

wh i ch was wel l fu lfi l led .

Albert , Prince Consort of V i c toria , was not c rowned .

Thei r marriage took place subsequent ly to the coron

ati on of the Queen .

V ict oria Bronze Meda l .

Edward V I I , c rowned 9 thAugust , 1902 . An excellent and

noble l ikeness of H is Majesty, clad i n h i s coronat ion robes ,bearing the O rder of the Gart er ' and - having on hi s headthe Imperi al c rown . T he l egend i n Engli sh , Edward

VII C rowned . I t i s worthy of note that the t i tles towh ich the Kingwas proclaimed at h i s coronat ion i nc luded ,for the fi rst t ime i n the t i t le of B ri ti sh Kings

,a reference

to the colon ies and possessi ons out s ide the U n i ted King

dom , being“Edward VII, R . I . , by the grace of God , of the

Un i ted Kingdom of Great Bri ta i n and I reland and of t heB ri t i sh Domin ion s beyond th e seas King, Defender of the

Fai th , Emperor of Ind ia . On the reverse of the medal,

which was i s sued i n two siz es , i s shown the head of the

Queen Consort s im i larly as appearing upon the smal l

medal .

A lexandra , Queen Consort of Edward VII. A sepa ra te

medal was not i ssued for the Queen , her head appearing

on the reverse of the coronat i on medal of the King . Themedal i s of rare del i cacy , convey ing the exceeding beauty

of Her Majesty, who i s represented i n her coronati on robes

with strings of pearl s (her favou ri te j ewel) enci rc l i ng the

neck upon the head an Imperial d iadem confin ing a

loose vei l . Legend ,“ Alexandra , Queen Consort .

673 . Gold Coinage of Edward Vl l , 1 9 0 2 . Obverse profi l e

l ikeness of the King . Legend , “Edwa rdas VII Dei Gm . .

B ri t t . Rex Defi: In cl .: Imp : Edward

VII, by the grace of God , King ofa ll the Bri tai n s, Defender

of the Fai th , Emperor of I nd ia . Thi s i s the fi rst i nstance

i n wh ich the t i t l e of the King on the coinage has i ncluded

recogn i t ion of h i s sovereignty i n the “ Greater Bri tain s

beyond the seas as wel l as in the ancient k ingdoms i n the

B ri t i sh I sl es . Reverse , St . George and the d ragon .

GOLD CO INAGE . S ILVER CO INAGE .

5 sovere igns . C rown—5 sh i l l i ngs .

2 sovereigns . Hal f-C rown—2s . 6d .

1 sovere ign . Flori n—2 sh i l l i ngs.} é sovereign . Sh i l l i ng.

Six-pence .

Small Bronze Jubi lee I'

Iedal , fou r generat i ons. Vi c toria,

Queen and Empres s. ~ E dward Pri nce . of Wales, son , now

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Part of t he Travell ing Chest of King W i ll iamI I I , usedi n the I ri sh Campaign of 1690 . Presen ted

\to Oronhya tekha

by the Earl of Enn i sk i l l en .

Vase made of a Brass Shel l from Man i la Bay , May l st ,

1898. Presented to Oronhya tekha by Bro . O . S . Cooper.

697 . Topaz from the I sland of Ceylon .

698. Finger R ing of O ronhya tekha , M.D . , S .C .R .

Ebony and Gold Gavel presented to the Hon . Dr . Oronh

ya tekha , President of the Nat ional Fraternal C ongress ,1899-1900 .

700 . Trowel and Square presented to D r . O ronhya tekha a t thelaying of the corner stone of the Temple Bu i ld ing .

701 . Cherry Gavel , made from a cherry tree grown on Wash

ington'

s plantation i n Vi rgin ia .

702 . Ivory and S i lver Gavel presented to Dr . Oronhya tekha

by the members of the staff of the Execu tive Counci l, 1898.

703. Gavel used at t he i nst i tut ion of t he 1.0 .F. on the 17thJ une

, 1874 , by Col . A . B . Caldwel l , Founder, and presented

by h im.

704 . Gavel present ed t o Oronhyat ekha , M. D. , onthe occasion of laying the corner s tone of the Foresters ’

Temple by H is Excel len cy the Earl of Aberdeen Governor

Genera l of Canada , Toronto , May 30th , 1895.

705 . S i lver Cup presented to Dr . Oronhya tekha ,

“ Our Ch ief,from Execut ive Commi ttee joi n t i n i t iat ion , Dayton , Ohio,May 17th , 1904 .

706.Lov ing Cup presen ted to Dr . Oronhya t ekha on hi s return

from h i s i n i t iat ion tou r, Christmas , 1903 .

707.Three-Handed Glazed Loving Cup , with l i keness ofSpotted Horse ,

"Ch ief of the Ass in iboines . Presented to

Dr . Oronhya tekha .

708 . Decorat ed Ewer , procession of Bacchu s i n al to rel i evo .

709 .Si lver l

’

l arrow Spoon , George I I , 1742.

710.Gold Copy of t he “ Coronat ion Spoon ,

” used at the

crowning of the Kings of England in Westminster Abbey .

I

RELICS FROl'

l THE PARLIAHBNT BUILDINGS ,TORONTO .

CASE II

711 . S i r Ol iver Mowat’s l

'

Iat ch Box , old Parl iament Bu i ld ings .See No . 2 .

712. S i r Ol iver l‘

l owat’s Ink Stand . Ol iver Mowat was elect

ed for South Ontari o i n 1857. He was Postmaster-Gen

eral for Canada i n the Sandfield Macdonald-Dorion

Government of 1863 and was appoin ted Vice-Chancel lor ofthe Court of Chancery in 1864 . Resign ing thi s posi ti on here-entered poli t i cal l i fe i n 1872 , becoming Premier of theGovernment of Ontario , a pos i ti on which he held unti l

1896, appoin ted Lieu tenant-Governor of Ontario in 189 7,created a Knight of the Order of St . Michael and

St . George in 1892 . The m in i stry of w h ich Si r Ol iver

Mowat was Premier held ofli ce for 24 years , a record

approached on ly by the min i stry of t he fi rst Pi tt, 1783

to 1801 .

713 14 . Card Tray s for the Speaker’s cards .

715. Early Pin Cush ion .

g}? Door Plat es , F i re Shovel , from different rooms

718.of the assembly.

719 . Door S igns—P OST OFFICE ,WARDROBE—nameplate

over a member 's cupboard— LYON. (Geo . Lyon , mem

ber for Carleton ,

720 . Div is i on Bell . Though si len t now , the t inkl i ngs of th i s

l i t t le D i vi s ion Bel l have “ cal led i n the Members on

many an epoch-making occasion i n the h i story of th is

count ry . Mo t ions su ch as i n the Parl iamentary embrogl ios of Lyon Mackenzi e

,of stri fe between Co l . Prince and

Papineau the th reatened duel between J ohn A . Ma cdon

ald and Col . Ranki n ;t he “ double shuffle of 1858;th eremoval of th e Union Pa r liamen t

'

of Upper and Lower Can

ada to Quebec i n 1839 , and the Open ing of the Provinc ia l

Legisla tu re of Ontario after the confederation of Canada

i n 1867. At the cal l of th i s D i vi s ion Bell , from the struggles of 1837, t he atta i n ing of Responsible Government i n

—lOI

1842 , and the ad vent of Provincial Home Ru l e at Confeder

ation i n 1867, th e representatives of a Free people haverecorded thei r votes i n Parl iament .

COLLECTION OF EASTERN ARI‘

IS(SOUDAN , INDIA AND SYRIA )

Short Barbed Th row ing Spears .

Kr is Kn ife and Scabbard , i n lai d handle and blade , Dam

ascus .

726. Smal l Curved Kn ife.

727 . Long Dagger— blade engraved with Arabi c inscript ions .The sheath made of al l igator h ide— Soudan .

ELEPHANT GOADS .

728. Elephant Goad , metal handle and curved blade damaskeened wi th si lver designs , u sed by the Mahmoud ele

phan t d rivers , I ndi a .

729 . Ornamental E lephant Goads , teak wood handle boundwi th fi l igree si lver. The rounded head carved and set

wi th red stones , I nd ia .

730. Pai r of Bat t le Axes damaskeened wi th si l ver designs .

731 . Large Bat t le Axes , stee l b lades damaskeened with si l ver

designs and wi th brass figu res i nset .

733. Kris Knife and scabbard , i n laid handle and blade, Damascus .

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Largo spears head fla t with six points engraved in

Arabi c figures , Assouan .

Comb ined Bat t le Ax e and Goad , damaskeened .

Norwegian Hand Mangle. A very good example of the

appl i cat ion of art i st ic de corat i on to a common hou seholdand usefu l i mplement . I n th e long hou rs of the Norwe

gian win ters the i nhabi tants,having been taugh t “handi

c rafts” i n thei r publ i c school s , can pl easan tly and profi tably

pass thei r t ime i n adding to the beau ty of thei r homes and

produc ing work for commerc ial pu rposes . In al l Wood

countries s imi lar i nst ruct ion i n the art of wood carvi ng

might wel l be gi ven . Swit zerla nd , Norway and Sweden

excel i n th i s .

Pipe of Peace presented“ To ou r Great and Good C hief

Dr . O ronhya tekha , from The Last of the Mobi

cans ' and kindred Tribes of Hamil ton , Co . 6 , C in c i nnat i ,Sept . 16th , 1902.

CURIOS FROI’I FORE IGN PARTS .

CASE 18

748 . Branch of Lace Tree, t he fibres beaten out and separated ,Jamaica .

749. Fl at made from Lace Tree, with pressed flowers of

Jamaica .

750. Fan made from Lace Tree , with pressed flowers of

J amaica .

751 . Locust Bean , Nassau .

752 . St r ings of Beads (fou r) , made of seeds , Jamai ca .

753. Napkin Rings (two ), made of seeds , Jamai ca .

754 . Jewel Box made of shel l of fru i t , and carved , Jama ica .

755 . Cart hagin ian Bow l , ca rved by pri soners . Ca r thagin ia ,

South Ameri ca .

756. Smal l Cart haginian Bow l , carved by pri soners . Garthagin ia

,South Ameri ca .

_104_

757. Hat made of “ loofa ,from Nassau , Bahamas.

758 . S i lver Leaves from trees i n garden of late Ceci l Rhodes ,at “ Grothe Schuss ” at Rawebosche , near Capetown ,presented by Mr. Wm. R . Surr ins .

759 . Cingalese Tort o iseshell Comb . The men wear thei r

hai r long , drawn back and confined by these combs .

Ceylon .

760 . Pi pe carved by Boer pri soners i n Ceylon (Colombo ) . Thearms of the Transvaal

,motto EENDRCT MAKT , MACT .

761 . Nat ive Head-dress worn by men i n New Guinea . A long

wooden comb,decorated wi th parrots ’ feathers and tips

from the ta i l feathers of lyre bi rds .

762 . Egg of t he Emu , Austral ia .

763 . Plat i pus or Duck-bi l l of Austral ia , almost ext inc t .

This l i t tl e an imal has exci ted the greates t in terest on

accoun t of i ts extraord inary shape and s ingul ar habi ts . I n

s i z e the largest do not exceed 22 i n ches i n length . I t i s an

aquat i c an d bu rrowing animal formed expressly for resi

den ce i n the water or unde r the ground . The fur i s th i ck

and soft , the ears , which are on ly smal l Open ings , l i ke

those of the seal , can be closed a t wi l l . The feet arefu rn i shed wi th webs for swimm ing and claws for burrow

ing , The webs on the front feet extending beyond the

c laws but on the back fee t are smalle r leaving the point s

of the c laws free . I t makes long tunnel s from the wate r

of the shore to i ts nest and has been known to burrow two

fee t i n l ength,th rough gravel ly soi l , i n 10 minu tes . The

animal feeds on in sects and can run on land or swim in

water w i th equal ease . The beak , shaped l ike a duck

bi l l , i s not a horny b i l l bu t i s formed by the ski n , look ing

l ike old leather, which i s s tretched over the e longated

bones of the j aws wh ich form the framework .

764 . Boomerangs ( two) , Aust ral ia . The weapon i s held by one765 end wi th the rounded si de uppermost , and th rown out

wards w i th much force . Should i t fa i l to h i t the objec t

a imed at , i t may return to the th rower .

Mandar in ’s Hat , Ch i na . The queue or pig tai l s of the

C hinese are not always real , the natu ra l hai r bei ng eked

ou t wi th other hai r and si lk to acqu i re the requ i red length .

Sh oes of t he Ch inese.

Shoes of t he Japanese for wet days .

Shoes of t he Japanese for dry days .

Leat her I‘

Ioccasins of Ameri can I nd ia ns.

W ooden Shoes Of D enmark . Tufts of straw are pu t in to

keep them on the feet .

model of Burmese Temple for hou sehold devot ions .

ex ican Ind ian Pot t ery ( th ree) .

Tai ls of Ly re Bi rds (th ree) , becoming rare . New Gu inea .

Bunch of Peacock Feath ers .

Cane made of si ngle sheets of paper stuck together by a

convi c t .

778 . Rol l Wood F ibre.

779 . Star Fi sh , large si ze , from Bahamas — See Case 6, No . 15 .

REPL ICAS OF ARCH ITECTURE AND STATUARY.

THE THREE MOST CELEBRATED uCAMPAN ILBS OR

BELL TOW ERS OF ITALY .

CASE 33

780 . Campan i le of S t . I'

Iarc’s, Veni ce , commenced i n A.D . 900

and completed i n the 16th Centu ry , and was 325 feet h igh .

Thi s i s the model of the origi nal Campanil e , which carried

the bel l s for the adjoin i ng Cathedral of St . Marc . The

access to the Tower was up an incl i ned plane , and i t i s

sa i d that Napoleon I , after h i s en tering Ven i ce as a con

queror, was the fi rst and only man to ride on horseback to

the summi t . From faul ty foundations and want of repai r

the Campan i le fel l i n 1903, bu t i s now in process of recon

stru ct ion .

—106

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Venus of M i lo , at tributed to the un rival led Greek sculptorPraxi teles

,represen ts th e goddess i n a l l the glory of

majest i c womanhood . W hen dug up in the Grecian Islandof Melos the arms were wanting and the arti sts of the

world have not been able to agree upon thei r reproduct ion .

The original was brought to Pari s . I t was buried for

secu ri ty du ring the war between t he All i ed forces andNapoleon I , and again duri ng the Franco-Prussian Wa r ,

and i s now once more restored to i ts pos i t ion in the gal lery

of the Louvre .

Venus of t he Capi t ol was found ,i n the excavations of

Mont V imi nal at Rome and i s now i n the Museum of the

Capi tol . I t i s considered to be the work of Praxi teles ,as i t most nearly agrees with descript ions given by early

Roman wri ters of a statue of Venus by th i s sculptor, the

original of whi ch has not been found . Expert cr i t i c i sm i s

of opin ion that the goddess i s represented i n her att ribu te

of personal beauty —the statue of a lovely woman but not

of a lofty goddess , the pose of the head and neck being

more human than d ivi ne . The concept ion of the statue

has been fol lowed by many arti sts , both ancien t and

modern , and i s averred to have suggested that of the

Venus of Cleomenes . The sta t ue i s supported by a vase

covered i n part by drapery .

Venus of I'

Ied ici , th e work of C leomenes the Athen ian ,abou t 150 B .C . , excavated in th e sixteenth centu ry from

the V i l la of Hadrian nea r Tivol i . I t was obta ined by the

Medici fami ly , whence i ts name , and after being i n thei r

Palace at Rome was brought in 1680 to the Ufli zi Palace ,Florence . I t i s considered the most remarkable of al l the

statues of Venus by reason of i ts perfec t symmetry ,exq u i s i te grace, and puri ty of d ivine and elevated ideal .

I n height the figure i s 4 feet 11% i nches , and i n i t s pro

portions i s considered,the world over, t o be the standard

of excel len ce for the proporti ons of perfect womanly form .

Youthfu l figures of Love and Longing, together wi th a

Dolph in ,’ referring to the myth that the goddess arose

from the foam of the sea, form the support .

789. Venus of Canova , the work of Canova , the most renowned

of the more modern I tal ian sculptors, i s worthi ly com

parable wi th the product ionS’

of ancient art . Venus i srepresented as retu rn i ng from the bath .

789 a. Venus of Thorva ldsen , a reproduction of h ighest modern Dani sh art . The Goddess i s holdi ng i n her hand theapple whi ch had been awarded her by Pa r is as test imony

of h er excel l i ng i n beau ty .

The Greek Slave, by Powers , an American sculptor longresiden t a t Rome . The reputati on of the arti s t was raised

to the h ighest rank at the I nternat ional Exh ibi t ion of 1851 ,by the perfec t combinat ion of pathos and beau ty i n t h i s

s tatu e .

Apol lo Belvidere, Vat i can , Rome , was excavated in 1503from among th e ru ins of the anc ien t An t r ium and placed

by the Pope J u l i u s I I i n the Belvidere Of the Vat ican ,whence i ts name . Apollo , the characteris t i c d i vi n i ty of

the Greeks , the god of music , poet ry , art and health , i s

here represented as the h ighest ideal of manly beauty .

As the Ven us of Med i c i i s of the female form , so the Apollo

Belvi dere i s con sidered to be the model of perfect pro

portions for man .

Augus tus Caesar , Vat i can , Rome , one of the most commanding statues of ancient art . The great Emperor i s

port rayed i n h i s repu tati on as a soldier and an orator .

The work on the breast-plate i s i n wonderfu l detai l .

Port ra i t bust of Her l'

Iajes t y Q ueen Vict oria, period

of the J ubi l ee .

Por t ra it bust of Oronhyat ekha , by Pugi , Florence .

MARINE SHELLS , CORALS AND SPONGES .

The col lecti on of these beau t i fu l examples of Natu ralH i story conta i n s more than one thousand specimens ,mostly from the West I nd ian and Southern Seas andthe Pacific I slands and Cal i forn ia coast;many of considerable variety and excel len ce .

,They are main ly

_109_

d ist ributed through a number of"cases wi th a view to

art i st i c grouping and the better d i splay of thei r i nd i vidualbeauty rather than to techn i cal classification . Examples

of the more important c lasses are carded as t hey occur i nsome of the cases;th e s imi lar exampl es can thus be recogn ized where they are dupl i cated in the others . I t wouldbe impracti cable in the space of th i s col l ection to classifyand enumerate al l the specimens as in a techn ical museum

,

bu t those i nterested wi l l recogn i ze the many vari eti es,and

enj oyment may lead to further research .

CASE 4

1 . Madrepore Coral . A spec imen of parti cu lar beau ty i nwhi ch the l i tt le cups or buds are clearly separated .

2 . Brain Cora l , resembl i ng the human brain .

3 . St ar Coral . A specimen with the l i t tle stars i n great detai l .

Larger specimens of these corals are seen i n the glass

case standing in the centre window and smaller ones d is-l

tribu ted th rough the other cases .

CORALs— These are each bu i l t up from thei r base by

smal l c reatu res cal led “ polyps ,” near al l ies of the “ Sea

Anemones . ” A mouth a t the top of the l i ttl e an imal i s

fu rn i shed with a number of feelers or arms that spread ou t

and ass i s t i n procuring food from the water, whi le the

chalky mat ter form ing the hard coral i s deposi ted and

bu i l t up at the foot or base , form ing a support or skeleton

for the an imal i ncreasi ng wi th i ts growth . Each polyp

s i ts i n i ts l i t tl e cup with i ts feelers spreading ou t above,looking very much l ike the flower of a Ja panese chrysan

t hemum .

Some species are cal led E nd ive Cora ls , from thei r

resemblance t o vegetable growths . I n these the polypsare large . and each one forms a separated cora l .

Examples of these are the oval Mushroom coral (case

9 , No . ch iefly from the Ind ian Sea s . Thi s speci es

does not bui ld up i n reefs, bu t is only attached for a time

to the rocks , each mushroom -l ike body growing alone.

— 110

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t i es wi l l be seen i n other port ions of the col lect ion .

Great quant i t ies of these shel l s are imported to Europe ,where they are ground in to powder and then used i nt he manufactu re of fine porcelain .

CASE 6

A variety of shel l s belonging to the great inverte

brate class of M ol lusca or soft-bod ied an imals,being

those wh ich have no spinal cord or backbone (vertebrae )and so requi re shel ls i n whi ch , for thei r protect ion , they can

cover t hemselves . These houses they carry abou t wi ththem and bui l d up in si ze wi th thei r growth in age. I n

t hi s class are included such variou s forms as the Oct opus ,the Naut i lus , and al l Slugs and Snai ls , Sea-shel ls

and Bivalves such as the oyster and the c lam .

FIRST SHELF1 . R ice Shel ls , belonging to a fam i ly cal led the “ Olives

(Olivida ) , i n whi ch the an imal when extended outs ide

almost covers the shel l .

2 . Need le or Augur Shells , from t ropi cal waters , long, andthe bands wind ing to a sharp poi nt .

3 . Murex Shells , from Sou thern Cal i forn ia and the Bahamas .These an imals feed on other moll uscs , cutt ing in to theshell s Of the i r prey with the sharp - toothed edges of the

long armatu re which projects from the i r own shell s .

4 . St rombs , or “W i ng-shel ls . A class of un ivalves whose

shel l s have w ide-mouthed open ings and are formed in

layers winding around one another and overlapping withthe growth of the an imal . Owing to the d iffering colou rs

of the layers of these shell s they are much u sed for mak

i ng cameos . Some of th i s variety of Strombs grow to a

very large s i ze , weighing fou r or five pounds each .

SECOND S HELF6 . "ebra Shel ls . Beaut ifu l l i t tl e zebra-marked shel ls , i nhabi t

ant s of ’

the h’

ot seas and belonging to the family of

Neri t idfi , Or Sea Snai l s .

—l l2—s

7. Bleed ing Toot h Shells , so cal led from the pec uliar formation of the i nte ri or of the shel l , where markings l iket eeth and gums are seen . They are of the “ sea snai l ”

fami ly and found only i n the tropi cal seas . I n some ofthe Pac ific islands they are used as money

TH IRD SHELF8. Helmet Sh ells , belonging to the family of Cass id idae, o rgo Helmet Bearers . Several spec ies of th i s fami ly are

used for the carving of cameos , t he shel l being formed in

two layers of d ifferent colou rs , wh i te on orange , whi te on

dark red , yel low on orange , the upper layer being l ightcoloured and the lower of darker shade .

FLOOR OF CASE

10 . Tr i t ons , Sea Trumpet s , or Conch Shel l s . Very hand11 ' some shel l s , varyi ng greatly i n thei r colou rings and inhabi t

ants on ly of the hot southern seas .

Wh i le always assoc iated i n c lassi ca l mythology and inpic tu res and scu lptu re wi th the Marine Deit ies

,whose

name they bear, these shel l s are st i l l u sed as trumpets by

some of the South Sea I slanders , a round hole being bored

near the t ip for the pu rpose of producmg the sound .

These shell s somet imes attai n to a large si ze , a foot ormore i n length .

12 . Tuft Coral . A beaut ifu l spec imen , the flowers at the t ips

largely developed (see Coral s, case

M i llepore Coral .

These M i llepora ,or thousand pores , are another of the

great reef-bu i ld i ng genus of corals . They grow i n com

mun i t ies with many bra nched and smoothly-surfaced forms .

They vary from theM adrepores in t hat they are bui l t up not

by t rue polyps l ike sea anemones , each growing in i ts own

separate cel l (see Coral s ,” case but i n smooth, sol id

hooking bod ies , by a desc ript i on of“ j el ly-fish spreading

over the su rface and communi cat ing with the interior

of the formation th rough the thousands of small holes d i s

t ributed over the ou ter su rface . These holes are exceed

ingly minute. Lik e the Madrepores, these Mi l lepores l i ve

—113i

only i n the deeper waters . When these branches arebroken off by the action of the surf the an imals ‘

on th e su rface d ie , and the branches be ing th rown by the waves up

above h igh-water mark , become i ncorporated by the sandworn from thei r masses , and so form the reefs and i slandsabove the l iv i ng masses .

15. Cush ion Star Fish . So cal led from the th ick,rounded

16° form of i ts rays .

These belong to the group termed Five Fingers,and

are very large spec imens of a spec ies from the Bahamas,

the common star fi sh of the Northern Atlant i c shores beingmuch smal ler .

17. Common Star Fish , or Five Fingers .

STAR F ISH .—In l i fe these an imals are soft and flexible .

On the under-s ide are myriads of small ten tacles or feet,

somewhat larger i n the cushion variety , by wh ich they

effect thei r movement . The mou th i s i n the cen tre, under

neath , and without teeth . I t feeds on shel l fish , and by

folding i t s arms over i ts prey , holds the shel l s firmly to i ts

mouth,and after d issolving the con ten ts th rows the shel l s

away . (See case 9 , NO . 11 , for another variety . )

CASE 7

1 . Glove Sponge.

2 . F inger Sponge.

2'

}Bat h or Horse Sponge.

SPONGEs.—When al ive these creatu res are soft and

composed of l iv ing, gelat inous or jel ly- l ike cel ls , of whichthe material we cal l sponge forms the frame or skeleton .

Sea water , which contains organi sms on wh ich the cel l s

feed , i s constantly drawn i n th rough the pores or small

holes of the sponge , and then , after the food has been

extracted , driven out through the large holes or oscula ,such as can be most pla inly seen in the glove sponge.

All th is l iv ing jel ly material has to be removed by dryingbefore the sponge i s adapted for commercia l purposes .

—114

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break ing. I t wi l l be noted that the shel l i s d ivided in to a

numberof separate pieces or plates wi th sl igh t outward

curves;as the an imal wi th in grows fresh deposi t s of cha lkymatter are added on the in terio r edges of these plates , so

that the plates i ncrease regularly i n s i ze, st i l l keeping thei r

place and preserving the whole outward general form .

SECOND S HELF9 . Horny Cora l . A piece of th i s variety resembl i ng mauve

sea weed attached to and growing on a piece of StarCoral . Other specimens of th i s “ Horny Coral aresuspended on the pi l lars of the Room .

10 . Fan Coral , cal led al so Sea Fan , a name very appropriate

to i ts appearance . I n l i fe the branch ing arms are un i ted by

a transpa ren t , jel ly- l i ke membrane , whi ch al so covers the

branches and bears the l iv i ng polyps on i t s su rface .

When dried th i s membrane d isappears , l eaving the skele

ton form of the branches .

BOTTOM SHELF11 . Hawksb i ll or Tort oise Shel l Turt le. So call ed from the

curved formation of i ts beak . Th i s tu rtle i nhabi ts the

warm Ameri can and the I nd ian Seas . The plates upon i tsback overlap one another and form the “ Tortoi se shel l

u sed for combs , spec tacles and various ornaments . The

shel l on the back of th i s spec imen i s not i n the condit ion as

appearing in i ts natu ral state , bu t has been pol i shed .

The common Mud Turtl e ofCanada varies from theseSea Turtles i n that the plates on i ts back j oi n one another

i n stead of overlapping and i ts feet are furn i shed wi th webs

and claws for crawl ing on land in stead of being fins orpaddles .The spec imens o f corals have been noted i n othe r

cases .

Shells . Of oval form wi th rad iating l i nes of

—110

3 . Scallop Shells . Some wi th smaller shell s fixed ornament4 ally on them , others m a state of natu re . The h inges of

the valves of these shell s are flattened and spread on

ei ther si de somewhat l ike the wing of a b i rd . I n l i fe theanimal efl

’

ect s i t s motion by open ing and closing i ts shel l s,

a s i ngle st roke carrying i t several feet .

I n olden days Scal lop Shel l s were worn by Pi lgrims to

the Holy Land . Scott refers to th is i n some l ines inMarmion , where he describes the Holy Palmer who

had made pilgrimage to J erusalem

The Sca llo Shell h is cap d id deck,

The Cruci x abou t h is neckWa s from Loretto brought.

I n modern and more prosai c days they have , from thei r

flattened form , been u sed for d ish ing up the dainty

known as scal loped oysters .

5 . Tulip Shel ls . Fine specimens of a group , some species orwhich grow to great si ze , nearly two feet in length , a ll

beari ng the variegated mark ings which have given the

name .

6. Wh i t e St romb Shells .

7. Spind le'Shells , of cons iderable si ze (see case 9 , No .

from the West I nd ies . Two very large Specimens ofSpind le Shel l s may be seen among the statuary in the

glass recess .

8.

9Glove Sponge (see

“ Sponges, case

i?“

Cush ion St ar Fish (see No . 15, case

12 . Hard Sponge (see No . 5 , case

BOTTOM OF C ASE

13. Star Cora l .

14 . Brain Coral .

15. Sponge and M i llepore Coral growing on the 9 3me

16. Pyrami d Coral .

—117

CASE 9

A large number of interest ing and beaut ifu l shel l s .

l . Tent Shel ls from Cal i fornia , wit h beau ti ful ly marked su r

faces .

2 . Cone Shel ls , wi th brown st ripes . from Japan , and specimenswith dark brown spots on wh i te ground , from the Phi l ip

pine I slands . Both the above belong to the fami ly of the

cones ," so cal led from the cone- shaped form of al l the

spec ies . The open ing i s long and narrow , extending i nfu l l length along one sid e of the shel l .

3 . Mussel Shel ls . Very large specimens,with the shel l s pol

ished, bri nging ou t the beaut i fu l blue colou r and mark ings .

4 . Harp ,Shell , from the Red Sea .

5 . Harp Shell, from the Dead Sea .

These “ Harp Shel l s " gai n thei r name from the unusua

deep grooves and ridges on the i r su rface , and the bold ,sweeping curves of the ir l i nes .

6. Mus ic Shel l , belongi ng to the “ Vol ute fami ly , so cal l ed

from the series of rounded cu rves of thei r form . The

spec ies of the “ Musi cal Vol ute ” i s remarkable for the

fancied resemblance of i ts mark ings to the l i nes and notes

of musi c . The l ines are cons idered to represent the cl e fs ,and the dots the notes .

7. Bat Volut es Excel l en t specimens of th i s vari ety showing

the bold and vari egated splashes of contrasting brown a nd

whi ti sh t i nts . The large Volu te wi th angula r, wavy mark

i ngs i s a rare example of thi s species .

NEPTUNE'

S BOAT .— Two large spec imens of th i s fam

i ly of “Volu tes , large and rounded in form , yell ow incolou ring

,and w i th . deep, oval recesses , may be seen in

the glass Statuary case .

SECOND SHELF8. Black Ear Shells , Ha l iot z

'

s o r “Abba lones, from Cal i forn ia .

9 . Green Ear Shel ls , from Aust ral ia .

These Sea at fi rst appear from thei r shape

to belong to t he fami ly of bivalves ( two valves) , i nstead

—118

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14 . Tun Shel l , so called from i ts rounded barrel shape. I tbelongs to the

'

same fami l i es as the Helmet Shel l s . "

15. Spindle Shells , from the West I nd ies . As can be read i lyseen , the name is given from the resemblance of the shel lto the “ spindle or “ d istaff used i n sp inn ing wheels .

Somet imes the shel l i s u sed for a lamp , t he oi l bei ng pu t

i n the cavi ty of the body, and the wi ck drawn up through

the long)ex tension . Much larger specimens wi l l be seen

i n the other cases .

16. Argonaut , or Paper Naut i lus Shells , from Cal iforn ia, a

creatu re belonging to the same fam i ly of Mollusca as the

Octopu s, and only the female possesses a shel l . The

shel l i s extremely l ight , fragi le and transparent , hence the

second name . The fi rst was given by the anci en t Greeks,from a bel i ef that at t imes the an imal floated on the su r

face of the sea , us ing i ts shel l as a boat and i ts arms and

tentacles as sai l s and oars . Thus they gave i t the nameof Argonau t ” i n al lu s ion to the story of the adventu res

of the famous sh ip “Argo , and her crew, i n thei r Golden

Search .

17. Pearly Naut i lus. A larger and st ronger varie ty . The

only remaini ng spec ies of th i s fami ly of Mol luscs which i nformer days were very numerous . A very great number

of shel l s of ext inc t species of the order have been found

among the rocks i n the Southern Seas , bu t th i s i s the only

l iv ing variety .

18. Sect ions of Pearly Naut i lus . These show the cu riou s19 ' chambers i nto whi ch the i nteri or of the shel l i s d ivided .

As the an imal grows i t conti nues t o enla rge i ts shel l by

the add it i on of new chambers , each connected wi th one

another by membranous tubes passing th rough the holes

i n the centre of the wall s or bu lkheads . The age of the

animal can thus be inferred from the number of chambers

in the sh el l .

20. Mushroom Coral . A fine specimen (see Corals , case

21. St el lers Chi ton , sometimes call ed “ Venu s ’ Seaboat . An

ex cept ional l y large specimen (9 i n ches i n length) , of the

_. 12(F

speci es of Chi ton , or Mai l Shells , so called because

thei r shel l s are j oi n ted l ike pieces of plate armour.I n th is

they resemble many variet i es of beetles . The plates over

lap and are held together by the membrane of the body,

and when al ive the Ch i tons can rol l t hemselves up in a

part ial manner l ike th e common woodlouse . This speci

men i s placed on i ts back so that the plates may be seenfrom the i nside .

22 . Marbled Ch i t on . A smal ler specimen showing the appearance of the outer s ide and the jointed p la tes .

23 . Tiger Tri t on , beau ti fu l ly marked specimen .

24 . Sea Trumpets . Further examples of the Triton25° Sea Trumpet fami ly (see case 6, No .

26. Cameo Shells . Fami ly of the Helmet Shel l s .

27. Top Shel ls , of pearly character and spi ral form , are vegeta r ians feed ing on sea weeds . The red splashed specimeni s from Bahamas .

28. Red Coral , from the Southern Seas, a variety growing in

branch ing forms from the rocks, but not so firm and

dense i n character as the red and pink true corals used for

commerce,and found only in the Med i terranean .

Cow ry Shells . Found princ ipal ly i n the Pacific and far

Eastern Seas . Some variet i es have been largely used as

money by the nat i ve races . There are many variet ies ,and the i r colourings are very variable . The large

Panther Cowry i s noti ceable for i ts r i ch , spotted mark

i ngs,and the “ Deep- tooth ed Cowry for the grooved ,

wrink led edges of the l ips .

There are very many more varie t ies of sea- shel ls , par

t icula rly of the smaller ones , d i stribu ted th rough the cases .

The spec imens above described wil l assi s t i n the recog

n i t ion of the hab i ts of thei r makers , and conduce to thestudy of the other variet ies . The notes are largely takenfrom “ The I l lust rated Natural H i story by the Rev .

J . G. Wood .

- 121'

COLLECTION OF B IRDS .

CASE 5

On fi rs t shelf a rea dozen well-known Canad ian B i rd s

Amer ican Rob in i s one with wh ich we are al l fam i l iar;thegreater number of the robins seen

‘

i n Ontario l eave for

the win ter, though a few remain i n shel tered places , feed

ing, unt i l spring , on the various berries st i l l hanging on

the trees and sh rubs .

Magnol ia Warb ler .—One of the most beauti fu l of the Wood ~

warblers . About twen ty-five d ifferent k i nds of these l i ttle

b i rds v i s i t Ontario every summer;most of them havepatches of brigh t yel low on some part of thei r plumage;one of the commonest- the Yel low Warbler— i s al togetherof th i s colou r .

Crossb i l l . Flocks of these bi rds may often be seen i n winterfeeding on the cones of spruce and hemlock , having come

down from thei r nat ive north . The tips of th e bi l l do not

meet in the usual manner, but are bent aside , so as to cross

each other, and thus form a su i tabl e i n strumen t for spl i t

t i ng and opening fir-cones .

Wh i t e-crow ned Sparrow . One of the largest and handsom

est of the n ine or ten nat i ve sparrows commonly found in

Ontario . I n spring i t frequents bu shes and brambles

beside the country roads , but rarely vi si t s the towns ,where the Engl i sh Sparrow ever reigns supreme .

Balt imore Or iole. The bri l l ian tly con trast ing black andorange plumage of th i s bi rd always attracts attent ion;t hefemale i s not so bri l l iant , bu t she bu i lds the beau ti fu l woven

nes t that hangs from the ends of the branches , so conspic

uously ,when the t rees have los t thei r l eaves .

Red-w inged Blackb i rd belongs to the same fam i ly ( I cteridae)as the Oriole;many of them bui ld thei r nests among thereeds i n marshes east of Toronto Bay . The scarlet patch

on the shoulder gives qu i te a smart mi l i tary appearance to

thei r deep black plumage .

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Ch inese BlueMagpiec—ylnhabi tsthe

(

fai"east ,r

and.

i s found i nCh ina and Japan;there i s bu t one other species of Bl u eMagpie , and i t i nhabi ts the extreme west of the OldWorld;i ts range being confined to Spai n and Portugal .

Metal lic Tree S tarl ing, from Eastern Asia .

Variegat ed Bee-eat er , K ing Parrot , from Au stral ia.

Bullfinch , from Eu rope , i s a very popular cage bi rd i n the old

country;and many stori es are told of i ts affec tionate d i sposi t ion and engaging manner i n confinement . I f taken

young the male can .be taught to whist le various tunes ,though i ts Own natu ral song is not in any way remarkable .

T H IRD SHELFHumming-birds (fou r), from Tropi cal America .

Honey Creepers ( three) , from the same region .

Tanagers of several k inds , al so from Tropical Ameri ca . TheTanage

’

rs are a fami ly Of smal l b i rds al l i ed to the Finches;there are abou t th ree hundred different species , bu t they

feed on fru i ts rather t han seeds , and thei r plumage i s Oftenvery bri l l ian t . One of the fami ly , cal led the Scarlet

Tanager,” migrates to Canada for the summer, and i s

certai n ly the brightest of:our bi rds;when he fl i es i t i s a s

though a l iving flame of fi re passed th rough the forest .

FLOOR OF CASE

Spec imens of Canad ian Game B i rds and Waders

Ruffled Grouse or Part r idge,”

Golden Plover ,

Great er Yel low -legs ,

V i rgin ia Ra i l .

Over the glass recess on the north wal l,eight specimens

Of large Canadian B i rd s .

Great Horned Ow l;Snowy Ow l , are about the largest

representatives Of thei r race;they‘

general ly keep to wild,

- 124

unsettl ed d istri c ts , th ough in severe winters the Snowy

Owls leave thei r Arcti c breed ing grounds , and are Oftenseen i n Ontario .

Broad-w inged Hawk;Red-shouldered Hawk , are two use

ful , rather than inj u rious , b i rds of prey, for they feed verylargely on mice and frogs .

Hooded Merganser Duck .—The Merganser. i s remarkable for

i ts large black and whi te crest , and i t bu i lds i ts nest i n

hol low trees .

E i der Duck.—The male E i der i s a much handsomer bi rd than

i t s dul l,brown ish- colou red mate;but she suppl ies the

high ly-pri zed E i de r down , which she plucks from her

breast to serve as a nest l in ing .

Loon;Herr ing ( lull . Two water bi rds often seen on Lake' Ontario;the one d iv ing under, and t he other flying over

the water .

CURlOS FROM FoRElGN PARTS .

CASE 3 4

795. Japanese Fans s i lk embroidery .

796. Japanese Lacquer Bow l .

797. Japanese Lacquer Tray .

798. Japanese Lacquer Flower Basket .

799 . Japanese Chop St icks .

Jade Carv ing.

801 . Jade Carv ing.

Japanese Bell , for Temple use .

Ink Stand and Paper Kn ife, I ndia.

Box,Arabesque, hand-pai n ted design , I ndia .

Sandal Wood Box , elaborately carved on top and sides ,i n laid wi th si lver and ivory, I ndia .

Si lver and Ebony Pi pe, fi l igree ornamen ts , I nd ia .

807. Paperweigh t s , sect ions of elephan ts’ teeth , Colombo.

4 25.

Hi ndoo God , bronze, “Kal i , the te rri ble one, I ndia .

Egypt ian Lady’s Bead Necklace, Cai ro.

H indoo ( 10 d , I ndia .

Scarabs , or Sacred Beet les of t he Egypt ians . Spec i’

men copies from Cai ro .

These oval Object s , found in such numbers i n Egypt iantombs and excavat i ons , are i nterest ing rel i cs of an earlyfai th long antedat ing the C hri st ian E ra and furn i shi ng

add i t ional evidence of the i nnate or natu ral bel ief Of man

i n the immortal i ty of h is soul—not gained from the teach

ings and revelati on s Of Ch rist , but , as wi th the North

Ameri can Ind ians and the Egyptians , born i n man i n al l the

ages and under d iffering condi t i ons from the t ime when

the C reator breathed i nto man the breath of l i fe and man

became a l iv ing sou l .

Scarabs are found in al l s i zes , from very smal l ones

such as might be u sed as charms or amulets , to the larger

ones of three and fou r i nches i n l ength . They al l bear

i nscript ions upon the lower or flattened side , beari ng thenames or extended records of the l i fe and t i t les of t hedead wi th whom they were i nterred , or quotat ion s fromEgyptian wri t i ngs . The backs or upper s ides fol low ,

more or less representations of the form of a beetle , th usacqui ri ng thei r name “ scarabs from the Greek word“ska rabeios , a beet le .

The period of thei r u se , as i n ferred from the excava

ti on s in whi ch they have been found and from thei r

i nscript ions,extended . from or years before

Ch ri s t to about 500 B.C . when , after the Pers ian i nvasion ,they ceased to be so generally used as sacred emblems .

The ancien t Egypt ians were bel i evers i n a fu tu re statei n which body and sou l w ould be un i ted , as i s alsoevidenced by the preservation Of the bodies Of thei r deadas mummies . These scarabs were , wi th them , the sacred

sign or emblem of the Resurrect ion .

The common spec ies of beet les in Egypt after layingthe i r eggs envelop them in rou nded pel lets of earth and

bury them in the sand . After a wh il e, having been

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museums has engrossed the attent ion of many scien ti sts .Part icu lar reference would be given to Sa c red Beet lesby John Ward , P.S .A.

Carved Wooden Daggers , Fij i .

L i t t le Vot ive Dol ls , sold outs ide Buddhi st Temples to be

placed wi th personal vot ive Offerings with i n . Burma .

Koran , decorated top Of the case for contai n ing NO . 815.

Koran select ions on embossed paper , i n black letters andhand i l l um inat ions .

Koran , i ndented wi th stylus , on sheets of papyrus .

Koran , i ndented wi th stylu s , on sheets of metal —these have

holes for stringing the l eaves together.

Sl’

lALL SEPARATE CASES .

SEPARATE CASES818 . Skin of Diamond-backed Rat t ler, Miami , Florida .

Saw F ish These fish have been seen to charge a shoal

Of fi shes and st rike right and left , ki l l ing and d i sabl i ng

many .

Backbone of a Shark. Samples Of wood from Florida .

819 . Conch Shells

820. Shel ls (4) carved wooden figu res

821 . Pieces of Coral , Nassau .

822 . Shel l;Coral;Burmese God .

823 . Trunk Fish ;Conch Shel l s from Sou th.Seas vase wi th

col lect ion of smal l shell s .

824 . Sample of S isal . Si sal was a weed growing i n. abund

ance in the Bahamas . I t was found that by t reating i t i n

the same way as flax,a valuable fibre cou ld be produced .

Thorough cul t i vat ion of i t has brought great gai n to the.

Sisa l Rope, Nassau , Bahamas .

Head and Hands of l‘

l ummy ;model of yoke of oxen .

Branch of Lace Tree, Jamaica .

Burmese F igures in Nat ive Cost ume

Karen Man . Burmese Woman .

Burmese M in ister. Chai r Man .

Burmese Priest . C hai rWoman .

Wooden Pipes carved wi th Indian heads Cal i forniawooden pipes carved wi th pi ckan inny and al l igator;nat ivedol l

,Jamaica sea u rchins , Nassau .

lnla id Wood Decorat ion , Sorento ;lace t ree , Jamaicadecorated box , I ndia, nat ive decorat ion;boar

’s tusk wi th

stri ng Of shel l d i scs , New Gu inea ;Egyptian sca rabea ,

Egypt .

Wooden Bow l , Tiger Cow ry Shells;wi ld boar’s tusk;

l ace tree .

Genoese Tr ick Boxes decorated box , I ndia ;Ind ianbasket s

Bracket , Sorento ;placque, Sorento .

S isa l Bag, Nassau ;lace tree , Jamaica;decorated letter

holder .

Burmese Figures in Nat ive Cost ume

Shan Man . Queen Of Theebau .

Shan Woman Burmese Lady

King Theebau Burmese Lady

B urmese Nun .

Model in Bronze of Stat ue of S t . Pet er , i n the Cathedralat Rome . The righ t foot Of the original statue i s re newedabout every 100 years, being worn away by the pi l grims

wiping the toe before ki ss ing i t . Silk fans (2) Colonnadeand Cathed ral of St . Peter

’s , Rome ;i n la id wood frameand pi ct u re

,Florence ;jewel box , Ind ia ;an tique bronze

s tatuette,Rome model OfVenet ian gondola marble fonts

and pigeons of St . Marc’s, Ven i ce .

Cocoanut and Out er Husk i n natu ral state and with facecut i n cocoanu t bowl Of cowrie sh el l s flow er basket Ofsugar cane with negro figures and beads;fish ing net wi thshel l s i nkers , Jamaica .

Egyp t ian S carabs models of Egyptian figures Egyptianbead necklets , 2 s trings Egyptian scarabs gong.

Model of Nat ive Canoe and Out r igger , New Guinea .

McGin t y Fish , from the'

Bahama I slands .

Decora ted Placque from Sorento,I ta ly .

ANCIENT FLAGS .

The Un ion Jack of the Bri t i sh Empi re i s a flag bear

i ng the longest and most consecu t ive h i story of any Of theexist i ng nat ional flags . I t now contai n s three c rosses

placed one upon another upon a wh i te and blue ground .

These are the three crosses of the three original Kingdoms

o f England , Scotland and I reland , and as the l imi ts of thei r

terri tories have spread beyondthe boundaries Of the I sland

Ki ngdoms , and the sphere of

I"“ll llllll “MMH B ri t i sh consti tu t ional government

and al legiance has been extend

ed , so the Un ion Jack has become

the world -wide nat ional flag of theB ri t i sh Emp i re .

The flag d id not at fi rst con

tai n the th ree c rosses , but w a s bui l t up at success ive

periods by t he un it i ng together Of the nat ional flags of the

o riginal ly separa ted Kingdoms .

T he original flag was the national banner of England ,t he red St . George ’s Cross on a wh i te ground , being the

r ed , r ight -angled cross appearing i n the centre on a large

whi te ground . Of wh ich the broad wh ite margi n to the

c ross in the Un ion Jack i s n ow the remain ing part .T h i s was the flag of the Engl i sh from the t ime of i ts

a dop t i on by Ri chard I , “Coeu r de Lion ," i n the year 1194 .

TH r:ONE - CROSSED JACK1194 .

1230

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end i ng to no te that the fi rst “Con t i nen tal Un ion lingadopted by the Uni lcd Colon icai at the l imo when completenevcrnncc from the paren t State had ncnrccly been in tendcd, and the Co lon ial") were con tendi ng for the ir rights asll ri l ish ci t izcmi , con ta i ned this Union Jack.

”

The “Grand Un ion mined by Washi ngton at Unmc

bridge on Jan. 2nd, 1776, no the Flag ol’

the Armicn of the

Uni ted Colon ies, had the two-cromed U n ion Jack i n theuppor corner, and thirloon alternate rod and whi le burn i n

the balance of the ting, represent ing lhc thi rteen Co lon ic-ithen in arms. This cont inua l to be the li ne-ign of the,

U ni ted Staten t’

orceu un t i l ticplmnher ilrd, 1777, When byProclamation of Congress the Union Jack in tho ling was

changed to bc thirlr cn stars on nbluc ground. S ince then nd:

dit ionnl ntnrs hnvc hccn ndd'

cd,

one for each State, as the nucav

canal-w, States have horn pro

cln inmd, now numbering forty-ni xaltars, but the thirteen bars of the

origina l Ensign have been cone

l inucd unchanged.

Thus the Red, Whi te and l l luo of the nat ional tings of

the two na t ionali t ies have come from the same origin , and

wi th perfect loya lty in earth,“God Save the King

"and

My Country,"i'

h of Thea are sung to the name tune.

The Cross of St. Pa trick, da t ing fromA.D. 411, is a

red d iagonal crow on a whi le ground, and was the bannerof i reland.

The Two-crow ed U n ion Jack con t i nued tobe owd i n theb rit inh ensign from 1707 to when, in the forty-lin t

year of ( ianrge i l l the Parliament of Ireland was un i ted

wi th the Parliamen ts ofEngland and Scot land.

The i rish banner with its red cross was then joinedwi th thepreviously Two-crossed flags, and the

“Three

crounad U n ion Jack was first formed.

This Jack is composed oi’ the un ion of the three damnthe rod d iagona l Cross of St . l

’ntrick, and the red square

Crown of St . George, wi th its whi te hordcr or ground for

I32'

Tnn mum;union or

WAti l l lNU't'

ON, l77n.

the banner-t, or Jnrhu o t i reiuud nod itnglnnd, nod thewhi te d iagonal Croninoi

’

Ht . Andrew wi th the blue groundfor the i i nnnnr oi

’

i'ioot innd.

Thin in the l i ri t inh Union t it oi’

thupreuent day,and

incombi ned in the li ed,Whi te and ll lnn i tnnlg‘

nu,and in theUnion li n t-lung oi

’

Unnndn and Auntrninnia, wi th distin

x ulnhing emblems. ntntording’ to tho nervloeai which they

nignni. Further detnlln oi’

the ltiti lory o i’

nil therein lingo

ht i’

ound in “The l i lstory ol’

the Unloa uh,”Methodi-tt

l’nbliuhing Co” Toronto.

CASE

R04 Ensign oi Drummond b loom—Thin ting,mode of hoodmndn hunt i ng, butt tho thremorouued Union i nnit in the

upper corner, and the inme red ily. i t"noonarnnonwould

ludiente a do le after i i iti i , and it in"routed to hnvu been themilitary ting whinh ilonted over the old i i ri t luh Vort on

Drummond i nlnnd.

CASE 20

Blue Ensign of M kinw ou’

i’

i t iu ting of hand-mode hunt ing

pronoun tw ine peculiari t ies—the blue ily would indica te ltrtuse a" a boat ting—und the fact that there are only two

amount", a crotut of hi t. George nhapo, and that white

diagona l Crow oi’

i'i l. Andrew, would evidence i t date

prior to not , i t in not ioenhie, however, t ion the Crow oi

fit . George ht blue, inntend of being, an ti t-tutt i, red. i t ht

uni ted to have been one very nurly “M d on the inland of

Michi ilimnohina e. i t ht certainly very ancient, nnd would

appear to have been of loca l continuat ion, point lhly by

one of the great Hri thth Treding Companies whit th in the

early cennt ry made the i/ort ut Mirhillinmr hlnao, now

calied Ma china o inland, the enntre of their furr treding,

moon and boat tie-et for all the Upper indi e and the for

interior stat ionat in the North-Went.

CAGE 27

Rod Ensign at Port Maid” , 1812 .—Tint.ting, with the throwarou nd loci:and the large red ily, mun obtained from

Chief Outlaws/nu, Teounweh'n chief warrior. i t won

rotated to have been noted in the operat ional nt or near

Fort Malden , Amherstburg, i n 1812 , and was preservedin the Chief’s fami ly as a valued rel i c of those st i rringtimes .

CASE 2 8

Fort Det roi t Flag, 1 8 1 2 .— At the ou tbreak of host i l i t ies in

1812 General B rock , who was then L i eutenant -Governorof Upper Canada , and in command of the Bri t i sh forces ,early di rected h i s attent ion to the western front ier.W i th a body of troops composed of regulars and mi l i t iafrom York (Toronto) and N iagara , B rock coasted in boatsalong the north shore of Lake Erie to Amherstburg.

General H u l l , with a portion of the Ameri can forces , wa s

then in occupati on of a part of the eas tern shore of the St .C lai r R i ver a t Sandwi ch . On B rock ’s advance he ret i red

h i s main body across the river to Fort Detroi t , on the

west shore . At Amhers tburg B rock fi rst met Tecumseh ,and from then began the admi rati on and confidencewh ich these two bol d and act i ve warriors evinced toward

one another i n the i r subsequent careers . A counc i l washeld

,at which B rock explai ned h i s p lan of campaign , and

Tecumseh and h i s ch iefs with Ind iahs joi ned h i s

forces . Having garri soned Amherstburg, B rock proceeded to attack the Fort bui l t by H u l l at Sandwich ,wh ich was at once abandoned . On the morn ing of th e

l 6th of August , 1812 , Fort Detroi t was shel l ed from thebattery at Sandwich . Wh i l e - thus occupied , B rock , withh i s force of 340 men of the 4l st and Newfoundland Regiments , 400 Canadian mi l i t ia and 600 I ndians under Tecumseh

,crossed the ri ver between five and six mi les below

Detroi t .

Gen . H u l l , by the successive B ri t i sh su ccesses at th eMaumee R iver

,the R iver Aux Canards and lastly at

B rownstown on Aug. 8th, had been cu t off from h i s sou rce s

of suppl i es from the sou th from Ohio . Michillima ckina c , hi sFort to the north , had been taken by the B ri t i sh underCapt . Roberts . The fi re from the batte ry at Sandwich hadtold heavi ly on hi s Fort, and B rock , having successfu l lycrossed the river, was advancing to the assaul t . Cut off

_134_

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THE FORESTERS’

ORPHANS’

HOME

DESERONTO, ONT.

UR ING over a quarter of a centu ry the I NDEPENDENTORDER OF FORESTERS , as re -const i t u ted

,gu ided and

bu i l t up under the s t rong hand of O ronhya t ekha and h i ss t afi", has been s t ead i ly

'

fu lfi lling i ts undertakings and s t rengthening i ts resources .

Fraterna l L i fe I nsu rance , as deve loped and establ i shed bythe has long since passed the experimen ta l stage .

I ts l i fe protec t i on having thus been abso lutely provided,

tes ted by experience and proved by success , a fu rt her development i n Fraterna l he lpfu lness i s now being made .

I n h i s progressive methods of estab l i sh ing Fraternal L i feI nsu ran ce , O ronhya t ekha has been cord ia l ly admitted by h i scompeers i n the L i fe I nsu rance fie ld to have been an advancedand sagac ious leader, and now again he admitted ly leads i n thefurther deve lopmen t of the true Fraterna l spi rit .Whi le the Order fulfi ls i n the u tmost i ts contracts for the

payments , and fri endly ass istances , undertaken under i ts Po l i c ies ,yet there i s open ing for addi t ional and free-given u sefu lness .Fraterna l I nsu rance being based upon brotherly co -operat i on

and friend ly help i s not l i mi ted simply by the payment of am oney’ i n debtedness bu t i s widened by i ts fraternal re lat i ons .

Th rough i ts wide ly spread organiza t i on the members of theI NDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS have been enabled to bringhappiness i n to many a hou seho ld whose heads and bread-winne rshave advan taged themselves of i ts easy and Splendid provis ionsfami l i es have been held together, homes have been preservedand brotherly ki ndnesses have been extended to the widow and

to the bereaved .

Ye t there i s another c lass of c i rcumstances whi ch appealsferven t ly to t he Fo res t r ic heart . Al though the I nsu rance prot ec t io n has been rece ived yet the ch i ld ren may have been left asorphans , and wi thout gu id ing hands to care for thei r educat ion

and up-bri ngi ng .

The long and heartfel t experience of many years havingproved to Oronhya tekha the exi stence of these condi t ions, thet ime has come when pract i cal provi s ion can be made for meeting

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them and of enab l i ng the Order to fu rther;expand i n i t s idea ls offratern i ty .

The movement for the c reati on of an Orphans ’ Home for thech i ldren of deceased Foresters has met wi th immed iate approbat ion , not on ly from co-workers i n Fraternal labou rs

,bu t from the

pub l i c at large .

A most grat i fying response has been made by the membersof the Order and voluntary subscriptions from ou r Cou rts andind ividual members i n every quarter of the wor ld

,have been

THE FORESTERS ' ORPHANS ' HOME

boun t i fu l ly sen t i n wi th many and strong ex pressions'

of heartyendorsat i on .

The work of construct ion has been going with l i tt le in terrupt ion for almost a year upon a s i te, consi s t ing of one-half of Foresters

'

I s land , wh ich has been donated to the INDEPENDENT ORDEROF FORESTERS for the Orphans ’ Home by Oronhya tekha wi th ane x pression of h is desi re and purpose to make t he establ i shmentof such a Home the crowning work of h i s l i fe .

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The bu i ld ing wh i ch has been designed and planned th roughout by the Supreme Chief i s strik ing evidence of h i s sk i l l andtaste .Fronting on the main land , i t i s descern i ble for a long

di stance from ei ther east or west . The bu i lding i s 150 feet inlength by 50 feet in width .

The wal ls are sol i d concrete , covered withou t and with in byornamental metal l i c sheet ing .

Those competen t to j udge say that the bu i ld ing i s pract i ca l lyfi reproof, and wi th prop er care impervious to the effects of t imeand weather.I t i s su rmounted by five battlemented towers , the centra l one

of wh ich i s over eighty feet h igh . The battlements surmount ing

the tower and roof give the bu i ld i ng a very impos ing and striking appearance . A splend id porch , supported by massive Corin thia n col umns , marks the main ent rance . Two fine verandahs ,12 feet i n wid th , extend along the fron t and both ends of thebu i lding a t the second and th i rd storeys .The reception hal l , 30 feet by 20 feet , _i s one of th e fea tu res

of the i n terior of the bui ld i ng. From th i s hal l a fine oaken sta i rway leads to the upper part of the bu ild ing .

The internal arrangements are commod ious , and wi l l , whenfin ished , be very complete . I n the fi rst storey wi l l be t he heatingappl iances , storage rooms and work shops .On the mai n floor wi l l be the superi ntendent

’s apartments,

vari ous offi ces , a Splend id d in ing- room 76 feet by 20 feet , gi rl s’

dormitory , etc . On the th i rd floor wi l l be school- rooms , boys’

dorm itory , etc . The fourth storey wi l l be la id ou t and fin i shedas i ncreasing a ttendance may suggest . E lectri c l igh t i ng i sprovided throughout .The in te ri or detai ls and equ ipment have not y et been com

pleted bu t the bu i ld i ng , as shown in the i l l u stration , has beensuffi c ient ly advanced to be ded i cated to i ts beneficen t work on2 8th Aug. , i n the presence of a great gatheri ng of the membersof the Order

,represen tat ives from many of the H igh Courts and

of representative c i t izens , j udges , clergy , members of the

Government and Parl iamen t , mun icipal and educa t i onal organ iza t ions and of widest busi ness in terests .The work of the Home wi l l be to take charge of, mai nta i n ,

and prepare for l i fe-work the orphans of deceased members of

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PREMIUM RATES OF THE I.O .F.

The fo l lowing are the month ly premi ums for the “Ord inaryC lass , begi nn i ng at age 18 and ending wi th age 54, whi ch i s themax imum age for admission . Prem iums may also be paid quar

t erly or year ly i n advance . I n even t of death the unearnedpremiums are retu rned .

Schedule of Monthly Rates for the Ordinary C lass

Age $50 0

18 3 8 76 $ 1 52 $2 28 $3 04 $3 801 9 39 78 1 56 2 34 3 12 3 9 020 4 0 80 1 60 2 4 0 3 20 4 002 1 4 1 82 l 64 2 4 6 3 28 4 1022 4 2 84 1 68 2 52 3 3 6 4 2023 43 86 1 72 2 58 3 44 4 3 024 4 5 9 0 l 8 0 2 70 3 60 4 502 5 4 7 9 4 1 88 2 82 3 76 4 702 6 4 9 9 8 l 96 2 9 4 3 9 2 4 9 02 7 5 1 l 02 2 0 4 3 06 4 08 5 1028 53 1 06 2 12 3 18 4 24 5 302 9 55 1 10 2 20 3 30 4 4 0 5 50

3 0 57 1 14 2 28 3 4 2 4 56 5 703 1 59 1 18 2 36 3 54 4 72 5 9 032 6 1 1 22 2 4 4 3 66 4 88 6 10

33 63 1 2 6 2 52 3 78 5 04 6 30

3 4 66 1 32 2 64 3 96 5 28 6 60

35 69 1 38 2 76 4 14 5 52 6 9 03 6 72 l 2 88 4 3 2 5 76 7 203 7 75 l 50 3 00 4 50 6 00 7 503 8 78 1 56 3 12 4 68 6 2 4 7 80

3 9 8 1 1 62 3 24 4 86 6 4 8 8 10

4 0 84 1 68 3 36 5 04 6 72 8 4 0

4 1 88 l 76 3 52 5 28 7 04 8 80

4 2 9 2 l 84 3 68 5 52 7 36 9 20

4 3 9 6 1 9 2 3 84 5 76 7 68 9 60

4 4 1 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 004 5 l 04 2 08 4 16 6 24 8 32 10 4 0

4 6 1 09 2 18 4 36 6 54 8 72 10 90-4 7 l 16 2 32 4 64 6 96 9 28 l l 604 8 1 25 2 50 5 00 7 50 10 00 12 50

4 9 1 35 2 70 5 4 0 8 10 10 80 13 50

50 1 4 5 2 90 5 80 8 70 1 1 60 14 505 1 1 55 3 10 6 20 9 30 12 40 15 5052 1 65 3 30 6 60 9 90 13 20 16 5053 l 80 3 60 7 20 10 80 14 4 0 18 00

54 1 95 3 9 0 7 80 1 1 70 15 60 19 50

I n addi t i on to the above premiums, there are smal l Court

d ues payable by every member ;these are main ly u nder thecont rol of the members of each Court , and may be made more

o r less at the i r own option .

Equ i tably arranged h igher rates are charged for the Ha z

a rdous and for the E x t ra Hazardous Classes .

—1M}

WHAT THE I.O .F.WILL DO FOR YOU

For'

t hese moderate monthly or annual payments The I nde

penden t Order of Fores ters gives Benefits unexcel led by anyother Fraterna l Benefi t Soc iety or Insu rance Company .

Among the substantial Benefi ts given by the I ndependen tOrder of Foresters are the fol lowing

(1 ) I t wil l pay on death to widow and orphaned ch i ld ren orother benefi c iaries

,as provided in i ts Const i tu t ion , from $500

to as a Mortuary or I nsu rance Benefi t;

when you reach the age of 70 years;

di sab l ed by acc iden t or d i sease , not only by re l ieving you of a l lpayment of fu rther premiums , bu t a lso by paying down to you rsel fon e-ha tf the face of you r Benefi t Certificate or Pol i cy , viz:$250 to

the balance going to your beneficiaries a t you r death;o

(4 ) I t wi l l pay you annual ly for ten years i n you r old age , i td isabled , $50 to $500 , depending on the amoun t of you r Benefi tCertificate

,unt i l t he whole amount of your Benefi t Cert ificate i s

pai d to yourself,and in case of you r prior deat h the balance

unpaid,i f any, wou ld be paid to you r beneficiaries , or

(5) I t wi l l pay you a Pen sion of from to peryear, depend ing on you r age at the t ime you app ly for theBenefi t and the amount of you r Benefi t Cert ificate;

(6) Last, though not least , i t wi l l cont ribute , i n certai n cont ingenc ies (being in the Si ck and Funeral Benefi t Department or

MEMBERS UNDER FULL BENEFITS IMMEDIATELY

AFTER IN ITIAT ION

A member of the I .O .F . i s . under the protect ion of The

(a ) he has passed the M edical Board , or has been du ly examined

for benefic iary membersh ip and recommended by the exam in ingphys ic ian on Offi cia l Form No . 59 as a first - class ri sk , (6) has paidt he i n i t ia t ion and other requ i red Fees , (0 ) has been in i t iated

i n to the Order .

TOPICAL INDEX

ARCH I TECTURE , Campani les of I ta lyT aj Maha l

ARGONAUTSA RMS , Eastern Soudan

In dian Fi rearms

BEGGARS ’ BOW LSB I RDS , Canad ia n

ForeignBRANT , JOS EPH , W a ugha see

B rass P i s tolFl in t Lock M usket

BRANT,JOHN

,Certifica te

CORALS,Formation of

CORO NATION CHAI R , H i s tory ofCORONATION MEDALS , B ri t i sh SovereignsCOW RY SHELLS

DETRO IT , Cap ture ofDUCK B ILL , Pla t ipus

EGYPTIAN,Re l igion of

Scarabs

FLAGS,Un ion JackUni ted S tatesFort Detroi tFort Ma lden

FL INT LOCK MUSKETS

G EORGE I I I , I ndian Meda ls

INDIAN , Amu let sArrow H eadsBead Neck letsBead WorkBone Aw l sBone CombsBuria lsCustoms of 52 , 19;Ch iefs ’ Meda lsC lay P i pes

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TOPICAL INDEX— ( Con t i n ued )

NATURAL H ISTORY , Shel l s and Coral s

ONTARIO , Par l i amentary H i storyNotable D iv i s i on s

ORONHYATEKHA, Presentat ions to

OSHAWANA, I nd ian Atti re

REL IG ION of Ameri can Ind iansof Buddh i stsof B rahmi nsofChri s t ian Work AmongI ndians

SACR IF IC IAL GONGSSCALLOP SHELLS , Uses made ofSEA HORSES , Pecu l iari t ies ofS ISAL , A Developed WeedSPONGES , Variet i es and FormationSTAR F I SH

,Varie t ies and Hab i ts

STATUARY, Ce lebrated Examples

TECUMSEH , At Fort MaldenM eet ing wi th B rockAt Fort Detroi tDeath of

TOBACCO, Use of, by I ndiansTOMAHAWKS

TOM TOMS , Rel igious Use ofTRAD ITION BELTS , Chippewa D i v i s ion

Sh ingwa uk

Penn Wampum

UN ION JACKS , Success ive FormationsUN ITED STATES , Firs t Un ion EnsignURCH INS , Variet i es and Formation

VENUS , Celebra ted Statues

WAMPUM BELTSWAMPUM MONEYWAR CLUBSWASH INGTON

,Grand Union Ensign

WAUGHASEES

YORK, Attack on

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