WHI. 6. The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Roman Geography 1) 2)

ANCIENT ROMEWHI. 6

The FRAME RoutineKey Topic

is about…

So What? (What’s important to understand about this?)

Essential details

Roman Geography

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• •

• 1)

2)


is about…


Essential details

Roman Geography

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• •

• 1)

2)

How geography influenced the development of Roman culture and civilization

Map of Rome

Geography of Rome

Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from other eastern powers

Geography of Rome

Located on the Italian Peninsula

Created a crossroads for trade along the Mediterranean Sea—known as seaborne commerce

Geography of Rome

Rome was protected by:1) The Alps

2) Seas (ex. Mediterranean, Adriatic, etc.


is about…


Essential details

Roman Geography

• Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern powers

• Located on the Italian Peninsula • Created a crossroads for trade along the Mediterranean Sea—known

as sea-borne commerce

• Rome was protected by:1) The Alps2) Seas (Mediterranean and Adriatic)

• Due to Rome's central location, they were able to influence those around the Mediterranean Basin

Italian Peninsula

Mediterranean Sea

Greece Black Sea

Rome

Mediterranean Basin

Adriatic Sea

The Alps

Map of Rome

Roman Mythology

Roman Gods/Goddesses

Married

Jupiter: Juno:

VenusDiana

Neptune

Apollo Minerva

Mars

Roman Mythology

Based on Greek polytheistic religion Offered explanations of natural

phenomena, human qualities, and life events

Mythology was a part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art

Roman gods/goddesses

Jupiter (Greek: Zeus)

King of the gods


Juno (Greek: Hera)

Queen of the godsWife of Jupiter


Neptune (Greek: Poseidon)

God of the seas


Apollo (Greek: Apollo)

God of the sun


Mars (Greek: Ares)

God of War


Venus (Greek: Aphrodite)

Goddess of Love


Mercury (Greek: Hermes)

Messenger of gods


Minerva (Greek: Athena)

Goddesses of wisdom

Roman gods/goddesses Diana (Greek:

Artemis) Goddess of

hunt/protector of children

Roman Mythology

Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of EmpiresGave “god-like” status to

emperors

Social Structure of Rome

The Roman Republic contained 3 classes:

Patricians

Plebeians

Slaves

Social Structure of Rome

Patricians- nobility/rich (few in number) Plebeians- majority of the population

Consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers

Slaves- people forced into servant classes by conquest (not based on race)

Social Structure of Ancient Rome

Citizenship- was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens, as a privilege

Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans

All citizens could vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in the military

Roman Republican Government—509 BCE

Consults—at the top of government (two people elected by the Assembly each year)

Served one year terms Could veto decisions of

the Assembly Ran the government


Representation:Two bodies made up the

representative branch of government (The Assembly and the Senate)

Senate—made up of patricians and controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome

Assembly—made laws for Rome

Roman Republican Government—509 BCE Tribunes—part of the Assembly that

were made up of the Plebeians that represented tribes (localities) of RomeCould address the Senate and AssemblyCould veto actions of Senate and ConsulsLater gained the right to make laws


The Republic became increasingly more and more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power

Twelve Tables—first written set of Roman laws (451 BCE)

Punic Wars

Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine the supremacy of the Mediterranean world (competition over trade)

1st Punic War

Carthaginians had taken control of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

Romans marched south to defeat the Carthaginians

Romans won and gained the three islands

2nd Punic War Hannibal commanded a mixed army

of North Africans and Europeans against Rome

281 BCE—led his troops with elephants across the Pyrenees Mountains of Spain through France (Gaul) and over the Alps of ItalyTrek took 15 years—arrived with

most of his men and all of the elephants

Roman army had expected a southern invasion

2nd Punic War Hannibal got to Rome but

never defeated the city of Rome

Rome counter-attacked the city of CarthageHannibal left Italy to defend

Carthage and was defeated Carthage gave up all land

except the city of CarthageRome now ruled most of

the Mediterranean

2nd Punic War

Hannibal was later tracked own and committed suicide

3rd Punic War

Rome was angry from the 2nd Punic War and attacked Carthage, completely destroyed the city, and annexed it

Results of Punic Wars

Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor

Roman culture would now follow Roman conquest

Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)

Results of Punic Wars

Rome developed its navy Romans would remain

unchallenged and conquered Western Europe (Gaul and British Isles)

Julius Caesar (59-44 BCE)

Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman ArmyPopular for his military conquests


60 BCE Caesar joined with military heroes Pompey and Crassius, the richest men in Rome to form the First Triumvirate (Latin: “of three men”) Together they ruled Rome,

but jealousies soon turned them against each other


Caesar turned his armies towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the SenateVenni, Viddi, Vicci

Caesar made himself dictator for life

Causes of the fall of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural

system Unemployment of small farmers going

into cities Civil War with Caesar gaining power Devaluation of Roman currency

(inflation)

Ides of March Senate was fearful of

Caesar March 15, 44 BCE—

“Beware of the Ides of March!”

Rome broke out in new civil war

Marc Anthony (Caesar’s general) and Octavian (Caesar’s nephew hunted down the murderers

Ides of March

Soon Anthony and Octavian fought for power

Anthony made allies with Egypt

31 BCE, Octavian defeated Marc Anthony and his ally Cleopatra

Ides of March

Senate renamed him Augustus— “Exalted One” or “Sacred Majesty”

Rome became an empire and Augustus was the emperor

Reasons for Imperial Rome (31 BCE-180 BCE) Civil war giving rise to

Octavian (Augustus) Caesar Failure to have succession of

emperor Now have unified and enlarged

empire that uses imperial power and the military

Under Octavian “Caesar” Augustus

Left Senate in tact (mainly as advisors)

Civil service started to enforce laws

Gave self-government to enforce laws

Tax system was revised to put responsibility on wealthy

Economic life grew prosperous

Under Octavian “Caesar” Augustus

Under Augustus the Pax Romana began— “Roman Peace”

Jesus of Judea was born under his reign

Bragged he turned Rome from a city of brick into a city of marble

Pax Romana

200 years of peace throughout the Roman Empire

Expansion and solidification of the empire; especially in the Near East

Economic Impact

Augustus established a uniform system of money, which helped expand trade

Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads

Promoted prosperity and stability

Social Impact

Stability returned to social classes—end of civil wars

Increased focus on the family

Political Impact

Created a civil service to make international improvements to Rome

Developed a uniform rule of law for all of Roman EmpireToday Roman law is the foundation of law

that developed in western Europe and the U.S.

Roman Culture

Rome embraced and adopted the culture of the Ancient Greeks

Conquest spread Roman culture and technology throughout Europe

Art and Architecture

Pantheon

Dome structure with 7 recesses to honor the gods of the planets

Has open “eye” in center to let in sunlight (skylight)

Pantheon

Today is a church in Rome

Mixed concrete with various kinds of stone

Coliseum

Held 50,000 people Took a decade to construct

Coliseum

Center for entertainment (gladiators, Christian sacrifices, mazes, naval battles)

Stone amphitheater

Nirvana

“Smells Like Teen Spirit”—Nevermind (1991)

“Smells Like Teen Spirit”

Chorus:“With the lights out, it’s less dangerous

Here we are now, entertain us

I feel stupid and contagious

Here we are now, entertain us”

Forum

Public place for political debate

Contained a number of separate buildings

Circus Maximus

Rome’s race track—Chariot Races

250,000 spectators

Technology

Aqueducts:Artificial channels for

carrying waterCarry water from

mountains and springs to cities using gravity from as far away as 57 miles

Technology

Roads:“All roads led to

Rome.”Built of stone,

extended throughout Rome for 180,000 miles

Technology Roman Arches—in Coliseum and other

architecture Medicine—emphasis on public health

system (public baths, public water system, medical schools, etc.)

Daytona 500

Answer:Circus

Maximus

WWE Wrestling Match

Answer:Coliseum

St. Paul’s Cathedral

Answer:Pantheon

Political Forum

Water Pipeline

Answer:Aqueducts

Gillette Stadium—Boston, MA Answer:

Coliseum

Michelle Obama—2008 Democratic National Convention

Answer:Forum

Kentucky Derby

Answer:Circus

Maximus

Roman Contributions

Western Civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome

Science—Romans tended to leave scientific research to other people

Ptolemy

Ptolemy—mathematician/astronomerProposed theory that

the Earth was at the center of the universe

Ptolemy

This was believed for 1500 years

His work allowed later astronomers to predict the motion of the planets

Literature

Romans stole the Greek style of epic poems

Virgil wrote the Aeneid—tied to Homer’s IliadDescribed how Rome

was establishedWon favor with Augustus

by stressing Rome’s patriotism

Religion

Roman mythology still present today Names of planets still today named after

Roman gods Some Romans turning to Greek schools

of philosophy Later Christianity emerged within the

Roman Empire

Law

The Twelve Tables (principle of “innocent until proven guilty”)

Commission of 10 men appointed to create the first written Roman code of law

Law

Legal and social protection between patricians and plebeians

Originals inscribed on bronze Destroyed by Gaul in 387 BCE

Language

Latin became the basis of Romantic languages

Today many of our words come from Latin words

Latin to English Game:

Animosity

Animus= Anger

Bovine

Bos= Cow

Deity

Deus= God

Equestrian

Equus= Horse

Foliage

Folium= Leaves

Maternal

Mater= Mother

Regal

Rex= King/Royalty

Christianity

Christian beliefs are centered around Jesus

Jesus—Jew born around 4 BCE in Bethlehem

Christianity

Christianity is deeply rooted in the Jewish faithOne God (monotheism)10 CommandmentsAll people are equal

before God Jesus called himself the

Son of God or the Messiah

Christianity

Jesus also preached new beliefsHis mission was to

bring spiritual Salvation and eternal life (life after death) to all that believed in him

He preached forgiveness rather than “Eye for an Eye”

Christianity

Jesus died on the cross because he was viewed as a revolutionary who might lead Jews against Rome

According to his disciples, Jesus arose from the dead (resurrection) and commanded them to spread his teachings

Christianity

His followers were called Christians

Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)

Christian Holy Texts—Bible (Old and New Testaments)

Spread of Christianity

Christianity began as a small group within Judaism that was in conflict with Roman polytheismRomans killed Jesus by crucifying

The message of Jesus and Christianity was spread after his death (became more popular)

Apostles (travel around to spread beliefs) and martyrs die for what they believe in


Paul along with the apostles, is credited with spreading Christianity

Paul came from Asia MinorNever met JesusConverted to Christianity

after he had a vision


Paul decided to spread Christianity out of Jewish Communities to Gentiles (non-Jews)Set up churches from Mesopotamia to

RomePromised eternal life for all believers

Today it is the religion of Europe, Russia, North and South America

Persecution of Christians

During Roman Empire, many Christians were persecuted because of disloyalty to RomeEmperor Nero was the worst—sacrificed

Christians in games at the ColiseumPersecution only strengthened Christianity—

Paul and Peter were both martyrs

Persecution of Christians

Eventually Constantine converted the Roman Empire to Christianity in 313 AD and made it legal (Edict of Milan)

Christianity the official religion of Rome in 395 AD under Emperor Theodosius (banned all old Hellenistic and Roman religions)

Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church became the keeper of the Christian faith and grew more important than the Empire as the Empire crumbled

Roman Catholic Church

Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church

Bishops directed churches in religious districts

Priests served in parishes (churches)

Protestant religions grew out of the Catholic Church because of conflict

Impact of the Church of Rome Church became an example of moral

authority Loyalty to the church became more

important than loyalty to the Emperor Church became main unifying force of

Western Europe

Study Guide Questions:

4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19

Who Said That????

“All who draw the sword will die by the sword.”

“The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home.”

Confucius

“Neither fire nor wind, birth nor death can erase our good deeds.”

“Manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, have few desires.”

Lao-Tzu

“Because of the increase of wickedness, the love of most will grow cold, but he who stands firm to the end will be saved.”

“Boom, crush. Night, losers. Winning, duh.”

“Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.”

“The essence of all religions is one. Only their approaches are different.”

“Let my people go.”

“Teaching just came natural. What can I say, I have a gift.”

Causes for the decline of Western Roman Empire: Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD)—last

great emperorPax Romana came to an end after 192—

Army began choosing emperors Geographic Size:

Difficulty of defense and administration Economic:

Cost of defending Rome’s bordersInflation of Roman currency

Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire: Military:

Army membership started to include invaders

Decline in military loyalty and budget Political:

Civil conflict and weak government Moral Decay:

People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family Invasion:

Attack on borders

Attempts to save Rome: 284-305 AD—

DiocletianTried to save Rome by

dividing it into an Eastern and Western Empire

Constantine

312-337 AD—ConstantineSought to reform the empireBuilt a great capital at

Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (modern day Turkey)

Constantine

Last to persecute ChristiansGave tolerance to

ChristiansEdict of Milan (document

that allowed toleration)

Division of Roman Empire: Move of the capital by Constantine from

Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople

Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 CE, when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor

Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) governed until 1453 CE

Documents

WHI. 6. The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Roman Geography 1) 2)