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IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Where to start? Energy use in buildings
Pretoria, Monday 14th October 2019
Buildings: Maxine Jordan, IEA and Ian Hamilton, UCL Energy Institute
Buildings energy efficiency sessions in partnership with:
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings programme
1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings
2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in buildings
Special session: GlobalABC Regional Roadmaps
3. Toolkit: Energy efficient building design technologies
4. Toolkit: Energy efficient building system technologies
Special session: Green Building in Africa – Elizabeth Chege, KGBS
Special session: The GlobalABC Africa Roadmap for buildings and construction
5. What are the steps? Determining the current status of policies
6. Toolkit: Energy efficiency policies and target setting with guest speaker: Hlompho Vivian, GBC SA
7. What are the steps? Implementing codes and standards
8. What are the steps? Building operations and procurement with guest speaker: Christelle Van Vuuren, Carbon Trust
Special session: The multiple benefits of energy efficiency
9. Did it work? Evaluation and energy efficiency indicators
Special session: Financing energy efficiency in buildings
10. Buildings quiz
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Training Week: Buildings
1. Where to start: Energy use in buildings
Trainers: Ian Hamilton, UCL Energy Institute
Purpose: To teach the fundamentals of how and why buildings use energy.
Scenario: An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to be zero emission or net zero energy.
Discussion question: What processes and which factors are key to delivering zero emission or net zero
energy buildings?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy useBuilding form
Building function/services
Population and wealth
Climate and weather
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: form
Form causes energy use: including through shape, size, materials, window placement. Form enables energy efficiency: including thermal mass, passive solar and natural ventilation.
Sources: GBPN and IEA
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: function
Energy follows function : people don’t demand energy, they demand energy services.
Sources: GBPN
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: people (population)
Despite energy efficiency improvements, the energy consumed in buildings is still highly correlated to
population growth.
Sources: IEA Energy Statistics, IMF 2014, UN DESA 2014
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: floor area (population and wealth)
Population and wealth are both driving increased floor area in buildings.
Floor area additions to 2060 by key regions
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
North
America
Europe China India ASEAN Africa Middle East Latin
America
Sha
re o
f a
dd
itio
ns
bu
ilt b
y 2
03
5
Ad
dit
ion
s to
20
60
(bil
lio
n m
2)
Non-residential
Residential
Share ofadditions
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: ownership (population and wealth)
Global refrigerator ownership doubled in the last 25 years.
Appliance ownership is increasing…
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: population location
Hot locations with large population: India, South East Asia, Africa, Central America, South America
~50% of world population suffers from hot weather, while <10% have access to mechanical cooling.
Sources: BEEP India and http://allthatsinteresting.com/map-population-density
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate
Climate impacts occupant comfort and building energy use.
Climate can also impact where people live.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate
Building physics are the same everywhere, but, buildings in cold and hot climates have different
dynamics depending on temperatures
Heat loss from
inside to outside
during winter
Heat is incoming
during the day
and
outgoing during
the night
0oC
10
20
30
40
T inside
T outside
North in Winter South in Summer
Sources: BEEP India
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Drivers of building energy use: climate example in India
Building energy use is dependent on both climate and energy efficiency standards.
Energy intensity (kWh/m2)27 32
57
54
30
4
27
26
11
1
9 10
10
0
8 9
1
1
1 0
1
0
0 1 1
0
0 1
20
20
20
20
20
20
20 20 20
20
20 20
0102030405060
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Ahm
ed
aba
d
Ban
galo
re
New
De
lhi
Mu
mb
ai
Surveyed BAU ECBC ECBC+
Equipment EPI
Increse in ACEPI for AirConditionedAC EPI forMixed Mode
Four Cities and Climate Zones
Ahmedabad:
• Hot and Dry
Bangalore:
• Moderate
New Delhi:
• Composite
Mumbai:
• Warm and Humid
Sources: GBPN, India BEE
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy useBuilding lifecycle
Historic and projected
End-use consumption
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: over the building lifecycle
Each step of the lifecycle of the building results in energy input and emissions output.
Raw Material
Production
Transportation
ConstructionOperations
Retrofit and
Maintenance
Demolition
• Lifecycle analysis can estimate the
impacts of each stage of the building life.
• The lifecycle includes embodied plus
operational energy and emissions.
Source: Adapted based on Built Constructions Magazine
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: globally
Building energy use plays a large role in the global energy system.
Buildings account for…
Transport26.6%
Industry28.6%
Residential22.0%
Services8.6%
Other14.3% 4.7%
11%
21%
31%
5%
24%
3%
Oil
Renewables
Coal
Natural gas
Electricity
District energy
Traditional biomass• over 30% of global final energy demand
• 55% of global electricity use,
• more than a quarter of energy-related CO2
emissions,
• two-thirds of halocarbon,
• and 25–33% of black carbon emissions (GEA
2012)
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: by region
Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.
Historic and projected buildings energy use
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
EJ
USA
China
India
Europe
ASEAN
Africa
Other
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: by end-use
Building energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to increase further.
Historic and projected buildings energy use
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Building energy (PJ)
Appliances & other
Cooking
Lighting
Water heating
Space cooling
Space heating
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: how important is space cooling becoming?
Space cooling energy use in business as usual scenario (RTS) is expected to have significant increases
due to increased ownership.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Ind
ex 1
99
0 =
10
0
Space cooling
Appliances andother equipmentLighting
Water heating
Cooking
Space heating
Source: www.iea.org/eemr16
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: comparison
Building energy use is different between countries, especially in their use of biomass.
Buildings energy compared across country type
0
4
8
12
16
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2013
United States EuropeanUnion
China India ASEAN Middle East Africa
Ener
gy in
ten
sity
(M
Wh
/per
son
)
Fin
al e
ner
gy u
se (
EJ)
Solar
Commercial heat
Electricity
Natural gas
Oil
Coal
Biofuels
Energy perperson
Source: www.iea.org/eemr16
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: by building type
Residential buildings use more energy for cooking and water heating.
Non-residential buildings use more energy for space cooling, lighting and other equipment.
Residential and non-residential buildings…
29%
3%
22%4%
31%
11%
Residential (90 EJ)
Space heating Space cooling Water heating Lighting Cooking Appliances Other
38%
11%11%
12%
28%
Non-residential (35 EJ)
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Building energy use: impact on energy markets
Buildings depend heavily on upstream energy and emissions (electricity and commercial heat).
Primary energy use depends on energy utilities…
Coal
5%
Oil11%
Natural Gas21%
Electricity31%
District energy 5%
Traditional Biomass24%
Renewables3% Coal
41%
Oil4%
Natural Gas22%
Nuclear
11%
Renewables
22%
Buildings sector final energy consumption (125 EJ)
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspective 2017
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Driving energy use downThe path to “net zero” and “low-energy”
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Concept of net zero
• Net-zero energy: over the course of a year, the
building has consumed as much energy as has
been generated on site, resulting in a net-zero
annual energy consumption.
Annual energy
consumption
Renewable energy
generation
Annual carbon
emissions
Carbon emissions
offset on-site
• Net-zero carbon: over the course of a year, the
building has emitted as many carbon emissions
as have been offset on site, resulting in a net-
zero annual carbon emission.
Final or primary energy?
Allow off-site generation?
Is net zero = efficient?
What about embodied
carbon?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to zero emissions or net zero energy buildings
Items to consider for building renovation or construction:
Source: www.iea.org/publications/policypathwaysseries/
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to low-energy existing buildings
• Reduce electrical loads: ensure all lighting is upgraded, ensure all appliances and electronic devices
are high efficiency and emit less heat.
• Improve building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are essential. Window
measures can also dramatically reduce building energy and increase thermal comfort.
• Systems: Improve the existing systems if they are not being replaced.
- Otherwise, upgrade to advanced systems including heat pump or other high efficiency
technology that can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or on-site).
• Retro-commission: ensure that all systems are properly installed and operating as they were designed
to operate.
Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Path to low-energy new buildings
• Design it right: have integrated design team that examines life-cycle energy use in each design and
construction phase.
- Electrical loads: ensure all lighting is latest technology, ensure all appliances and electronic
devices are high efficiency and emit less heat.
- Building envelope: highly cost effective insulation and air sealing are essential. New buildings
also have minimal upgrade costs for energy efficient window measures that can also dramatically
reduce building energy and increase thermal comfort.
- Systems: Include advanced systems such as heat pump or other high efficiency technology that
can be integrated with renewable energy (grid or on-site).
• Construct with commissioning: ensure that all technologies are properly installed and operating as
they were designed to operate.
Source: Adapted from ENERGY STAR
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The path to net zero
Scenario:
An influential NGO is urging for all new construction to be zero emission or net zero energy.
What processes and which factors are key to delivering zero emission or net zero energy buildings?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.