Where to start€¦ · and schools •population density: dense urban areas can influence building energy use (e.g. from urban heat island effect); building occupancy can influence

© OECD/IEA 2018

#energyefficientworld

Where to start:

John Dulac

New Delhi, 10 December 2018

Municipal & Utility Services: Session 1

Energy use in municipalities

© OECD/IEA 2018

Energy Efficiency Training Week: Municipal and Utility Services

1. Where to start: Energy use in municipalities

2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in municipalities

3. Toolkit: Energy-efficient municipal planning

4. Toolkit: Energy-efficient technologies

Where do I get help? IEA’s Technology Collaboration Programmes

5. What are the steps: Implementing energy efficiency programmes – target setting

6. What are the steps : Implementing energy efficiency programmes – implementation

7. What are the steps: Enabling public energy efficiency investment

8. What are the steps: Enabling private energy efficiency investment

Special session: Multiple benefits of energy efficiency for municipalities

9. Did it work: Evaluation and energy efficiency indicators

Special session: International and regional initiatives that can help

10. Energy Efficiency Quiz: Understanding energy efficiency in municipal and utility services

© OECD/IEA 2018


1. Where to start: Energy use in municipalities

Trainer(s): John Dulac

Purpose: To teach the fundamentals and dynamics of energy use in

municipalities

Scenario: Your mayor/commissioner is under pressure to reduce energy consumption to meet national targets.

Question: How do you help the commissioner understand the drivers

of energy consumption in the municipality?

© OECD/IEA 2018


1. Why is municipal energy use important?

2. What are examples of drivers of energy use in municipalities?

A. Public buildings

B. Transport

C. Utilities

D. Waste

3. Activity: Drivers influencing energy consumption in municipalities

© OECD/IEA 2017

1. Why is municipal energy use

important?

© OECD/IEA 2018


A few of the main responsibilities of municipalities…

• PLANNING

- Urban planning

- Regulation of land-use, construction of

buildings

- Roads, bridges, crossings

• BASIC NECESSITIES

- Water supply

- Public health, sanitation, solid waste management

• OTHER SERVICES

- Street lighting

- Municipal and public buildings, social

housing, slum improvements

- Protection of the environment

- Public transport, parking

© OECD/IEA 2018


… and they involve energy consuming sectors below in one way or another

Public administration

buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, museums, social

housing

Buildings

Public transport, street design,

traffic signals and signage

Transport

Lighting, water supply and

sewage, local energy networks

Utilities

Landfilling, waste management

Waste

© OECD/IEA 2018


The majority of global energy use and greenhouse emissions comes from urban areas.

Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016

© OECD/IEA 2018


Local air quality is also worse in urban areas, often exceeding WHO guidelines of 20 µg/m3.


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© OECD/IEA 2018


Major opportunities to reduce energy & related emissions are in urban areas.


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4DS Urbanreductions

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© OECD/IEA 2017

2. What are the typical drivers of

energy use in municipalities?

© OECD/IEA 2018

2. Examples of drivers of energy use in municipalities

Factors like urban density, purchasing power and climate can be strong drivers of energy use.


© OECD/IEA 2018


A. Public Buildings

• form : shape, size, materials, window placement

• function : demand of energy services from a house is different for hospitals

and schools

• population density: dense urban areas can influence building energy use (e.g. from urban heat island effect); building occupancy can influence

needs (e.g. lighting and cooling services)

• location of population and climate: comfort and energy needs (e.g. for

cooling) will be different between Lahore and Chennai, or Mumbai and

Srinagar

© OECD/IEA 2018


A. Public Buildings: example of hospital energy consumption in India

Source: Kapoor 2011 in https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/Hospitals_Use_Data_Analytics_Monitoring-Based_Commissioning.pdf

29%

52%

10%

9%

Indian healthcare facilities: End use breakdown

Lighting HVAC + fans

Water heating Other

© OECD/IEA 2018


Energy use is a function of a vehicle type/technology, as well as mode.

B. Transport

p-km: passenger kilometre,

p-km: vehicle-km x passengers/vehicle

v-km: stock x mileage

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2- and 3-wheelers

Small andmedium cars

Largecars

Buses andminibuses

Rail Air

MJ/

pkm

Passenger

World (range) World OECD Non-OECD

© OECD/IEA 2018


Modal choice is a function of purchasing power and municipal structure (i.e. urban sprawl).

Source: elaboration of UITP, quoted by IEA, 2008

B. Transport

GDP per capita

USD

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of

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pri

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%)

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/etp2008.pdf

© OECD/IEA 2018


C. Utilities: Lighting

• As more countries, especially India,

increase urbanisation, demand for public

lighting will increase.

• In India, energy costs on municipal

budget due to running of public lighting

can be 5-10% for large cities, and up to

20% for smaller cities.

Source http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-cities

1020

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0%

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Small Cities Large Cities

Street Lighting Other Costs

http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-cities

© OECD/IEA 2018


Energy can represent 25-30% of total operation costs for water supply, mainly due to pumps.

Source EPRI Solutions (2005). Bringing Energy Efficiency to the Water & Wastewater Industry: How Do We Get There? WEFTEC

67%

14%

11%

8%

Energy Costs in Water Supply

Finished Water Pumping

Water Treatment

Raw Water Pumping

In-Plant Water Pumping

C. Utilities: Water Supply and Sewage

© OECD/IEA 2018


The more water-strained the location is, the more energy intensive the process has to be.

Source EPRI Water and Sustainability Volume 4 https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/


8.5

2.5

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0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

Desalination

Wastewater reuse

Wastewater treatment

Groundwater

Lake or river

Energy intensity (kWh per m³)

https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/

© OECD/IEA 2018



• India, average is 28% but

energy ranges from 5% to

77% of total operational

costs.

• Leakage in distribution is

estimated to contribute

to additional 11% losses.

Source Mainstreaming Energy Efficiency in Urban Water and Waste Water, Centre for Science and Environment India 2017, Excreta Matters 2012 CSEI

Energy

Salary

Repairs

Chemical

Others

http://cdn.cseindia.org/attachments/0.73120800_1505297784_Policy-Paper-Mainstreaming-Energy-Efficiency-in-Urban-Water.pdf

http://www.worldcat.org/title/excreta-matters-state-of-indias-environment-a-citizens-report-7/oclc/777935701

© OECD/IEA 2018


Energy cost in sewage treatment is dominated by aeration (53%) to

remove biological and chemical oxygen demands (BODs and CODs).

Source: Wastewater Treatment Energy Savings Guide: Energy Trust of Oregon


https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/Primer on energy efficiency in water and wastewater plants_0.pdf

© OECD/IEA 2018


High water risk in India means supplying water will be harder

and sewage treatment will be more important.

Source http://www.wri.org/applications/maps/aqueduct-atlas/

C. Utilities: Water Supply and Sewage – Water-Energy Nexus

http://www.wri.org/applications/maps/aqueduct-atlas/

© OECD/IEA 2018


C. Utilities: Water Supply and Sewage – Water-Energy Nexus

https://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/3-maps-explain-india-s-growing-water-risks

© OECD/IEA 2018


Solid waste generation is often driven by purchasing power. Collection could be crucial for energy recovery.


D. Solid Waste

Waste generation per capita

Waste collection rate

© OECD/IEA 2018


D. Waste

• Issue in solid waste is more of excess energy not utilised

Source https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-burning-rubbish-at-garbage-

landfills-are-injurious-to-health/Source https://www.epa.gov/landfills/municipal-solid-waste-landfills

© OECD/IEA 2017

3. Activity: Drivers influencing energy

consumption in municipalities

© OECD/IEA 2018

Activity: Drivers influencing energy consumption in municipalities

Break into groups of 6

Scenario: Your mayor/commissioner is under pressure to reduce energy

consumption to meet national targets.

Question: How do you help the commissioner understand the drivers of

energy consumption in the municipality?

What level of influence do you have on the energy

consuming aspects of a municipality?

© OECD/IEA 2018

Activity: Drivers influencing energy consumption in municipalities

What level of influence do you have on the energy consuming aspects of a municipality?

Source ESMAP 2012 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia

0

1

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4

5

Land-use

planningEnergy

budget

Investment

planning

Water tariffs

Waste tariffs

Electricity

tariffs

Power supply

Public

lighting

Water supply

Wastewater

treatment

Solid waste

Building

codes

Mass transit

operation

Public

buildings

© OECD/IEA 2018

www.iea.org#energyefficientworld

Documents

Where to start€¦ · and schools •population density: dense urban areas can influence building energy use (e.g. from urban heat island effect); building occupancy can influence