When the hybrid offspring shows an intermediate phenotype between the two parents.

Example: Flower color

CRCR = red CWCW= white CRCW = pink

High Cholesterol-

LL= normal CholesterolLL’= High CholesterolL’L’ = Very High Cholesterol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHpMT7xJR3s

See Cholesterol Worksheet for info and Punnett Squares.

When the hybrid offspring shows both parental traits.

Example: Roan Coat Color in horses

RR = redR’R’ = whiteRR’ = roan (has both red and

white hairs).

• An inherited disease where people who have the allele for sickle cell have defective hemoglobin, causing misshaped blood cells that do not carry enough oxygen . • In the heterozygous form, the disease causes

anemia and pain, but also provides a tolerance to malaria.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4-c3hUhhyc

• In the homozygous form, the disease can cause organ failure and death.

Sickle Cell Anemia (codominance in humans)

• The change in shape occurs in the body’s narrow capillaries after the hemoglobin delivers oxygen to the cells.

Sickle-cell anemia

Normal red blood cell

Sickle cell

Sickle-cell anemia

• Abnormally shaped blood cells, slow blood flow, block small vessels, and result in tissue damage and pain.

Normal red blood cell

Sickle cell

AA= normal

AS= mild anemia- some sickle cells, some normal- resist malaria infection

SS= disease, anemia, organ damage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsbhvl2nVNE

What is the probability that a baby will have full blown sickle cell disease if both parents have mild sickle cell anemia?

NN = normalNS = mild anemiaSS = full anemia

A S

A AA AS

S AS SS

25% chance of SS

• Mendel’s laws of heredity also can be applied to traits that have more than two alleles.

Multiple Alleles Govern Blood Type

• The ABO blood group is a classic example of a single gene that has multiple alleles in humans.

Multiple Alleles Govern Blood Type

Human Blood Types

lA lA or lAlilB lB or lBilA lB

ii

Genotypes Surface Molecules Phenotypes

AB

A and BNone

ABABO

• The gene for blood type, gene l, codes for a molecule that attaches to a membrane protein found on the surface of red blood cells.

The ABO Blood Group

• The lA and lB alleles each code for a different molecule.

• Your immune system recognizes the red blood cells as belonging to you. If cells with a different surface molecule enter your body, your immune system will attack them.

• The lA allele is dominant to i, so inheriting either the lAi alleles or the lA lA alleles from both parents will give you type A blood.

Phenotype A: Blood type A

• Surface molecule A is produced.

Surface molecule A

• The lB allele is also dominant to i.

Phenotype B: Blood type B

• To have type B blood, you must inherit the lB allele from one parent and either another lB allele or the i allele from the other.

• Surface molecule B is produced.

Surface molecule B

• The lA and lB alleles are codominant.

Phenotype AB: Blood type AB

• This means that if you inherit the lA allele from one parent and the lB allele from the other, your red blood cells will produce both surface molecules and you will have type AB blood.

Surface molecule B

Surface molecule A

• The i allele is recessive and produces no surface molecules.

Phenotype O: Blood type O

• Therefore, if you are homozygous ii, your blood cells have no surface molecules and you have blood type O.

• Determining blood type is necessary before a person can receive a blood transfusion because the red blood cells of incompatible blood types could clump together, causing death.

The importance of blood typing

Blood type A

Blood cells have

surface protein A

Blood type B

Blood cells have

surface protein B

Blood type AB

Blood cells have

surface proteins

A and B

Blood type O

Blood cells have

no surface

proteins