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Unit 6 The Middle Ages
When Rome fell barbarian groups began to occupy their own territory
--Angles & Saxons (England)--Visigoths (Spain)--Franks (France)--Constant war and chaos
led to breakdown of trade, cities became unsafe and abandoned, learning of the ancient world was lost
--People moved to the country and lived in fortified castles
--Churches and Monasteries become the only places of literacy
The Barbarian Invasions
Franks established largest of Germanic Kingdoms, united by Charles Martel
Defeats Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours in 732
Frankish kings began practice of seizing land to give to knights for their military service
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crejWfattI8
The Rise of the Franks
Charlemagne expanded his Kingdom and created an empire
expanded practice of land for service and encouraged it among nobles, knights, and peasants
--used aggressive war techniques and divided his kingdom but kept a close eye on lords and nobles
--constructed beautiful buildings
--promoted learning and attracted the best scholars
Reign of Charlemagne
At the request of the Popebecomes Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in
800 A.D.--Western Europe now
independent of Byzantines--New political and religious
unity of Western Europe under Christianity
--After his death empire divided amongst his sons
Reign of Charlemagne
With Charlemagne’s death new groups invaded Europe—Slavs, Magyars, Muslims
Greatest threat was from the Vikings, in Northern Europe, who attack coastlines in search of trade, loot, and land
--great sailors who used their longboats and vicious fighting ability to spread destruction
--Vikings did create new trade routes and settlement throughout Europe
Europe faces new threats
Feudalism—begins in Europe out of need to provide for basic security and protection
--created to help people survive the breakdown of central government
Kings offer nobles grant of land (fief) in exchange for loyalty & service
Nobles (lords) provide knights to the kingKnights were given land by nobles in
exchange for their servicePeasants (serfs)were given protection in
return for labor http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6WHRxXY67UA&feature=PlayList&p=4671DC6E845906D1&playnext=1&index=9
Feudal Society (800-1400)
The Feudal Structure
In Feudalism, there was NO SOCIAL MOBILITY!
Hence, why it lasted for so long.
Social—created a strict class structure based on land to vassals in exchange for service
--people could not change their social position
Political—king based rulings on advice of his nobles
--build large castles and build large armies of knights
--often fought with each other or king in an attempt to grab more land
--gave Nobles tremendous power and influence
Feudal Society (800-1400)
Economic— most people live on self sufficient manors
Manorialism-- lords land where peasants (serfs ) work to produce their own food, clothing and shelter
Feudal Society (800-1400)
Peasants (serfs) are completely tied to the land and the laws of the Lord
Peasants raised the animals and farmed using the three-field system to rotate crops seasonally, bad weather often led to famine
Most serfs were farmers working long hours year round only religious days provided a break and lifeline
Peasant (Serfs)Life-styles
Medieval Manor
Role of women in Middle Ages was determined by the attitudes of the Catholic Church
Wanted women to be obedient to men (like Eve) and bear children
Extended families were common(many related peasants lived with or close to one another)
Women’s lifestyles depended on status--Noble women (prayers and domestic chores),
little educationChivalry--A code of conduct for knights to follow
(raised the status of noble women in feudal society)
--Peasant women (worked with men in fields and ran household)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfMTsYcLt10
Women in the Middle Ages
Political Economic Social
Write a two sentence summary of the effects of Feudalism on Western Europe for each.
Feudalism
During Middle Ages the Catholic Church was the single most powerful organization in Western Europe
The pope was head of the Church
Christians were united by faith and belief that the Church held the power to send them to heaven or hell
Church was largest landowner in Europe and created wealth through tithes (church taxes)
Church was the main center of learning--church officials usually only ones who could read and write, relied on by rulers because of education
Outreach—possessed monasteries, abbeys, and convents throughout Europe to spread their message
Age of Faith
St. Augustine—Appealed to faith in God for salvation
--documented the fall of Rome and concluded that only heaven is eternal
St. Thomas Aquinas—wrote Summa Theologica which stated that Christian teachings were compatible with reason and natural law (not passed by govts)
--men use natural laws to judge govt laws and could overthrow unjust rulers(God through the people)
Two Christian Thinkers
Christian Europeans and Muslims fight for control of the Holy Land
--Christian pilgrims not allowed access to “Holy Land” by Seljuk Turks
Pope Urban II calls on all Christians to unite and fight a Crusade(Holy war) to recapture holy land from Muslims
--Church promises salvation to all who participate
Crusades
“Begin the journey to the Holy Sepulcher; conquer that land which the wicked have seized, the land given by God to the children of Israel and which, as the Scripture says, “is all milk and honey”. Undertake this journey for [forgiveness] of your sins, with the promise of “glory which will not fade” in Heaven. When you make an armed attack on the enemy, let all those on God’s side cry out, “God will it!”
What were some of the reasons that inspired Europeans to take part in the Crusades?
Pope Urban II Sermon Calling for the First Crusade:
Crusades bring rulers across Europe together for a common cause, three major Crusades
(1) Crusaders capture Jerusalem and organize formal states
(2) Saladin takes Jerusalem(3) Richard I negotiates access
to holyland for Christian pilgrims
Effects of Crusades--expose Europeans to new
ideas and goods (use of zero, silk, perfumes)
--increased trade between Europe and Middle East
--Growth of Intolerance (Christians persecute Muslims and Jews, Muslims persecute Christians)
Call to free the Holy Land
Crusade Map
Power Learning and Art Crusades
Describe the influence of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for each in one sentence.
Role of the Church
Trade begins to revive in manors, cities and towns, new merchant class grows with demand
--Merchants and craftsman organize into powerful associations known as guilds
--with wealth comes inventions (windmills, watermills), and founding of universities (Bologna and Paris)
Church builds large cathedrals, using gothic architecture (pointed arches, spires, stained glass windows)
The Later Middle Ages
The Greek Parthenon
What characteristics make these two buildings alike? How are they different? What is the Church’s purpose in building structures like this?
Chartres Cathedral
English Nobles rebel against taxes and forced loans of King John
King John forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 it guaranteed:
--right to trial by jury--king has to have consent
of nobles to raise taxes (leads to formation of Parliament)
--limited monarchy
English Political Traditions
Several factors and events contributed to the end of Medieval Europe
The Great Famine (1313—1322)—heavy rains lead to food shortages in Europe
--people begin to question--why Church let this happen
The Black Death (Bubonic Plague)
(1347—1351)—rats carrying infected fleas entered Europe from Asian trading ships
--25 million die (1/3 pop. of Europe), shortage of labor led to decline of serfdom
--Black Death led people again to question the church, fear plague is punishment for sinful living
Crusades stimulate trade and lead to the growth of towns
The End of the Middle Ages
“In the year of the Lord 1348 there was a great pestilence in the city of Florence . It was of such a fury that in houses in which it took hold healthy servants who took care of the ill died. Almost none of the ill survived past the fourth day. Neither physicians nor medicines were effective. There seemed to be no cure. There was such a fear that no one seemed to know what to do. When it took hold in a house it often happened that no one remained who had not died. And it was not just that men and women died, but even animals died. At every church, they dug deep trenches, down to the waterline, depending on how large the parish was. And those who were responsible for the dead carried them on their backs in the night and threw them into the ditch, or else they paid a high price to those who would do it for them.”
What impact did the plague have on Florence and how did the people react?
1348 Marchione di Coppo Stefani recorded his observations of the spread of the Black Death in his native Florence. Read his reaction to the Black Death.
Plague spreads quickly through Europe
Hundred Years War (1337—1453)—between England & France over a claim to the French Throne
--strengthens royal power in both countries (kings built own armies and didn’t rely on nobles)
--new technology (longbow, gunpowder, canons) and armies make knights less important
Joan of Arc leads the French and drives the English out of Orleans, later captured and burned as heretic
The End of the Middle Ages
The Great Schism (1378—1417)—Pope clashes with European kings over treatment of clergy, Church land and taxes
Split papacy (pope) between Avignon, France and Rome
Church Council finally elects one new pope, and moves Papacy to Rome
People begin to question the authority of the Church
The End of the Middle Ages
The Crusades The Black Death
The Great Schism
The Hundred Years War
End of the Middle AgesDescribe the role that each played in ending the middle ages
1st Divide you paper into four square sections and write each of the four causes at the top
2nd Rank each based on how important you feel it was in ending the Middle Ages
--1 is the most important, 4 is the least important
3rd write one sentence supporting why you gave each the ranking that you did
4th draw a picture that best represents your supporting reason
5th be prepared to present your poster to the class
End of the Middle Ages Review