Wheels, Tires and Hubs Parts Technician First Period Material Identification and Calculations 270103j

Wheels, Tires and Hubs

Parts Technician

First Period

Material Identification and Calculations

270103j

© 2013, Her Majesty the Queen in right of the Province of Alberta

Figure 1 - Bias-ply construction.


Figure 2 - Bias-belted construction.


Figure 3 - Radial-belted construction.


Figure 4 - Metric/imperial tire size format.


Figure 5 - Wear, traction and temperature ratings.


Figure 6 - Side wall markings including load and speed ratings.


Table 1 - Tire speed rating letters with corresponding speeds.

Speed Rating Speed Limit

P 150 km/h (93 mph)

Q 160 km/h (99 mph)

R 170 km/h (106 mph)

S 180 km/h (112 mph)

T 190 km/h (118 mph)

U 200 km/h (124 mph)

H 210 km/h (130 mph)

V 240 km/h (149 mph)

Z 240+ km/h (149+ mph)

W 270 km/h (168 mph)

Y 300 km/h (186 mph)


Load Index Kilograms Pounds Load Index Kilograms Pounds

71 345 761 91 615 1356

72 355 783 92 630 1389

73 365 805 93 650 1433

74 375 827 94 670 1477

75 387 853 95 690 1521

76 400 882 96 710 1565 77 412 908 97 730 1609

78 425 937 98 750 1653

79 437 963 99 775 1709

80 450 992 100 800 1764 81 462 1019 101 825 1819

82 475 1047 102 850 1874

83 487 1074 103 875 1929

84 500 1102 104 900 1984 85 515 1135 105 925 2039

86 530 1168 106 950 2094

87 545 1201 107 975 2149

88 560 1235 108 1000 2205

89 580 1279 109 1030 2271

90 600 1323 110 1060 2337

Table 2 - Tire load index rating numbers with corresponding weights.


Figure 7 - Load rating.


Table 3 - Tire load range rating letters with corresponding plys.

Load Range Ply Rating Load Range Ply Rating

A 2 H 16

B 4 J 18

C 6 K 20

D 8 L 22

E 10 M 24

F 12 N 26 G 14


Figure 8 - Tire manufacturers date code. (Photographed at Smart Automotive)


Figure 9 - Space-saver spare tire.


CAUTION

Only one temporary spare tire is recommended to be used on a vehicle at one time.


Figure 10 - Tread block design.


Figure 11 - A stamped steel wheel.


Figure 12 - Safety beads built into rim design.


Figure 13 - Alloy wheels.


Figure 14 - Markings on a wheel indicating direction of rotation.


Figure 15 - Wheel specifications stamped on rim.


Figure 16 - Rim offset.


Figure 17 - Valve stem, Schrader valve and valve stem extensions.


Figure 18 - Wheel mount flange and studs.


Figure 19 - Wheel nuts.(Courtesy Toyota Canada Inc.)


Figure 20 - Tube type tire and multi-piece disc wheel.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 21 - Tubeless tire and disc wheel.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 22 - Tire tread designs.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


NOTE

Retreaded tires are never used on steering axles.


Figure 23 - Two styles of split rims.


DANGER

Split rims can be extremely dangerous and should not be serviced without special equipment and training.

When hauling inflated tires to or from a work site, be careful during the unloading process. A sudden bump could cause the wheel/rim components to fly apart (as shown in Figure 24) if hidden damage has occurred to the parts.


Figure 24 - Use care when off-loading inflated tires.(Courtesy Accuride Corporation)


Figure 25 - Cross-section of a five-piece rim assembly.(Courtesy Terex Americas - A Terex Company)


Figure 26 - Spoke wheel and hub assembly.(Reproduced with permission of Ford Motor Co.)


Figure 27 - Six-spoke wheel with a multi-piece rim assembly.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 28 - Mounted hardware for spoke wheel.


Figure 29 - 10-bolt disc wheel.


Figure 30 - Hub designs with brake drums attached.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)


Figure 31 - Installed spacer and samples used in a dual tire application.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 32 - Truck tire size.


Figure 33 - Tire cross-section with measurements defined.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 34 - Truck tire markings.


Figure 35 - Wheel stud and tapered nut.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


Figure 36 - Inner cap nut used to retain the inner wheel on a dual arrangement.(Courtesy Accuride Corporation)


Figure 37 - Flange-style wheel nut.(Courtesy Freightliner of Canada Ltd.)


CAUTION

Stud-piloted and hub-piloted disc wheels can have the same mounting bolt pattern. However, the retaining nuts are different and cannot be interchanged; otherwise, wheel damage or loss will occur.


Figure 38 - Hub-piloted dual wheel arrangement with flange nut installed.(Courtesy Accuride Corporation)


CAUTION

It is critical that the proper combination of wheels and retaining hardware be used to secure the wheels correctly and safely on the vehicle. Mixing wheel types or using the wrong type of fastener will cause wheel damage or wheel loss.

CAUTION

Do not mix aluminum stud-piloted and hub-piloted wheels or fasteners. Always use the specified wheel nuts; never substitute with standard stock hardware.


Figure 39 - Static imbalance.(Courtesy Toyota Canada Inc.)


NOTE

A wheel can be perfectly balanced statically and still be dynamically imbalanced.


Figure 40 - Dynamic imbalance.(Courtesy Toyota Canada Inc.)


Figure 41 - Wheel weight.


Figure 42 - Tread depth gauge measurement.


Figure 43 - Wear bars show through the tread on a worn tire.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)


Figure 44 - Tire wear patterns.(Courtesy Toyota Canada Inc.)


Figure 45 - Severe tire wear.


Figure 46 - A plug-patch combination used to repair a punctured tire.


NOTE

Tires with less than 1.6 mm (116") of tread remaining should never be repaired.


Figure 47 - Tire rotation patterns.


NOTE

Directional wheels, directional tires and some rims designed to fit front or rear only applications cannot be rotated. For these applications, the tires are normally removed and reinstalled at their new wheel positions.

Space-saver spare tires cannot be rotated since they are intended only for temporary use.

CAUTION

Radial tires and bias tires should never be mixed.


NOTE

Before applying any tire warranty, always refer to the specifics of the tire manufacturer's and your store's policy on tire warranties.


NOTE

Tire depth may vary depending on the manufacturer, brand and quality of the tire. Check tire manufacturer's specifications.


Figure 48 - Tires stored vertically.


Figure 49 - Tapered roller wheel bearings.


Figure 50 - Wheel bearing disassembly.(Courtesy General Motors of Canada Limited)


Figure 51 - Front wheel drive sealed ball bearing unit.


Table 4 - Common replacement components and related sales.

Failed Component Related Sales

tires wheel tire balance (weights) bearings valve stem valve stem extensions tire cleaner

wheel tires tire balance (weights) tire cleaner wheel cleaner

wheel studs wheel nuts tire cleaner wheel cleaner

wheel bearing wheel bearing grease wheel seal

wheel seal wheel bearing grease wheel bearing


Figure 52

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Wheels, Tires and Hubs Parts Technician First Period Material Identification and Calculations 270103j