WHEELED VERSUS TRACWEB VEHICLE STUDY FINAL REPORT · Substitute Wheels for Tracks During Peacetime 2-17 Short Distance Mobility Enhancements 2-21 Half-Tracked Vehicle Concept 2-27

WHEELED VERSUS TRACWEBVEHICLE STUDY

FINAL REPORTto

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DTICftELECTEV&R25~8~

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ACN 070846

MARCH 1985

STUDIES AND ANALYSIS ACTIVITYHEADQUARTERS

US ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMANDFORT MONROE, VIRGINIA 23651'5000,36

~24 u)

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (WRten Data Entered)REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE COMPLETING FORMI. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION No. 2. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. rITLE (and Subtitle) IL TYPE OF REPORT A PEIMOD COVERED

Final ReportWheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle Study Final Report Jun 84 thru Mar 85

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBERTRADOC ACN 070846

7. AUTHOR(*) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a)

* Mr. Kenneth L. Boyd

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASKHQ TRADOC AREA & WOP.K UNIT NUMBERS

ATTN: ATCD-ACFort Monroe, VA 23651-5000II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS IIL REPOR DATEHQ TRADOC Mar 85ATTN: ATCD-AC IS. NUMBER OF PAGES

Fort Monroe, VA 13651-500014. MONITORING AGENCY NAME 6 AOORESS(ff dIffeftnt .mfr Cmont.hU O0ce) I5. SECURITY CLASS. (of fhi. report)

Unclassified

Is,. OECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADINGIIGNEDUL.E

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle Repoft)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o. the ebetr.c agte#dIn Blec& 3, al4fidtis A w R"Neff

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I10, KEY WORDS (Contine m reverse side it necessary iond-detl' p iMck awnIn')

Wheeled Vehicles, Tracked Vehicles, Light Armozed Vehicles, Mobility,

Strategic Mobility, Light Tank, MPGS, AGS, MPUS, APC

The Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle Study was performed by the HQ TRADOC Studiosand Analysis Activity in response to a tasking from HQDA ODCSopS (DAMO-FD). Thepurpose of the study was to conduct an analysis of the factors used in developingwheeled and tracked vehicle requirements and to lay the foundation for develop-ment of specific criteria upon which to base future vehicle requirementsdecisions. The study team made, extensive use of existing data and examined the"wheels versus tracks issue from the following perspectives: engineering and

.design, mobility, ..cost-- and foreian trends. The final revort is oresented inDOFORM,DOA n af13 t"Of OV I Nov645 Is 00BOLE191

iS9ZNITV 0LM*""CATION OV ThiS PAGE (8b" Dfte AW..• i . .. .... .

SUCURY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGCWIM "a he.04

briefing format and contains the main briefing, answers to specificqlastions contained in the original tasking message and backup material.supporting the conclusions ccnta;.ned in the main briefiag.

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UNITED, STATES ARMYTRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMM AND

WHEELED VERSUS TRACKEDVEHICLE STUDY

ACN 070846

FINAL REPORT

31 March 1985

NOTICES .

.DISCLAIMER

The findings of this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position', unless so designated byother official documentation.

DISTRIBUTION

Initial distribution of this report was made by the HQTRADOC Studies and Analysis Activity (S&AA). Requests foradditional copies or correspondence concerning this report shouldbe addressed to: Commander, US Army Training and DoctrineCommand, ATTN: ATCD-AC, Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651-5000.

FINAL DISPOSITION

This report may be destroyed when it is no longer needed.

I

Siv . ,

0 a

This study was initiated by HQDA ODCSOPS (DAMO-FD) andperformed by the HQ TRADOC Studies and Analysis Activity (S&AA)at Fort Monroe, Virginia.

This report has been approved by the Commanding General,TRADOC.

The conclusions presented in this study are those of theCommanding General, TRADOC and are based on data analyzed by theHQ TRADOC S&AA. Support to the study effort was provided by tleUS Army Tank and Automotive Command (TACOK), the US Army Corps ofEngineers' Waterways Experiment Station (WES), the US ArmyForeign Science and Technology Center (FSTC) and the TRADOCSchools and Centers.

The TRADOC study team consisted of Mr. Kenneth L. Boyd(Study Coordinator), LTC Melvin C. Kadel,. Mr. Herbert L.Russakoff and Mrs. Leslie E. Lampella.

Support from organizations external to TRADOC was providedby Mr. Cliff J. Nuttall, Jr., WES, CPT Robert F. Unger, WES, Mr.Lynn A. Martin, TACOM and Mr. James D. Nix, FSTC.

Accasbtn ForNTIS CRA&I

Unannounced 0Jusutstwcin

Avallabflty Codes- Avail and I w

v

Intentionally Left Blank

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TABLE OP CONTENTS

FORWARD

DD 1473 iTitle Page iiiNotices ivAcknowledgement vAbstract viiiExecutive Summary ix

CHAPTER 1 - Main Briefing

Scope 1-5Background. 1-7Purpose 1-17Methodology 1-19Terms of Reference 1-25Foreign Trends 1-31Mobility Analysis 1-41Engineering Analysis 1-61Cost Analysis 1-81Study Conclusions 1-91Perceptions of Wheeled Armored Vehicles 1-101Future Vehicle Requirements 1-109

S"= CHAPTER 2 - Specific Questions

Trailer Towing 2-5Onboard Power Generation 2-9Exclusive Mission Roles 2-13Substitute Wheels for Tracks During Peacetime 2-17Short Distance Mobility Enhancements 2-21Half-Tracked Vehicle Concept 2-27

' Relative Importance of Terrain 2-31

CHAPTER 3 - Backup Slides

Definitions 3-3Foreign Trends 3-5Mobility Analysis 3-23Engineering Analysis 3-53Cost Analysis 3-63Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle ACTV Case Study 3-71Light Armored Vehicle Producers 3-83

APPENDICES

Appendix A - Tasking Message A-1Appendix B - Study Plan B-1

___ Appendix C - Classified Slides (published separately) C-I

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

vii.

___ __ U

-L------- -,,,- - - --.-

The Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle Study was performed inresponse to a 15 May 84 tasking from HQDA ODCSOPS (DAMO-FD). Thestudy provides an overview of the wheeled versus tracked vehiclesubject area and answers several specific questions contained in '

the original tasking message. The study report is presented inbriefing slide format and addresses the following subject areas:engineering and design, mobility, cost, perceptions oz wheeledarmored vehicles and foreign trends. The study team made'extensive use of existing data.. The report provides a generaloverview of the wheels versus tracks issue as it' appliesto military vehicle requirements.

• N

IN

viii

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viii '""

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION. The HQ TRADOC Studies and Analysis Activity(S&AA) conducted the Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle Study in theJun 84 thru Mar 85 time frame. The study was performed inresponse to a HQDA ODCSOPS (DAMO-FD) tasking of 15 Hay 84.

2. Pug or ..7

a. To conduct an analysis of the factors used indeveloping wheeled and tracked vehicle operational requirements.

b. To lay a foundation for the deva.lopment of specificcriteria upon which to base future decisions regarding wheeledand tracked vehicles.

3. Discussion.

a. Background. On 15 May 84, HODA ODCSOPS (DAMO-PD) taskedHQ TRADOC to conduct a Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicle Study.The tasking resulted from questions raised by the Secretary ofthe Army in the Fall of 1983. In Jun 84, HQ TRADOC S&AA assumedproponency for the study and with assistance from the US ArmyTank and Automotive Command (TACOM), the US Army Corps ofEngineers' Waterways Experiment Station (WES), the US Army

SJ Foreign Science and Technology Center ([STC) and the TRI'DOCSchools and Centers, conducted t.•e study in the Jun 84 thru Mar85 time frame.

b. Objectives.

(1) Identify the mission essential factors thatshould

be considered when developing vehicle operational requirements.

(2) Identify the inherent engineering, mobility andcost differences between wheeled and tracked vehicles designedto perform similar missions.

(3) Identify the current uses, rationale and projectedfuture uses of wheeled and tracked vehicles by allied, WarsawPact and major nonaligned nations.

(4) Lay the foundation for the development of .'quantifiable and defendable criteria to be used in thedevelopment of future wheeled and tracked vehicle requirements.

c. Assumptions. None.

ix

Y.111

d. Methodology. The general rnethodology employed in thestudy effort was to survey the professional literature toidentify what was known about the wheeled versus tracked vehiclesubject and consolidate the material into one coherent package.Generation of new data was held to a minimum because of the timeavailable to perform the study and the fact that most of therelevant variables had already been exhau3tively studied. Thestudy was conducted in the following phases:

(') Phase I. HQ rRADOC S&AA tasked the supportingorganizations to conduct independent analyses of the wheeledversus tracked vehicle subject as it applied to their respectiveareas of expertise. These independent analyses were conductedin the Jul thru Nov 84 time frame.

(2) Phase II. HQ TRADOC S&AA integrated the results.ofthe various supporting analyses into one coherent package,prepared the final briefing and publiahed the final report.This effort was accomplished in the Nov 84 thru Mar 85 timeframe.

e. Findings. Wheeled vehicles are superior for all vehiclenission rcles that require either Tactical Support (15% off-road/65% on-road) or Tactical Standard (30% off-road/70% on-road) levels of operational mobility. For vehicles requiring aTactical High (60% off-road/40% on-road) level of operationalmobility, wheeled vehicles are competitive with tracked vehiclesin cross-country petformance up to around 10 tons gross vehicleweight (GVW).. Above this level, wheeled vehicles must rely onhigher levels of mechanical complexity and larger overallvehicle sizes in order to provide acceptable levels of cross-country mobility. These efforts tend to become ineffective atabout the 20 ton GVW level where the size and mechanicalcomplexity of high-mcbility wheeled vehicles render themimpractical for military use. Above the 10 ton GVW level, the''mobility trade-offs imposed by the wheeled configurationseriously compromises its effectiveness as a direct fire combatplatfc~m. The cost advantage associated with the use of wheeled-vehicles was found to lie principally in the operating andsupport (O&S) arena and is on the order of a 25 'to 33 percentreduction in O&S costs. The general advantages associated withthe use of wheeled vehicles tend to be in the cost andreliability arena and are purchased at the expense ofoperational utility. Tracked vehicles are intrinsicallysLperior to wheeled vehicles in the cross-country environment,especially in the softer soils found in the temperate areas ofthe world. The zeview oZ foreign trends revealed that there isnot a significant movement amcng major nations to embrace!

xhi

wheeled armored vehicles for tactical use. France is the onlymajor western nation that has made a substantial commitment towheeled vehicles. Other countries that use wheeled armoredvehicles tend to restrict their use to mission roles thatcomplement the tracked force.

4. Conclusionh.

a. Wheeled vehicles are preferred for all vehicle-rolesthat require either Tactical Support or Tactical Standard levelsof operational mobility.

b. For Tactical High levels of operational mobility:

(1) Up to 10 tons GVW, wheeled vehicles are preferred.The cross-country performance of high-mobility wheeled vehiclesis competitive with tracks and significant O&S cost savings canbe realized through the use of wheeled vehicles.

(2) In the 10 to 20 ton GVW range, tracked vehicles areprefer~red for all combat roles. Wheeled and tracked vehiclesshould be looked upon as competitors for support roles. Thedecision of whether a wheeled or tracked configuration ispreferred for a particular support role is dependent upon whatthe role is and where it is going to be performed. Thisdecision is best, left to the cost effectiveness analysisprocess.

(3) Above 20 tons GVW, trauked vehicles are required.The size and mechanical complexity of high-mobility wheeledvehicles renders them impractical for military use.

xi.


.d.

Chapter 1

Main Briefing

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1AN VWILLtE0 VUNLCLE CATErSOPlr,.. IHE'UFFQU, VUOUVST HO, TRADOC

PROVIOL A WRITTftE REDORT VJO PRIkIFING TO THIS 140v NLT 31 JULI 04

DETAIlING Thr CA'ARILTTIU:S SAwn LIPITATIO'ES Of W~r7L~rn A86M 1R'IKEO

VEHICIES WHICH T14U ARMY CANl tJ% AS fVALUATION CPTTrRTA FOR

D&.TERNI14146 WHICM.CATFFOPV OF VEHICILr IS OWFVFPAPLr voit EACH

MISSION ARFUA AND FUN0CTIONAL OPPLICATTON. FOP CAT9 CS 460 CS%

N1SSIflW ARrAi. Till RUA TIVE TUPORTANCF OF TERRAIN CONS!CER&TIOwSO

'IN CflUPADISON TO 0T14T9 FACTOP59S, HOMD RUf SPECIVTrD. ALL.IPPRO- '

PRlATE TERRAIN TYPES sauwLfl mP coto%flnREn.

3. THE FOLLOWINIA ourSTION% '%MOULD AU COINSInflRCO IN CONNPFCTION WITH

A* e ma T spr THE AflvANT~qrs. &%o nTSADVGNT&*ES OF WHEELrn VirMICLESPTR&CKED VVt .'16S? *A'EAS OF CON'SIOFPATION S14OULD T NCLIPOE? NORILJTY9

04Al NT ENANCE 'POPTS9, LIFE CYCLF COSIS. UNIT PRODUCTTON COSTS, RMYE

CCSTS.o IPSOOSDORTANILITY9 SIPVTVAbILITYt PAYLOOD CGPICITT. ETC.

It.* IS 7W~ hAR FUILY EXlvOtfllNf; THE An.VARTA~rq Olr IHEFLED,

VEHZCILS?

C. Aft. THUP 'ANY OISSJTMNS WHJC.H OUGHT TO Pr rXCLUSIVELY

A C&,W~ Ay tisHrn PY . HE ELrD VEHTIlES OR rICLUSTVULY PY TRICV~PD vr9$ICLrS?

FOR CXAMPIF9 MISSIONS SUCH M 4 LOGISTICS SUPPOOT. C0OP1s6" AND <PAUE n3 PUrEflWD~el7 U'JCIAt

CONVTRlL, IfW, COMMUNICATIONdS* ETC. wyiow1 wrT N~rF TO HAVE Vr"TCLT?.

WHICH C*P4hAPITUAtLY TR*VEOSv SOFT SOIL AND. PUSnrft TERRANINI

THLWCFORC, TMFSE PISSTIONS NIGHT of PPPVoomED RFETTUR PT UPUNA

W tL LED VEHIClES.

RTfU T NiA-4

Do. IN4 PVAPýE1IE COUtfl UMFEttO V5WI1CtrS PE SIJ%%T!Tulrfl FOR II~RACKEU~ VEHIICLES TO ASOVE PA!NIF?4AkiCE ASiD fTNEP C0~tTct

E, DO VF NEDCF In PROVIflF SOME SI"nflR DISTONCI MROPIiTY

ENHANCEMENT CAPABILITY FOR WHEFLED VENIJCLFS INd WSPTINV?

F.DOES THtE HAIP.-IR&CKC VFHICLE coNCrpy H'AVP eUFFTCIEtdl PIrRT

ITt WIARRANT RlTF?-

6. COMPAPE WI'EELFD VSO TRACK VEHICLE SHOCK #4n 'VIbRATION.

DOES EITHER CATEGORY CAUSF SIGNdIFICANTLY APEAlES nETRIPENTAL

EFFECTS TO SvfCZAI. PISSION FOUIPMENT: E.G. Hid E011TPMEFNT9 ETC?

he DOUS FlT'4ER COTEP"PY OF VENICLE H-GVFOGf *V)VANTAGBV IN

PROVIDINb3 ONdRO'ARO POhWrR BftFWFSTION?

I. is imE OERRAO1iinOO I POfi1L IT causEIO *Y TOUIWG TRAILPRtS

GREATER FOO tITHER CATEGORY (IF VChICLt? THI% SHOtILO PE CfGSS--

Rcjt.PENcEfl TO ThE POUFR P-NE!SATION, @taPSTjfN.8POVrT- lore IF EITHER

CATLG'IRY Of VEHICtES CANNOT MAR I1AIA.tV OrNEPSTF OfteCARD POUER9 THF

"O8(sIL17Y OF THlE RELATFD SYSI.TFPP PuSI Pr ASSESSUO Oft 6 OASIS UmTCH

PAbE 04 RUVAFlb1D3417 UCIA'S

f1kCLUDLS VHF TOWING OP ANY *PfPROPRIATr rUNER&TOP TRfATLEsi..

4e POC Thl.S hEAr)OU4RTERS ISII7C PIE1~ DALTON, 4V VPS-7ft6o

R Cu TI NEL A-ý5

Intentionally Left Blank 1

A-6

Appendix B

Study Plan


B-2

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES 0.MY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND

FORT MONROE. VIRGINIA 23451

REPLY TO

ATTENTiON OF: ATCD-AC 31 Auijust 1984

SUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

.HQDA (DAMO-FD)WASH DC 20310

i. References:

a. Message, HQDA, DAMO-FD, 151924Z May 84, Subject: Wheeled vs TrackedVehicle Study.

b. Letter, HQ TRADOC, ATCD-AC, 17 Aug 84, SAB.

2. In reference a, EQ TRADOC vas tasked by ODCSOPS (DAMO-FD) to conduct ananalysis of the factors used in developing wheeled and tracked vehicleoperational requirements and to lay the foundation for the development ofspecific criteria upon vbich to base future decisions regarding vbeeled andtracked vehicles.

3. In reference b, EQ TLADOC forwarded'a preliminary study plan to EQDA(DAMO-FD) outlining a proposed methodology and establishing a time schedulefor completing the study. Several minor changes were suggested for the studyplan and they have been incorporated in the attached version.

4. Request approval of the attached Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study Plan.

5. EQ TRADOC POC is Mr Kenneth L. Boyd, ATCD-AC, AV 680-3037, ITS 931-3037.

POR THE COMMWDER:

1 Encl S ý.IN

as LTC, GSAsst AG

CF:RQDA

SAUS-OR (LTC Gardep.)/DAMO-FDT (LTC Dalton)Cdr

EQ AMC (AMCCP-EV (Mr Dodds)/AMCDE-SS (Mr McGowan)/AMCDE-SG (Mr Duggan)/AMCDI (Mr Howell))

USACAC (ATZL-CAM-S (LTC Kadel))USALOGC (ATCL-WGM (Mr Russakoff)) .(over)

B-3.

ATCD-AC 31 August 1984SUBJECT: Combat Development* Study Plan: Wheeled ve Tracked Vehicle Study

CY: (CON?)SIGCEN (ATZII-CDM (Mr Evans))OIDCZNSCE (ATSL-CD-CS (Cw2 Perry))JFK SWC (ATSU-CD (LTC Manning))T&COM (ANSTA-ZE (Mr Martin))FSTC (AMXST-CA-3 (Mr Nix))WES (VESGM (CPT Unger))INTEL BCH (ATSI-CD-Ma (CPT Summers))AVISCI (ATZQ-D-CC (MAJ Stempel))

Condt .

011.8C (Artz-CM-Co (CPT Hamp ton)) ~tAD ARTY BCR (ATSA-CDM-W (Cut. Webb))USAJOICS (ATSK-CML (MAJ Ansley))TIANS/AVNLOG SCE (ATSP-CDC (Mr Coen)/ATSPQ-IW (Mr Diggs))FASCE (ATSF-CML (KAJ Van Jordan))ENGR SCH (ATZA-CDM (Mr Runge))QNSCI (ATSM-CDM (SFC Prytula)) VINTSCH (ATSH--CD-CS (Mr Wright))I(PSCR (ATZN-MP-CCC (CPT Smith))ARMOR SCE (ATSI-CD-ML (CP? Grics))

DirTORA (ATOR-TA (Mr Shook))AMSA (ANISY-CM (Mr Niem~yer))

MCDXC (D024 (NO Brown)).,

'A.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND

FORT MONROC. VIRGINIA 23651

- I REPLY TOAT T9r4TION OF: ATCD-AC

SUBJICT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

HQDA (DAMo-FD)WASH DC 20310

1. Purpose of the Study Plan, To' conduct an analysis of the factors used indeveloping wheeled and tracked vehicle operational requirements and to lay thefoundation for thie develooment of specific criteria upon which to base futuredecisions regarding wheeled versus tzcked vehicles. Study is being done inresponse to HrDiA (DAMO-FD) tasking of 15 May 1984.

2. Reference3. Message, HQDA, DAXO-FD, 151924Z Hay 84, SAB.

3. Terms of Rc2ference.

a. Problem. A concern exists at the Under Secretary of the Army (USA)level that the criteria used by the Combat Developments comunity in definingvehicle operational requirements is not clearly delineated nor is itconsistently applied. To assuage these concerns, USA requested the Army staffdevelop a qu.ntifiable and defendable basis for defining future wheeled andtrackeoa 7-.icle operational requirements.

b. Impact of Problem. None ,specifically identified.

c. Objectives.,

(1) Identify the mission essential factors that should be considered'when developing vehicle operational requirements.

(2) Identify the inherent engineering, mobility and cost differencesbetween wheeled and tracked vehicles designed to perform similar missions.

(3) Identify the current ,uses, rationale and projected future usesof wheeled and tracked vehicles.by alliedWarsaw. Pact and major nonalignednations.

(4) Lay the foundation for the development of quantifiable anddefendable criteria to be used in the dove*opment of future wheeled andtracked vehicle operational requirements.

B-5

TCD-ACUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

d. Scope.

(1) The study will identify the gross vehicle weight ranges whereDth wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicular requirements are feasible.

(2) The study will identify the mission essential factors thatiould be considered when developing vehicle operational requirements. -

(3) The study will identify the differences between the wheeled and -

racked vehicle Aesigrs related to mobility, engineering, RAM, and life cycle2st. 4 •

(4) The study will identify the force composition, rationale forslection, unique features, design innovations, and future trends of wheeledid tracked vehicle fleets of allied, Warsaw Pact, and major nonaligned

(5) The study will address the desirability of substituting wheeled,hicles for tracked vehicles during peacetime.

(6) The study will provide a foundation for the development ofasthodology to be used by the Combat Developments community in defining futureiseled and tracked vehicle operational requirements.

a. Limitations.

(1) Due to time constraints, the study will make use of existingits. Original work will be kept to an absolute minimum.

(2) The study will generate generic recomendations on the futursLrection of wheeled and tracked vehicle requirements definition. The studyL11 not make, any recomendations on, specific systems currently underrvelopment.

f. A'sUmptions. None.

$,Issuetial Elements of Analysis (33A).

(1) What are the inherent mobility differences between wheeled and.acked vehicles designed to perform similar missions in the following areas?talysis should be performed across the gross vehicle weight spectrum where)th wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicle requirements are feasible andIdress the various probable terrain types that will be encountered by US Army)rces. Additionally, the analysis should address any other factors (e.g.,

2

. .',

i t•.•-; ATCD-AC

%• SUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

visibility) that influence operational effectiveness from a mobility'perspective.

C() Soft soil'mobili.ty.

. •(b) Slope traversing.

(c) Obstacle negotiation.

(d) Linear feature traversing.

(e) Average cicss country speed.

(f) Average road speed'.

(g) Percent terrain denial.

, (h) Gap crossing.

Ci) Trailer towing.

(j) Vehicle agility.

(2) What are the inherent design/engineering differences betweenwheeled and tracked vehicles designed to perform similar missions in thefollowing areas? Analysis should be performed across the gross vehicle weightspectrum where both wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicle requirements arefeasible.

-. " ICa) Vulnerability.

(b) Interior volume.

(c) Interior vibration level.

(d) Interior noise level.

(e) System reliability.

Mf) Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants (POL) consumption.

(g) External noise signature.

A-k,

.4;.

°m%•%3

li-Ip'I

ATCD-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

(h) Vehicle thermal signature.

(i) Vehicle radar signature.

(j) Transportabilit.y.

(k) Drive train ani suspension volume.

(1) System marteinnability.

(r)dv ehicle acceleration.

,, (n) Payload capacity.

bot (o),On board power generation capability.

(p) Sviming/fotdin. cap.bility.

S(q) Stabilitys da Seppons'platfor.

% (3) What are the inherens differences in cost between wheeled andtracked vehicles designed to perform similar missionp in the following areas?Analysis should be performed across the gross vehicle weight spectrtu whereboth wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicle requirements are feasible.

S(a) Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&t).

I

S~(b) Procur-emet.

(c) Operation and Support.

;(d) Life Cycleý

S(4) What f actors were considered critical vhen wheeled and.' ' tracked vehicle operational requirements were developed in the past?

- (5) What is the fe~ib 'il~ity and desirability of substituting wheeled,S~vehicles for tracked vehicles i.n the training base?

I (6) Are there any short distance nobility enhancements for wheeled

I vehicles that should receive additional development?

(7) Is it desirable to revive the half-tracked vehicle concept forfurther development?

44

B-8

I

K/

•' ATCD-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Stty

(8) Do wheeled or tracked vehicles cause greater detrimentaleffects to on board electronic equipment thzuugh vehicle induced shock andvibration?

(9) Do wheeled or tracked vehicles induce greater operator/passenger fatigue when performing similar missions?

(10) What are the factors inherent in vehicle design that enhanceoperational effectiveness on the battlefield?

(11) What are the general mission roles supported by wheeled andtracked vehicles?

(12) What general mission profiles should be considered when anevaluation is made of a' wheeled or tracked vehicles ability to support variousmission roles (identified in EEA g(l1))?

(13) Are there any mission roles (identified in EEA g(l-)) thatshould be performed exclusively by, either wheeled or tracked vehicles.

(14) What is the current vehicle mix, underlying rationale and• g-., probable future direction for the wheeled and tracked vehicle fleets of

allied, Warsaw Pact, and major nonaligned nations.

(15) What factors should be considered when developing quantifiableand defendable criteria upon which to base future decisions on vehicleoperational requirements?

h. Constraints. The target date for production of an executive summarywith accompanying written briefing is 31 Oct 84.

i. Alternatives. Alternative vehicle concepts will be selected acrossthe gross vehicle weight spectrum and mission roles (Combat, CS, & CSS) wherewheeled and tracked solutions are considered feasible. The analysis will makeuse of historical performance and cost data from various vehicles, but -theresults of the study will be presented from a generic wheeled and trackedvehicle perspective. The analysis will make extensive use of the datagenerated in the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV), the Mobile Protected Gun System(MPGS), and the Armored' Combat Vehicle Technology (ACVT) programs. The costanalysis will make use of the cost data generated for the five vehicles (V-150, V-300', MOWAG, Scorpion and Alvis Infantry Fighting Vehicle) of the LAyprogram, the HEU1T, the MLRS chassis, the FAASV' and any other representativevehicles for which validated cost data is available.

B-9'

ATCD"-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

j. System Organization. None.

k. Mission Profile. Various general mission profiles will be identifiedin EEA g(12) that will serve as the basis of the comparative analyses in phaseII of the study effort.

1. Measures of Effectiveness (MOE). The objective of this analysis isto identify the critical operational factors that should be considered indeveloping future vehicle operational requirements. The primary MOEs of theanalysis will be an identification of the critical factors (evaluated in theEEAs) that affect a wheeled or tracked vehicles ability to successfullysupport the various mission profiles identified in EEA g(12).-

a. Methodology.

(1) The study will be conducted in two phases. Phase I will serveas the source data for phase II.

(a) Phase I.

(aa) Mobility Assessment. The US Army Corps of Engineers WaterwaysExperiment Station (WES) will conduct a detailed analysis of the relativemobility differences inherent in the designs of wheeled and tracked vehicles.The analysis will identify mobility differences across the weight spectrumwhere wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicular requirements are deemedfeasible. The analysis will be a compendium of past work at WES tempered withprofessional judgment. The analysis will provide a general delineation of theinherent strengths and weaknesses of the two vehicle configurations from amobility perspective, WES is responsible for answering the following EEAs:g(l)(a) thru g(l)(j), g(6), g(7), g(8), and g(9).

(bb) Design/Engi eering. The US Army the Tank and AutomotiveCommand (TACOM) will devel p a detailed analysis of the relative engineeringdifferences inherent in th, wheeLed and tracked design philosophies. TLCOMwill develop as complete a rationale as possible of the RAN differencesbetween the two design conI igurations based on historical experience.Additionally, the analysis will address the specific survivability andtransportability differenco s inherent in the two design philosophies. TACOMis responsible for answeriig the following EEAs: g(2)(a) thru g(2)(q), g(6),g(7), g(8), g(9)) and g(lO)

(cc) Cost. Head, uarters US Army Training and Doctrine Command(TRADOC) will conduct a pa ametric cost analysis to identify the inherentdifferences in system costi between wheeled and tracked vehicles. The

6

B-10

ATCD-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

analysis will make extensive use of the coat data from the LAV program and anyother validated cost data that can be acquired. HQ TRADOC is responsible foranswering the following EEAs: g(3)(a) thru g(3)(d).

.(dd) Requirements. The TRADOC Integrating Centers, in conjunctionwith the TRADOC Schools will: identify the factors used in the past indeveloping-vehicle operational requirements, identify the factors consideredto be critical to battlefield effectiveness, develop mission profiles to beused in evaluating the capability of wheeled or tracked vehicles to support

r various mission roles, and identify general classifications for the variousvehicular mission roles. TRADOC Integrating Centers are responsible foranswering the following EEAs: g(4), g(5), g(10), g(ll), g(12), and g(13).

(ee) Foreign Governments. The Foreign Science and Technology Center(FSTC) will perform an analysis to identify force composition, rationale fordevelopment, unique features, design innovations and future trends of thewheeled and tracked vehicle fleets of allied, Warsaw Pact and major nonalignednations. FSTC is responsible for answering EFE: g(14).

(b) Phase II. HQ TRADOC will integrate the results of the Phase Iefforts into a coherent package to identify the critical factors inherent inthe wheeled and tracked vehicle deF4.gn philosophies that affect vehicle

' operational effectiveness and should be considered when wheeled and trackedvehicle operational requirements are developed. This will be accomplished bya comparison of the inherent differences in wheeled and tracked vehiclesidentified in phase I (EEAs g(l) thru g(ll)) in conjunction with an evaluationof the effectiveness factors and mission profiles identified in EE~s g(12) andg(13). HQ TRADOC will identify areas where data voids on thewheeled versus tracked issue exist or where additional analysis may berequired to facilitate the development of a quantifiable and defendablecriteria to support development of future wheeled and tracked vehicleoperational requirements. Additionally, HQ TRADOC will do a comparison of theutilization of wheeled and tracked vehicles by the US Army and major foreigngovernments identified by FSTC in EEL g(14). HQ TRADOC is responsible foranswering EPA: g(15).

if. Models. Army Mobility Model (AAM).

o. Related Studies. The analysis will be base on existing dataextracted'from numerous related studies. The specific studies consulted willbe delineated in the bibliography of the final report.

p. Criterion of Choice. None.

7

B-11'

ATCD-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled ve Tracked Vehicle Study

4. Enviromenutal/Threat Considerations, Vehicle capabilities will beevaluated across the environmental spectrum expected to be encountered by USArmy forces. Threat will be considered from a system survivability/vulnerability perspective.

5. Sunuort and Resource Reguirements.

a. Support Requirements.

(1) Headquarters US Army Materiel Command (AMC). Provide HQ TRADOCthe life cycle cost estimates for following vehicles identified by TACOM asrepresentative of the wheeled and tracked vehicle fleets in the gross vehicleweight categories where wheeled and tracked solutions to vehicularrequirements are feasible.

(a) Wheeled Vehicles. Light Armored Vehicle (LAY) alternativevehicles (V-150, V-300, and MOWAG) and HEMMT.

(b) Tracked Vehicles. MLRS Chassis or FAASV, L&V alternativevehicles (Scorpion light tank and Alvis Infantry Fighting Vehicle).

(2) US Army Tank and Automotive Command (TACOM). Perform ananalysis to identify the relative engineering differences inherent in the twodesign philosophies. The analysis will include an excursion into what isknown about the relative differences between wheeled and tracked vehicles onvarious RAM, survivability, and transportability characteristics.

(3) Foreign Science and Technology Center (FSTC). Perform ananalysis to identify the status of vheeled and tracked combat vehicles inallied, Warsaw Pact, and major nonaligned nations. The presentation willinclude a description of the present force composition, explanation of whateconomic or doctrinal factors led to the present vehicle fleets, and adiscussion of the probable direction of foreign 'governments' vehicle fleets inthe future' with an accompanying rationale.

(4) US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (WES).Perform an analysis of the relative differences between wheeled and trackedvehicle design philosophies from a mobility perspective. The analysis willinclude an excursion into'various mobility enhancements that could be effected-on wheeled vehicles to improve their mobility.

(5) Headquarters US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). .Will provide overall coordination for the analysis effort. Perform therequired cost analysis using data provided by HQ AMC. Present the results of

8

B-12

%I

ATCD-ACSUBJECT: Combat Developments Study Plan: Wheeled ve Tracked Vehicle Study

the analysis effort to HQDA. Develop and publish a final report of thestudies findings.

(6) US Army Combined Arms Center (CAC). Delineate the criticalfactors used in the past for the development of wheeled and tracked vehicleoperational requirements by the CAC Schools. Develop a CAC position on thefeasibility and desirability of substituting wheeled vehicles for trackedvehicles in the training base. Develop a CAC position on the factors inherentin a vehicle's operational capabilities that serve to enhance its battlefieldoperational effectiveness for the various vehicular mission roles within thecenter's mission areas. Develop general mission profiles to be consideredwhen evaluating the capability of a wheeled or tracked vehicle to support thevarious vehicular mission roles in the center's mission areas.

(7) US Army Logistics Center (LOGO). Delineate the critical factorused in the past for the development of vehicle operational requirements bythe LOGC Schools. Develop a LOGCOposition on the feasibility and desirabilityof substituting wheeled vehicles for tracked vehicles in the training base.Develop a LOGC position on the factors inherent in a vehicle's operationalcapabilities that serve to enhance its battlefield operational effectivenessfor the various vehicular mission roles within the center's missica areas.Develop general mission profiles to be considered when evaluating thecapabilities of wheeled or tracked vehicles to support the various vehicularmission roles in the center's mission areas.

b. Resource Requirements.

(1) Level of Effort.

(a) HQ AMC 30 manhours4

(b) TACOM 500 manhours

(c) FSTC 500 manhours

(d) WES 1280 manhours

(e) HQ TRADOC 1000 manhours

(f) CAC 300 manhours

(g) LOGC 100 manhours

.9

B-13

SI'

ATCD-AC %SUBJECT: Combat 'Developments Study Plan: Wheeled vs Tracked Vehicle Study

(2) Funding. Transfer of $49,950 from EQ TRADOC to WES to cover

industrial funding, requirements for their support of the study effort.-

6. Administrative,

a. Study Schedule. The folloving time schedule will be used forprosecution of the study. a

(1) Draft Study Plan 10 Aug 84

(2) Approved Study Plan 31'Aug 84.

(3) Complete Phase I 30 Sep 84

(4) Complete Phase II 12 Oct 84

(5) Draft Briefing 19 Oct 84

(6) Approved Briefing 26 Oct 84

(7) Brief HQDA 31 Oct 84

b. Study Advisory Group (SAG). HQ rRADOC vill host and chair aSAG to reviev the results of the avalysis effort.

c. Study Project Officer. Mr Kenneth L. Boyd, ATCD-AC, AV 680-3037, FTS931-3037.

7. Correlation. ACM 070846.

B-14

4

'KKBibliography

16

SrN


Ah.

4..

J.

se..

4

'V

* if

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OiMpion, G. C., Wheels Versus Tracks, Letter, Brtiah Liaiso Officer,Headluarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Ommwnd, Fort Monroe, VA, 4September 1984.

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Ferguson, OPerfrmance of MII3A2 and Piranha in German and Iranian Terrain=,US Army Materiel System Analysis Activity, APGp, MD, Novmer 1983.

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Geerts, G. A., *Wheeled Versus Tracked Vehicles', Letter, Netherlands LiaisonOfficer, BHeadarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Qmmnd,, Fort Monroe,VA, 29 October 1984.

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Gildirist, B. C., Wuheeled Versus Tracks Study', Letter (uadian LiaisonOfficer, Headuarters, US Army Training and Doctr C~bmand, Fort Mnoe,VA, 9 November 1984.

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Green, C. E., "Results of Soft-Soil, Acceleration, s, and Maneuver Testswith WES M113/2E HOW D, GN XM1, GH A3R, and a rary m Vl3,aTechnical Report GL-83-17, U Army aigineer Wate iperiment Station,CE, Vicksburg, MS, 1983.

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Documents

WHEELED VERSUS TRACWEB VEHICLE STUDY FINAL REPORT · Substitute Wheels for Tracks During Peacetime 2-17 Short Distance Mobility Enhancements 2-21 Half-Tracked Vehicle Concept 2-27