What’s Next?Monday:

• Sleep Notes (complete by end of day)• Mental Illness Online Discussion (due Tues. 8:00 am)• Mental Illness Study Guide (due Tues in class)• Sleep, Dreams & Drugs Study Guide (due Tues in class)

Tuesday:• Psychiatric Testing & IQ• Final Exam Review

Wednesday:• Final Test• Sybil

Altered StatesConsciousness is our awareness of cognitive processes - making decisions, remembering, daydreaming, concentrating, sleeping, dreaming and many other things.

We have two states of consciousness:•Waking Consciousness: Thoughts, feelings and perceptions that arise when we are awake and reasonably alert.•Altered States of Consciousness (ASC): Our mental state differs noticeably from our normal waking consciousness. ASCs include sleep, dreams & under the influence of drugs and alcohol.

SleepNormal Sleep consists of several stages:Stage 1: Pulse slows, muscles relax and the eyes move from side-to-side. The sleeper is easily awakened.

Stage 2 & 3: The sleeper is hard to awaken and does not respond to noise or light. Most people spend 45-50% in these stages.

Stage 4: Heart & breathing rates, blood pressure and body temperature are at their lowest points of the night. Sleep talking and sleepwalking usually occur during this stage. (20% children)

REM (Rapid Eye Movement): Heart rate and blood pressure increase. The sleeper’s voluntary muscles are essentially paralyzed and the sleeper is incapable of moving. During this stage, the eyes move rapidly under closed eyelids. Some research suggests that most dreaming occurs during this stage, though dreams take place during the other stages as well.

Sleep

Brain Activity While Sleeping

SleepThe total sleep cycle is about 1 hour 40 minutes: 1 hour to descend to REM and 40 minutes to ascend back to Stage 1. REM sleep increases significantly the longer a child and teen sleep.

SleepThere are a variety of sleep disorders:•Night Terrors: Approximately 6% of children (6-12 years old) have night terrors. Children will wake up screaming, are difficult to comfort and are unable to remember very much of the dream.

•Insomnia: Difficult falling asleep or remaining asleep.

•Sleep Apnea: An individual falls asleep and stops breathing.

•Narcolepsy: A person falls asleep at inappropriate times and may have sudden loss of muscle tone when excited.

Sleep & MediaAn excerpt from a study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008:

Importance of Sleep in Children & Adolescents:A rich literature demonstrates a robust association between poor sleep and a host of problems for children and adolescents. Nearly every problem of concern to parents and pediatricians can be brought on or exacerbated by inadequate sleep; from obesity to aggression to hyperactivity.

The Function of Sleep:When we sleep, we are at rest, but our brains are not. They are active, and their activity is essential to almost all of the body’s business: to the consolidation of memories, to learning, to cognitive development, to psychiatric health, to healthy immune function, and to bodily growth and repair.

Sleep researchers recognize the importance of two fundamental dimensions of sleep adequacy: sleep quantity (total sleep time) and sleep quality. These dimensions cover several attributes of sleep quantity: total sleep time, adversely affected by late bedtimes, early waking and sleep onset latency (delay between bedtime and falling asleep); and sleep quality, including nighttime waking, nightmares, disturbed sleep-wake transitions, and irregular bedtimes.

Sleep & MediaAn excerpt from a study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation, continued:

The Function of Sleep, continued:The first system to suffer from inadequate sleep appears to be executive function, or the brain’s ability to plan, organize activities, and pay attention. Other research has shown that inadequacies in sleep quality or quantity among children and adolescents are associated with significant impairments in immune function, the regulation of metabolism (thereby creating an association between sleep and obesity and diabetes), creativity and memory, accidents and injuries, school failure, and behavior.

One of the striking findings of research in this area is how important even relatively small sleep impairments can be. One recent study found that an ongoing sleep deficit of just one hour per day over three days can result in significant degradation in neurobehavioral function. Another found that a difference of just 25 minutes per night of sleep duration was associated with changes in school performance among adolescents.

Sleep Trends Among Children:For adolescents, inadequacy of both sleep quantity and quality is particularly acute… while teens typically need about 9 hours of sleep, they typically obtain only about 7 hours of sleep.

Sleep & MediaAn excerpt from a study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation, continued:

How Media Use Might Impact Sleep:… All told, children age eight and over were found in 2005 to consume an average of an additional hour of media content per day compared to 1999; and an average of one-fourth (26%) of their media use time was spent “media multitasking” or using more than one medium at a time.

Several theoretical explanations have been advanced in the literature to explain why media use might have an impact on the amount of quality of sleep that children receive:

• Media use of all kinds might directly displace sleep.• Media use that involves excitement, suspense, drama and conflict may be too

exciting for children, especially at bedtime.• Physical activity, which promotes good sleep, can be displaced by media use.

The full report: www.kff.org (Children’s Media Use and Sleep Problems: Issues & Unanswered Questions, June 2008.

Sleep

Teens need on average 9 hours of sleep. However, current research finds that teens are only getting on average 7 hours of sleep.