CHAPTER 50 - OLC

What’s

in

Ch.

50?

I. GERUNDS (page 169-170) Gerunds decline like 2nd Declension neuter nouns, only in the singular (page 169) If the gerund is the subject or direct object, the infinitive is used instead of an –nd- form. Use of the gerund with ad to show purpose (page 170) Use of the gerund in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (page 170) The gerund in the ablative case usually expresses cause or means (page 170) NB 1: The gerund of eō, īre “to go” : īre, eundī, eundō, eundum, eundō (page 170) NB 2: Be sure to distinguish between the English gerund and the present participle, which both end in “-ing” in English (page 170) P.S. Funerary Inscription for a Vestal Virgin, and one for a British lady (page 171) Vixi puellis (page 102)

CHAPTER 50 - OLCmūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus/a/um = to change

dēsīderō, dēsīderāre, dēsīderāvī, dēsīderātus/a/um = to miss, long for

mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum = to wonder at admire

causa, causae F. = cause, reason; court casecausā + GENITIVE = for the sake of

scrība, scrībae M = scribe

dēsīderium, dēsīderiī N = longing

maestus, maesta, maestum = sad

modestus, modesta, modestum = moderate, modest

praesēns, praesēntis = present

similis, similis, simile (+ DATIVE) = similar (to), like

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

I. Gerunds (-nd-) …What are gerunds? Gerunds are .  Translation into English: use “-ing” : dragging, Fishing, Defending, Traveling, Learning, Speaking, Fighting, Spelling, Cooking, Eating, etc. Caesar dandō, sublevandō, ignōscendō, Cato nihil largiendō glōriam adeptus est. = Caesar won fame by giving, assisting, forgiving, Cato (won fame) by giving away nothing. English Example from Latin: What is your modus operandi? = “method of operating” = M.O.

Don’t confuse the English gerund with the English present active participle. …Why?

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Declension of the Latin Gerund:

Nominative Singular1: pugnāre fighting

Gen Sing2: pugnandī of fighting

[Dat Sing: [ pugnandō to/for fighting (rare)]

Accusative Sing3: pugnandum fighting

Ablative4: pugnandō by fighting

Gender of the Gerund

Number of the Gerund

Declension # of the Gerund

1. Use the infinitive for any subject or direct object use of the gerund.2. The genitive is typically used to show purpose with causā or gratiā with a

preceding gerund = pugnandī causa = ‘for the sake of fighting”3. Only used with ad and a verb of motion = “for the purpose of…” 4. Ablative usually shows means.

Gerunds – special notes on cases

Ch. 50

(1)Nominative: subject [infinitive in form]

(2)Genitive: whenever you need “of” or “for” (objective

genitive); often shows purpose with causā or gratiā “for

the sake of”

(3)Dative: rare; only with verbs that take a dative

(4)Accusative:* the –ndum form is NOT for DIRECT

OBJECTS: only with ad “for the purpose of” [for direct

objects use the infinitive]

(5)Ablative: usually shows means – “by means of”; often

manner/respect with preposition in - “in”

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – special note on the accusative* case

Ch. 50

The accusative* case (–ndum form) only with ad “for the purpose of” and a verb of motion NOT for DIRECT OBJECTSo Ille domum ad puliendum rediit. = He

returned home to clean^ (for the purpose of cleaning).

o The direct object is an objective infinitive. In English we can say either (1) I like swimming, or (2) I like to swim. In Latin, it will always be the objective infinitive (I like to swim)

^ remember that in Latin, do not use the infinitive to show purpose

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – basic Latin declension

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. Infinitive verbingGenitive Sing -ndī of (for) verbingDative Singular -ndō to/for verbing (rare)

Accusative S -ndum verbing*

Ablative Sing -ndō WFBI verbing

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

The Skinny on Gerunds: = Gerunds are Verbal Nouns.

Only neuter singular as follows…(Infinitive, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō).

Active.

Gerunds never agree w/ anything.

For nominative, use the infinitive. Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is

believing

Deponent verbs do have gerund forms : sequī, sequendī, sequendō,

sequendum, sequendō

CHAPTER 50 - OLCGerunds – Latin declension of 1st Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -āre/ Deponent: -ārī]

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. portāre carryingGenitive Sing portandī of (for) carrying

Dative Singular portandō to/for carryingAccusative S portandum carrying*Ablative Sing portandō WFBI carrying

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – Latin declension of 2nd Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ēre/ Deponent: -ērī]

Ch. 50

Latin English

Nominative S. monēre warningGenitive Sing monendī of (for) warningDative Singular monendō to/for warningAccusative S monendum warning*Ablative Sing monendō WFBI warning

CHAPTER 50 - OLCGerunds – Latin declension of 3rd Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent: -ī]

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. trahere draggingGenitive Sing trahendī of (for) draggingDative Singular trahendō to/for draggingAccusative S trahendum dragging*Ablative Sing trahendō WFBI dragging

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – Latin declension of 3rd-io Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent: -ī]

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. facere doingGenitive Sing faciendī of (for) doingDative Singular faciendō to/for doing Accusative S faciendum doing*Ablative Sing faciendō WFBI doing

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – Latin declension of 4th Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: - īre/ Deponent: -īrī]

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. pulīre cleaningGenitive Sing puliendī of (for) cleaning

Dative Singular puliendō to/for cleaningAccusative S puliendum cleaning*Ablative Sing puliendō WFBI cleaning

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – Latin declension of eō, īre “to go”

Ch. 50

Latin EnglishNominative S. īre goingGenitive Sing eundī of (for) goingDative Singular eundō to/for goingAccusative S eundum going*Ablative Sing eundō WFBI going

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds – deponent verbs(Example using loquor, loquī, locutus sum = to speak)

Deponent verbs have gerunds:

Latin English

Nominative S. loquī speakingGenitive Sing loquendī of (for) speaking

Dative Singular loquendō to/for speakingAccusative S loquendum speaking*Ablative Sing loquendō WFBI speaking

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation

Nom

Gen

Dat

Accterrendum

Ablnatandō

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

3rd Conjugation 3rd-io Conjugation

Nom

Genfaciendī

Dattrahendō

Acc

Abl

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

4th Conjugation (eō, īre)Nom

pulīre exīreGen

Dat

Acc

Abl

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

1st Conjugation Depon

2nd Conjugation Depon

Nommorārī verērī

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

3rd Conjugation Depon

3rd-io Conj. Deponent

Nomsequī morī

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

4th Conjugation Depon

3rd Conjugation

Nomorīrī agere

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl

Fill in the missing forms of the gerunds per conjugation:

CHAPTER 50 - OLCNominative Examples of Gerunds: (Subject/Predicate Nominative)

Ch. 50

Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believingMensās movēre est nōn gratum. = Moving tables is not fun. Esse quam vidērī = To be rather than to seem. Or, Being rather than seeming.

Genitive Examples of Gerunds: (1) “of” / “for” used after certain adjectives & nouns, especially (2) gratiā & causā - show purpose)

Ch. 50

(1) modus operandī = “method of operating” (1) Perita erat loquendī = She was skilled at speaking. (2) Agricola in agrum arandī causā (or gratiā) iit. = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the sake of plowing. [Think of gratiā and causā as frozen forms that exist to show purpose with a preceding genitive.]

CHAPTER 50 - OLCDative Examples of Gerunds: rare- only with special verbs or adjectives that take the dative

Ch. 50

nōn satis otiī habēbō carmina scrībendō. = I shall not have enough leisure (free time) for composing poems.

Accusative Examples of Gerunds: with ad (or in) to show purpose.

Ch. 50

o Translate “for the purpose of”; “to”

Agricola ad arandum in agrum iniit = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the purpose of plowing.

Ablative Examples of Gerunds: most usually as ablative of MEANS.

Ch. 50

Rīdendō cūrās dimittimus. = We send away our cares by laughing.

carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. = Horatius won fame by writing poems.

in carmina scribendō ille praestat. = Horatius excels in writing poems.

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Gerunds

vs.

Participles

o Be careful NOT to confuse the English gerund and the

present active participle, b/c they both end in “ing.”

o Remember that the gerund is a verbal NOUN, and the

present participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE:

o Horatia sat in the garden singing. (Participle)

o Horatia warmed up her voice by singing scales. (Gerund)

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Review

of the

ways to

show

purpose

with the

gerund

o causā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb”

o gratiā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb”

o ad + accusative = “for the purpose of verbing”, “to verb”

CHAPTER 50 - OLCTRANSLATE into your composition books:

1.Imperātor fugiendō odium mīlitum mōvit.

2.Imperator urbem capiendī causā milites suos

promisit.

3.Ille sapiēns librōs legendō plūra cognoscet.

4.Cicerō loquendī causā in forō stetit.

5.Cupidi erāmus multa audiendī.

6.Ad rem pūblicam servandum Cicerō Catilinam

petēbat.

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

TRANSLATE into your composition books:

1.Rōmānī propter studium vincendī bella in multīs

gerēbant.

2.Cupida erat domum redeundī.

3.Cupida eram domum redeundī.

4.Hic est peritus pugnandī; ille (est peritus)

scrībendī.

5.Mea uxor philosophiam legendō studet.

6.Sapientiā ūtere ad vītam bene agendum. (vītam agere

= to live)

CHAPTER 50 - OLC

Finis