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2012 NCA Conference, Keynote
Citation preview
Julie Hynes, MA, CPS “Thinking Outside the Box”
NCA 2012 Conference
Inside the World of
Problem Gambling
What’s hidden in
those cards?
We aren’t going to talk about HOW to treat gamblers
Our Evening “Out of the Box” –
what it isn’t
What it is: • Why problem gambling
deserves our attention
• Addiction & mental health connections
• ID & referral
• Fun (Family Feud!)
Our Evening
“Out of the Box”
$
Opportunity
Gambling
To risk money or something of value on
the outcome of an
unpredictable event.
Image sources: sportsbet.com, bovada.com Oddsshark.com, wagerminds.com
Anything Can Be a Bet…
Betting on Brangelina
Image source: telegraph.co.uk Odds: wagerminds.org
Image sources: Oregon Lottery, Hynes
Not Your
Uncle’s
Gambling
Available
It’s everywhere.
Gambling: A Continuum
No
Gambling Experimentation
Recreational Problem Pathological
Sources: 1. Moore (2006). 2. Volberg, Hedberg, & Moore (2008). 3. Shaffer & Hall (2001). 4. Northwest Survey & Data Services (2007). 5. Moore (2001).
Between 2-3% adults 18+ problem gamblers Teens (13-17 y.o.): 6% at risk or problem gamblers 2
College age (18-24): 5.6% 3
At-Risk
“Social/Recreational” or
Problem Gambler?
Recreational Gambler
Occasional
Sticks w/ limits
Hopes to win, expects to lose
Can take it or leave it
Problem Gambler
Frequent, preoccupied
Plays w/needed $, borrows
Hopes & expects to WIN
Primary source of “fun”
PATHOLOGICAL: Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior...results in the LOSS OF CONTROL over gambling. (DSM-IV)
Definitions
“PATHOLOGICAL
GAMBLING” also called
“compulsive gambling” or
“gambling addiction”
Signs: Pathological
Gambling (DSM-IV-TR)
6. “Chases” losses
7. Lies to others to conceal gambling
8. Has committed illegal acts
9. Has jeopardized relationships
10. Relies on others to bail him/her out
1. Preoccupation with gambling
2. Increases amount of money gambled
3. Unsuccessfully tries to quit
4. Restless or irritable when trying to cut down/stop
5. Gambles as an escape
*”Pathological” gambling = At least five of above, and not accounted for by a Manic Episode. Pathological Gambling is defined in DSM-IV as an “Impulse Control Disorder”
Source: American Psychological Association (1994).
“Addiction”
1. Solidly established, problematic pattern of a
pleasurable & reinforcing behavior
2. Physiological/psychological components of
behavior pattern that create dependence 3. Interaction of these components in an individual
which makes person resistant to change
Definition of addiction from Diclemente, 2003
The “Addiction” Connection
Loss of control Denial Depression/mood swings Progressive Tolerance Use as an escape Preoccupation Similar “highs” Self-help groups Family involvement Use of rituals
Differences? Similarities? Defining “use” (gambling)
Behavior not attributable to chemical ingestion
No biological test
More intense sense of shame and guilt (anecdotal)
Unpredictable outcome
Fantasies of success /quitting is giving up hope
Easier to hide
Debt - $30,000 Crime – 25% Depression/suicide
48% seriously considered suicide 9% attempted suicide
Relationship jeopardized/lost – 35% Concurrent alcohol problems – 34% Concurrent drug problems – 15%
Source: Oregon Health Authority, 2011
Phases of Problem Gambling
Hitting “Bottom”
Desperation
Crime
Divorce
Depression/Suicide
Getting help?
Winning
Losing
Desperation
Source: Custer, R. (1980). “Custer Three Phase Model.”
Causes? (Risk Factors)
Trauma -- stemming from abuse or neglect
Mental health issues
Substance use
Parental attitudes & behavior
Competitive family
Community norms/laws
Early initiation
Friends favorable toward gambling
Vulnerable Populations
• Older adults
• College students
• Ethnic minorities
• Incarcerated persons
• Military & veterans
• Women
• Substance abuse history
• Mental health history
• Youth
In Perspective
Addiction is a “Developmental
Disease”- National institute on Drug Abuse
Prefrontal Cortex
Neurotransmitter
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Opioids
Dopamine
Role in Impulse Control
Behavior Initiation/Cessation
Arousal, Excitement
Pleasure, Urges
Reward, Reinforcement
Dopamine: most studied neurotransmitter in problem gambling
Serotonin -- risk taking
Gambling - β-endorphin
PGs - NE levels
PGs - dopamine response
Potential Neurotransmitter
Roles in PG
Source: Brain Briefings (2007, October), Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC
Gambling & The “Doped” Brain
Decisions that will likely cause us to lose money vs. win money
1 in 175
1 in 175,000
1 in 175 million
1 in 175 billion
1 in 175 Million (174,233,510)
Odds of getting struck by lightning:
1 in 280,000
Let’s say there is 1 RED popcorn kernel in this bag of 10,000 pieces of popcorn
….you’d have a better chance of reaching in and
grabbing the one red kernel
of popcorn in this bag than you would of winning $100 on a PowerBall ticket
So…if your lucky numbers
have “almost” come up in the
last 5 drawings, are your
chances better, worse, or the
same?
How would you describe what
you see below?
Magical Thinking
Superstition
Personalization
Selective memory
Cognitive Dissonance
Mental Health/Addictions Connections Depression/mood disorders
Narcissistic personality disorder
PTSD
Impulsivity
ADHD
Substance abuse
Alcohol abuse
Sources Ledgerwood & Petry (2006). Kausch et al. (2006). Biddle et al. (2005). Oregon Health Authority (2010). The WAGER (2002, February 12); Specker, et al., (1995); Kim & Grant (2001)
Comparison of “Action” and “Escape” Pathological Gamblers
Excitement, competition
Early onset of gambling
Relief, escape from stress
Later onset of gambling
“Skilled” forms of gambling (sports/poker, etc)
More likely to present narcissistic or antisocial traits
“Luck” forms of gambling (lottery, slots, bingo)
More likely to present depressive/dysthymic traits
Action Escape
Source: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005.
Effects of Problem Gambling on
Children Prone to abuse and/or neglect
Child endangerment may increase
Higher levels of tobacco,
alcohol, drug use, and overeating than peers
Higher risk of pathological gambling
Suffer effects from lack of financial stability
•Amygdala active
• Fight or flight, emotion
• Decision-making altered
•More vulnerable to risk-taking & impulsive behaviors
Source: Ramoski, S., Nystrom, R. (2007).
“The adolescent brain is especially sensitive to the
effects of dopamine.
2010 Oregon Student Wellness
Survey (Lane County)
34.5
44.3
33.7
8.5
22.6
41.0
1.4
9.1
21.8
2.4
11.9
27.2
2.1
6.9
14.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6th 8th 11th
Perc
en
tag
e
Grade
Lane County Youth
Gambled Drank Alcohol Binge Drank Alcohol Smoked MJ Smoked Cigarettes
Data Source: Oregon Student Wellness Survey, 2010 Full report available at: http://preventionlane.org/sws.htm
Youth gambling and alcohol use
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Used alcohol in the past month
Did not gamble Gambled
Youth gambling and binge drinking
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Binge drank in past 30 days
Did not gamble Gambled
Youth gambling and smoking
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Smoked cigarettes in the past month
Did not gamble Gambled
Youth gambling and marijuana
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Used marijuana in the past month
Did not gamble Gambled
Youth gambling and skipping
school
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Grade 6 Grade 8 Grade 11
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Skipped school one or more days in the past month
Did not gamble Gambled
Youth gambling and suicide attempts
Percent of youth who attempted suicide in the past
year
7.2%5.0%
11.3%9.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Grade 8 Grade 11
Perc
en
tag
e
Did not gamble
Gambled
Youth problem gambling and
suicide attempts
Percent of youth that attempted suicide in the past
year
10.1%8.0%
21.0%18.6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Grade 8 Grade 11
Perc
en
tag
e
Did not
bet/gamble
more than
wanted to
Bet/gambled
more than
wanted to
Conclusion:
Teens who gamble are
smoked up, toked up,
drunk emo delinquents.
Conclusion:
Teens who gamble are
smoked up, toked up,
drunk emo delinquents.
delinquency
sexual
behavior
smoking
drug
use
gambling
Problem Behaviors
Problem Gambling is
ONE COMPONENT of Problem
Behaviors
identification &
treatment
University of Oregon Survey
2010
A majority of students (62%) thought problems with gambling could be
changed through ‘will power.’ At the same time, an even larger majority (87%) agreed that gambling is an addiction similar to a drug or alcohol addiction.
Intervention
• Intake/Assessment
• Referral to provider for assessment
• Family members in
The “Lie-Bet” Screening Tool (Johnson et al., 1988)
1.Have you ever felt the need to bet more and more money?
2.Have you ever had to lie to people important to you about how much you gambled?
• Valid and reliable for ruling out pathological gambling behavior • Response to ONE or both indicates referral for longer assessment • useful in screening to determine whether a longer tool (e.g., SOGS, DSM-
IV) should be used in diagnostics
preventionlane.org/gambling/lie-bet.htm
Assessment Tools
• “Valid and Reliable”
– DSM-IV 10
– South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)
– SOGS-RA (Revised for Adolescents)
• Frequently Used
– Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions (GA-20)
DSM-IV-TR Criteria Revisited
1. Preoccupation with gambling
2. Increases amount of money gambled
3. Unsuccessfully tries to quit
4. Restless or irritable when trying to cut down/stop
5. Gambles as an escape
6. “Chases” losses
7. Lies to others to conceal gambling
8. Has committed illegal acts
9. Has jeopardized relationships
10. Relies on others to bail him/her out
Pathological Gambling =
Five or more of above, AND: The gambling behavior is not better accounted for by a Manic Episode.
Treatment
Nebraska DHHS Gamblers Assistance Program:
• http://dhhs.ne.gov/behavioral_health/Documents/GAP-FY12-13ProviderManual.pdf
Nebraska Council on Compulsive Gambling
• www.nebraskacouncil.com
• $3,224: Cost per
successful completer
• 86%: Report no,
or far reduced, gambling
Source: Moore, T. 2011 Gambling Programs Evaluation Update.
Treatment is Effective
and Inexpensive
Thank you! For more Info…
Julie Hynes, MA, CPS
Lane County Public Health Prevention Program
541.682.3928 | [email protected]
preventionlane.org
problemgamblingprevention.org
References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Cross, Del Carmen Lorenzo, & Fuentes (1999). The extent and nature of gambling among college student athletes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Department of Athletics.
Department of Defense (2002). Survey of health related behaviors among military personnel Washington, DC: Author. Report information available http://www.tricare.mil/main/news/dodsurvey.htm
DiClemente, C. (2003). Addiction and change: How addictions develop and addicted people recover. New York: Guilford Press.
ECONorthwest (2009). The contributions of Indian gaming to Oregon’s economy. http://www.econw.com/reports/2009_ECONorthwest_Contributions-Indian-Gaming-Oregon-Economy-2007.pdf
Engwall, Hunter & Steinberg (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health. 52 (6); 245-255. Freimuth, M. (2008). Addicted? Recognizing Destructive Behavior Before It's Too Late . Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Kerber (2005). Problem and pathological gambling among college athletes. Annual of Clinical Psychiatry. 17 (4); 243-7.
LaBrie, R., Shaffer, H., LaPlante, D., and Wechslet, H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in United States. Journal of American College Health. 52 (2); 53-62.
Moore , T.L. (2002.) The etiology of pathological gambling. Salem, OR: Department of Human Services. http://www.oregoncpg.com
References Moore, TL. (2006). Oregon gambling prevalence replication study. Salem, OR: Department of Human Services. http://www.oregoncpg.com
Moore (2001). Older adult gambling in Oregon. Salem, OR: Department of Human Services. http://www.oregoncpg.com
Northwest Survey & Data Services (2007). Lane County Health & Human Services college gambling survey. http://www.preventionlane.org/gambling/college.htm
Oregon Health Authority, Problem Gambling Services (2011). Oregon problem gambling awareness community resource guide. Salem, OR: Author. Oregon Lottery (2009). Oregon State Lottery Behavior and Attitude Tracking Study. November 2008. InfoTek Research Group, Inc.
Oregon Lottery (2008). Overview through fiscal year 2009. Salem, OR: Author.
Ramoski, S., Nystrom, R. (2007). The changing adolescent brain. Northwest Public Health. http://www.nwpublichealth.org/archives/s2007/adolescent-brain
Rockey, D.L., Beason, K.R., & Gilbert, J.D. (2002). Gambling by college athletes: An association between problem gambling and athletes. http://www.camh.net/egambling/archive/pdf/EJGI-issue7/EJGI-issue7-research-rockey.pdf
Shaffer, H.J., Donato, Labrie, Kidman, & LaPlante. (2005). The epidemiology of college alcohol and gambling policies. Harm Reduction Journal. 2 (1).
Shaffer, H.J. & Hall, M.N. (2001). Updating and refining meta-analytic prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 168-172.
Volberg, R.A., Hedberg, E.C., & Moore, T.L. (2008). Adolescent Gambling in Oregon. Northhampton, MA: Gemini Research. http://gamblingaddiction.org