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What’s for Lunch?
Martha B. SharmaAPHG Workshop
NCGE – Lake Tahoe, NV
October 6-7, 2006
www.rettew.com
V. Agricultural and Rural Land Use
Development and diffusion of agricultureMajor agricultural production regionsRural land use and settlement patternsModern commercial agriculture
Importance of Agriculture
All humans depend on agriculture for food Urban-industrial societies depend on the base of food surplus generated by farmers and herders Without agriculture there could be no cities, universities, factories, or offices Today agriculture remains the most important economic activity in the world Agriculture employs 45 percent of the working population In some parts of Asia and Africa, over 80 percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture
Agricultural Revolutions
Agriculture has passed through a series of revolutionary changes
Not everywhere at the same timeSome places still largely unaffectedTransition from predominantly subsistence activity to predominantly capital-intensive, market-oriented commercial agriculture
Three distinct revolutions
First Agricultural Revolution
~12,000 year agoReplaced hunting and gatheringInvolved plant and animal domestication
Emergence of seed agriculture (wheat, rice)Use of the plowUse of draft animals
Modest population increase and outmigration
Second Agricultural Revolution
Late Middle AgesOccurred in tandem with Industrial Revolution
End of feudal landholding systemEnclosure of individually owned fieldsEmergence of urban industrial markets
Modification of subsistence farming practices
Crop rotationUse of natural and semi-processed fertilizersNew tools and equipment
Dramatic increase in crop and livestock yieldsTransportation technology linking farm and urban commercial food market
Third Agricultural Revolution
Origins in North AmericaIndustrialization of agriculture
Mechanization Replacement of human labor with machines
Chemical farmingUse of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides
Food manufacturingAddition of economic value through processing, canning, refining, packaging
Green RevolutionPlant breeding
BiotechnologyGenetic manipulation
Traditional breeding involves exchanging all genetic material between two related plants.
Genetic engineering usually only involves moving one or two genes and can cross the species barrier.
Desired gene
Traditional plant breedingDNA is a strand of genes,
much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once.
Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety
Desired Gene
X =(crosses)
(many genes are transferred)
Plant biotechnologyUsing plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand.
Desired gene Commercial variety New variety
(transfers)
=
Desired gene
(only desired gene is transferred)
Biotechnology
Manipulation and management of biological organisms
Recombinant DNA techniquesTissue culture (cloning)Cell fusionEmbryo transfer
Positive: high yielding, disease resistant “super” plantsNegative: periphery excluded by distance and cost + concerns about safety
Increase in Genetically Engineered Crops in the
U.S.
Source: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/
More than 50 biotech food products have been approved
for commercial use in the United States
CanolaCorn CottonPapayaPotato
SoybeansSquashSugarbeetsSweet cornTomato
Four crops accounted for nearly all of the global biotech
crop area in 2002
5%
12%
21%
62%
Canola
Cotton
Corn
Soybeans
Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
Four countries accounted for 99 percent* of the global biotech
crop area in 2002
4%
6%
23%
66%
China
Canada
Argentina
United States
*Australia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Germany, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain and Uruguay accounted for the remaining 1 percent of biotech crop acres.
Source: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
Some Concerns about Genetically Modified Foods
Possible adverse effects on human healthIntroduction of new allergens Antibiotic-resistant genes in foodsProduction of new toxinsConcentration of toxic metalsEnhancement of toxic fungiEnvironmental impactsDangers not yet identified
http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/
Harvest of Fear -- SynopsisIn "Harvest of Fear," FRONTLINE and NOVA explore the intensifying debate over genetically-modified (gm) food crops. Interviewing scientists, farmers, biotech and food industry representatives, government regulators, and critics of biotechnology, this two-hour report presents both sides of the debate, exploring the risks and benefits, the hopes and fears, of this new technology. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/
Eight Main Themes
GM foods: pros and consPests, pesticides, GM capabilitiesConflicts with mixed cropsPesticide resistanceAttitudes toward GM foodsIntellectual property rights and GM foodsOrganic farmingGreen Revolution
Using the Class Activity
Student resources provided:Page 1 – Viewing Guide
Main Themes in the videoImportant terms (21) used in the videoQuestions to consider while watching the video
Page 2 – Taking a PositionQuestions (6) to guide development of a position statementSelected web sites to begin research