Whatcom Ag€¦ · Perennials, too, often perk up a little this time of year, with Canada thistle, horsetail, broadleaf dock, dandelion, and quackgrass working their last little bit

Sept 15, 2013 FALLWEED CONTROL | ID SWD EGGS | BERRY MRL’S | BERRY FUMIGATION WEBPAGE |

ALFALFA IN WESTERN WA | WINTER HAY NEEDS | WEATHER UPDATE | UPCOMING EVENTS

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AgMonthly

Whatcom Ag Monthly

September 15, 2013

Volume 2, Issue 9

In this issue: WEED CONTROL IN THE FALL

A NEW ID TECHNIQUE FOR SWD EGGS

BERRIES AND MRL’S

NEW RASPBERRY FUMIGATION WEBPAGE

ALFALFA IN WESTERN WASHINGTON

CALCULATING LIVESTOCK WINTER HAY NEEDS

WEATHER UPDATE

UPCOMING EVENTS

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/newsletter.html




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As September arrives, crisp and wet weather is at

the door, football takes center stage, and thoughts of

hunting start to linger in the brain. Among all the

last-of-summer chores on your “to do” list, don’t

forget about autumn weed control in your berries!

Fall rains, cooler temperatures, and shorter days trig-

ger the germination of winter annual weed seeds and

begins the onslaught of species such as annual

sowthistle, shepherd’s-purse, common chickweed,

and common groundsel. Perennials, too, often perk

up a little this time of year, with Canada thistle,

horsetail, broadleaf dock, dandelion, and quackgrass

working their last little bit of photosynthesis before

winter’s gloom shuts them down for the year. Let’s

spend a little time on how to identify these common

weed species, and talk a little about herbicides that

will help to keep them at bay. In each plant descrip-

tion are the pages in the 10th edition of Weeds of the

West on which you can find photos of these species

to verify your identification.

Winter Annual Weeds

Annual Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) leaves are

hairless and bluish-green (sometimes with hints of

red), often with a waxy “bloom” on the surface.

Leaf margins are usually prickly, but are not as in-

tensely spiny as the leaves of true thistles. If you see

milky juice oozing from broken leaf/stem tissue, you

can be sure it’s not a true thistle. The seedlings

you see now will bloom in late-winter through

spring (or even later!), with dandelion-like yellow

flowers and fuzzy seeds that blow with the wind.

See Weeds of the West pages 182-183

Shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) leaves are usually a little fuzzy or rough to the

touch, with the first leaves often being non-toothed

but later leaves usually are coarsely toothed along

the margins. Plants quickly form a rosette, with

each leaf usually lying flat on the ground. If you

have a 10X magnifying lens, look for star-shaped

hairs on the surface of the leaves, appearing like

white asterisks (*). Flowers are white and only ¼-

inch wide, often produced over the winter. Trian-

gular fruit capsules follow, each filled with tiny,

orange seeds. See Weeds of the West pages 218-

219

Common chickweed (Stellaria media) leaves are

opposite, meaning you will see them appear in

pairs along the slender, easily broken stems.

Leaves are smooth on the surface and non-toothed

along the margins, usually ½-inch long or less, and

WEED CONTROL IN THE FALL Tim Miller, Weed Scientist WSU Mount Vernon NWREC





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are a brighter shade of green than those on many

other weed species. Flowers begin to show when the

stems are about a foot long. Flowers are about 1/3-

inch wide, each with five white petals that are

notched at the tip, making it appear that there are

ten. Fruits are egg-shaped, about ¼-inch long, and

filled with tiny, black seeds. See Weeds of the West

pages 260-261

Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) leaves are

dark green, sometimes bearing sparse wooly hairs.

Leaf margins are shallowly toothed, often giving the

leaf a club-shaped outline. This plant never really

forms a rosette; rather, it begins elongating shortly

after emergence and often begins to bloom when six

inches tall (or less). Flower heads are slender, nar-

row, and usually

only about ¼-inch

long. Look for

short black bracts

near the base of

each bud, and

mustard-yellow

flowers near the

tip. The head

opens like a dan-

delion when the

achenes mature,

with each achene plumed and well able to fly on a

breeze. See Weeds of the west pages 170-171

Perennial Weeds

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) shoots arise

from a finger-thick horizontally-growing root

about 10 to 12 inches below the soil surface.

Shoots are usually found in patches, and each sepa-

rate shoot is actually attached to the same root sys-

tem. These shoots emerge in mid-spring and are

often called rosettes, although they only stay that

way until daylengths exceed 14 hours, at which

time stems begin to rapidly elongate. Leaves are

heavily armed with spines and are usually almost

hairless. Flower heads are about an inch long,

sweetly fragrant, and are not particularly spiny.

Typically flowers are medium purple in color, and

heads open with long-plumed achenes when ma-

ture. Following seed production, stems often dry

down, although they usually produce a fresh crop

of leaves near their bases again in the fall. See

Weeds of the West pages 110-111

Horsetail (Equisetum spp.) is a deeply-rooted na-

tive plant of several different species. Our most

common species in western WA produce two types

of shoots from the mass of black roots in mid-

spring. The first to appear are jointed shoots that

are pale yellowish, whitish, or tan in color, are na-

ked (in that they bear no “leaves” or “needles”),

and are tipped by a cylindric cone that produces

spores when mature. These shoots die following

spore release, but are quickly overtopped by the





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growing vegetative fronds. These are green and re-

semble pine boughs, with jointed branches that may

be three or more inches long. It is the infertile

fronds that feed the root system from spring until

frost. 304-305.

Broadleaf dock (Rumex obtusifolius) is a perennial

arising from a yellow taproot. Leaves are flat and

oval in shape, usually only about twice as long as

wide (this contrasts with curly dock (R. crispus),

which bears leaves that are often 3 to 5 times as long

as wide). Leaves are rough, but not usually hairy.

The stem is hollow and jointed and slightly resem-

bles bam-

boo.

Stems pro-

duce green

flowers in

clusters

near the

tips of the

main stem

and

branches.

Fruits are

green at

first, but

turn rusty

red as the

seeds ma-

ture. Ba-

sal leaves

of broad-

leaf dock may stay green all winter, although it is

not uncommon for the plants to die back to the

ground in late autumn and remain dormant until

late winter. See Weeds of the West pages 510-511

Quackgrass (Elymus repens) is a creeping peren-

nial whose shoots arise from yellowish or tan,

sharp-tipped rhizomes that are from 3 to 8 inches

below the soil surface. We have many species of

weedy grass in berry crops, but it is the ⅛-inch

thick rhizomes that are diagnostic for quackgrass.

The only other common grass weed in northwest-

ern WA is reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundina-

cea), which bears rhizomes from ¼- to ½-inch

thick. Leaf blades emerge in early spring, followed

by seed spikes in mid-summer. Leaves often stay

green late into the fall. See Weeds of the West pag-

es 446-447

These are only eight of the most common weed

species found in our area. If you have other weeds

that you want to get identified, bring a sample in to

the Extension office, or email me a digital photo

and we’ll get and ID for you ([email protected]).

Autumn Herbicide Options:

Strawberry. Many herbicides available for estab-

lished strawberries are not supposed to be applied

until berry plants are dormant, because of potential

for injury to crowns. Exceptions include:

Aim (carfentrazone), acetic acid and other nat-

ural herbicides. Apply only between strawberry



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rows to actively growing weed seedlings; any herbi-

cide that contacts the crowns can damage non-

dormant strawberry plants. These products will have

little lasting effect on established perennial weeds.

Devrinol (napropamide) can be applied in fall,

provided adequate rainfall occurs shortly after the

application. This herbicide will not control emerged

weeds, however, so strawberries must be clean.

Prowl H2O (pendimethalin) can be applied be-

tween strawberry rows prior to onset of dormancy.

This herbicide will not control emerged weeds, how-

ever, so row middles must be clean.

Simazine can be applied from October through

dormancy, but avoid using on sandy or gravelly soil.

Stinger (clopyralid) can be applied from Septem-

ber 15 to November 15 to control emerged weeds

primarily in Asteraceae (sunflower family) and Fa-

baceae (pea family).

Grass herbicides include Select (clethodim) and

Poast (sethoxydim). These only control emerged

grasses and must be applied with surfactant. Poast

usually only suppresses quackgrass.

Dormant-season herbicide options (usually Decem-

ber through February) include Chateau

(flumioxazin), Devrinol, Prowl H2O, simazine,

Spartan (sulfentrazone), and Sinbar (terbacil).

Raspberry and blackberry. Herbicides are diffi-

cult to apply to caneberries until dormant-season

pruning/training activities have been completed,

since alleyways are usually covered by the growth of

last summer’s primocanes. Spot treatment of peren-

nial weed patches using a backpack sprayer is possi-

ble, however, and will pay dividends next year.

Glyphosate can be wiped on perennial weed

growth using a wick applicator. Take care to not

accidentally wipe raspberry leaves, however, as se-

vere injury to those canes can result.

Contact herbicides such as Gramoxone

(paraquat), acetic acid and other natural herbicides

may be applied as spot applications, but will have






Several herbicides may be applied early in cane-

berry dormancy, including Casoron (dichlobenil),

diuron, Callisto (mesotrione), Devrionol

(napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan

(oryzalin), Kerb (pronamide), Matrix

(rimsulfuron), Dual Magnum (s-metolachlor), si-

mazine, and Sinbar (terbacil). Most of these prod-

ucts can also be used up until bud break in spring.

Casoron, Callisto, and Matrix have good activity

on emerged weeds; diuron, simazine, and Sinbar

may control small seedlings of annual weeds.

Blueberry. Blueberries often benefit from fall

herbicide applications, given the bare soil beneath

the bushes, especially once blueberry leaves fall.

Glyphosate can be wiped on perennial weed

growth using a wick applicator. Take care to not

accidentally wipe blueberry branches/leaves, how-

ever, as severe injury to those bushes can result.

Contact herbicides such as Gramoxone

(paraquat), acetic acid and other natural herbicides

may be applied as spot applications, but will have






Several herbicides may be applied early in blueber-

ry dormancy, including Casoron (dichlobenil), di-

uron, Chateau (flumioxazin), Devrionol

(napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan

(oryzalin), Kerb (pronamide), Dual Magnum (s-

metolachlor), simazine, Sinbar (terbacil), and Vel-

par (hexazinone). Most of these products can also

be used up until bud break in spring. Casoron and

Chateau have good activity on emerged weeds; di-

uron, simazine, and Sinbar may control small seed-

lings of annual weeds.

Late dormancy products include the above plus

Callisto (mesotrione), Matrix (rimsulfuron), and

Sandea (halosulfuron). These three products all are

best used on emerged weeds. Apply to dry foliage

and allow 6 hours of contact time for best results.





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ILLUMINATION: A TECHNIQUE FOR OBSERVING

SWD EGGS

B. S. Gerdeman, L. K. Tanigoshi & G. Hollis Spitler Dept. of Entomology, WSU Mount Vernon

Northwestern Washington Research & Extension Center

Red raspberry fruit is soft, facilitating oviposition

by spotted wing drosophila, SWD. SWD eggs pos-

sess a pair of respiratory filaments, which assist dur-

ing embryonic development. The filaments resem-

ble two fine white threads projecting from an ovipo-

sition scar in the fruit. Red raspberry fruit are natu-

rally pubescent making recognition of the respiratory

filaments of SWD difficult (Fig.1). While various

disclosing methods have been developed for SWD

larval sampling including dunking fruit in salt or

sugar solutions and boiling fruit, detecting eggs in

fruit in early red raspberry infestations remains tedi-

ous. An effective method for quickly discerning

SWD eggs in red raspberry fruit without destructive

sampling for larvae has been developed which could

assist growers in verifying presence of SWD eggs in

fruit in early infestations and in experimental re-

search. Use of internal illumination eliminates dis-

tracting berry pubescence, leaving only the SWD

eggs clearly outlined against the brilliant red color

(Fig. 2). Eggs can be easily detected and if de-

sired, quickly located under a dissecting micro-

scope, using surface illumination, for further view-

ing and assessment of the respiratory filament

quality. Internal illumination is best performed

using a fiber optic light source and dissecting mi-

croscope in a laboratory setting but this technique

can also be performed in the field (Fig. 3). When

using a fiber optic light source remove the diffuser

on the end of the fiber optic arm and project the

pinpoint light source directly into the hollow end of

the berry. In the field a small penlight can substi-

tute for a fiber optic light source. Inserted into the

berry it allows observation using a hand lens to

identify SWD eggs (Fig. 4). This technique may

be more suitable for fieldmen, processors, exten-

sion researchers and experienced growers.

Fig. 1. Red Raspberry viewed through a dissecting

microscope with surface illumination. Fig. 2. Same image as Fig. 1 but internally illuminat-

ed. Three SWD eggs are visible as dark objects in cen-

ter of photo.





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AgMonthly

Fig. 3. Handheld illumination of red raspberry for

detection of SWD eggs. Fig. 4. Tools for field illumination of red raspberry:

10X hand lens and small penlight.





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AgMonthly

The two charts on the following pages list registered insecticides for managing SWD in

either caneberries or blueberry with MRLs at or below the target markets indicated.

Notice how each list varies from country to country! These charts were constructed in

June 2013 and reflect the MRL data available at that time. These will be updated prior to

the 2014 harvest season. It is the growers’ responsibility to verify MRL tolerance levels

by checking the USDA FAS MRL database ( http://www.mrldatabase.com/) prior to use.

Residual activity is based on SWD % mortality after 24 hours on field-aged leaves

brought to laboratory. Proper resistance management requires rotating between mode-of-

action classes as much as possible.

2013 BERRY ROTATIONAL PARTNERS AND SELECT

MRLS

B. S. Gerdeman, L. K. Tanigoshi & G. Hollis Spitler Dept. of Entomology, WSU Mount Vernon



http://www.mrldatabase.com/



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AgMonthly

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3







Whatcom

AgMonthly

NEW RASPBERRY SOIL FUMIGATION WEBPAGE WITH

MAPPING TOOL

Colleen Burrows WSU Whatcom County Extension

In the winter of 2010, EPA’s processes of implementing new reregistration measures for soil fumigants

commonly used in many crops, including red raspberries: Chloropicrin (a component of Telone C17,

Telone C35, and PicChlor60), Metam Sodium (VaPam), and Metam Potassium (K-PAM) were initiated.

In December 2012 these measures (reregistration eligibility decisions, or REDs) were fully implemented.

A website has been created to host information about the new regulations and how they impact raspberry

growers. This can be found at: http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/ipm/soilfumig/index.html

One additional feature of this website is a buffer mapping tool, where a grower can view the area that a

buffer and difficult-to-evacuate area restrictions are with respect to their field. This can be useful in de-

termining which type of fumigant to use, how it is applied, and the size of the field to which it can be ap-

plied at one time.

To access the buffer mapping tool, go to http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/ipm/soilfumig/buffertool.html and

follow these steps:

1. Enter the address or GPS point (lat, long) of the field to be treated. Click on either “@ ADDRESS”

or “ POINT”. And press ‘ENTER’ to have the map zoom to your location



http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/ipm/soilfumig/index.html

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/ipm/soilfumig/buffertool.html



Whatcom

AgMonthly

2. To draw the treatment area, there are two options, either use the map to click on corners or use GPS

Coordinates.

A: To draw the field on the map, first, click on the DRAW button, Click on each corner of the field

that you will be treating. This can be square, or multi-sided. Click as many corners as necessary

to follow the contour of the field. On the final corner, double click to create your polygon.

B: To use GPS coordinates, click on “ENTER CORNER COORDINATES” and enter GPS coordi-

nates for each corner

3. Calculate the buffer distance. You can use the Treatment Area calculated from the drawn treatment

area (12 acres in this case). Use the EPA’s Buffer Zone Calculator to determine the buffer zone

for this treatment area. http://ofmpub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=125:1:0:::::

You will need to know: Field size, fumigant product and rate to be used, and type of application.

4. Enter the buffer length that was calculated in the EPA Buffer Calculator and click on the “OK”

button.



http://ofmpub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=125:1:0:::::



Whatcom

AgMonthly

5. The tool draws the two buffer zones:

The inner, gold buffer zone is the true buffer. This area:

Is in effect from time of application to 48 hours after application is finished

Must not include residential areas unless vacant

Must not include bus stops

Can only overlap another buffer zone if 12 hours between applications

The outer, purple, buffer area designates where the fumigant application is not allowed if difficult-to

-evacuate site is occupied during the application or within 36 hours after. Such sites include:

*It is your responsibility to identify these sites that fall into this buffer area

If you need to reduce your buffer zone, click on the link for some suggestions. Then, go back to the EPA

Buffer Calculator to re-calculate your buffer and enter it into the mapping tool.





Whatcom

AgMonthly

6. A print option is available, with a fillable notes area to keep track of calculations that have been

made.

Field area to be treated (12 acres)

True buffer zone (368 feet)

Difficult –to-evacuate area

restrictions (1/4 mile)





Whatcom

AgMonthly

PRIZE WINNING ALFALFA BALED IN WESTERN

WASHINGTON

Andrew T. Corbin1, Steven C. Fransen2 and Stephen S. Jones3. 1WSU Snohomish County Extension. 2WSU Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center. 3WSU Northwest

Research & Extension Center.

You might think

this headline is

straight out of

The Onion, but

believe it or not –

it’s true. OK, so

they were the on-

ly two bales (2nd

and 3d cutting)

entered in the

“legume hay”

open class at the

Evergreen State

Fair last month,

but that just em-

phasizes the point

– many growers

believe “you can’t produce alfalfa on the west side”.

We grow grass hay over here – and buy alfalfa from

the east side, right? Western Washington growers

are generally under the assumption that alfalfa pro-

duction on the Westside of the Cascade Mountains

is a losing proposition. Perhaps this is due to the

history of crop failure under the wet conditions

commonly associated with our river valley, bot-

tomland farming. Researchers at the WSU Mount

Vernon Northwestern Research and Extension

Center (NWREC) are making an effort to dispel

this impression with their trial Alfalfa Varieties

Suitable for Certified Organic Transition in West-

ern Washington. The three-year transition period

required to become a certified organic producer

can be a challenging and expensive endeavor, often

making the decision to convert to organic a diffi-

cult one. New alfalfa varieties coupled with well-

drained ground may be suitable for establishing

this high value crop for the critical transition.

During this time last year (mid to late September

2012), seven alfalfa varieties were planted to test

their viability and production performance at

NWREC’s certified organic field plots. Six of these

Figure 1. Plot lay-out, varieties, sources, planting dates and planting rates of organic alfalfa.



http://www.theonion.com/



Whatcom

AgMonthly

varieties were arranged in a completely randomized

design with 3 replications (Fig. 1).

All seed of these varieties were untreated (pesticide-

free), non-GMO and inoculated with OMRI listed

rhizobia inoculants for alfalfa. This non-irrigated

dryland trial consists solely of varieties with a Fall

Dormancy (FD) rating of 2, 3 or 4 and High Re-

sistance (HR) ratings for typical Westside diseases

such as Bacterial Wilt, Verticillium Wilt, Fusarium

Wilt and Phytophthora Root Rot.

First cutting (harvest) took place in mid-May 2013

during the late (pre-bud) vegetative stage. Yields

ranged from just over one to two and one quarter

tons per acre (100% Dry Matter basis; Fig. 2). Weed

biomass differed slightly across varieties for first

cutting, although only significantly between

“Rugged”, “Viking” and “30-30Q” (Fig. 3).

While differences in yield and weed biomass were

most likely attributed to planting date (Fig. 1), for

the first cutting, those varieties lagging behind eas-

ily caught up by the end of June for 2nd cutting.

Second cutting yields ranged from nearly two to

two and three quarters ton per acre (2.2 tons per

acre average) with no significant differences in

yield between the varieties (Fig. 4). Alfalfa could

now outcompete and suppress weed growth. This

trend was repeated for 3d cutting on August 1st

producing a very clean harvest of weed free alfalfa

hay (Fig. 5).

Laboratory nutrition analyses revealed varieties

were either “Premium” or “Supreme” forage quali-

ty for first cutting (Table 1; Table 2).

It is important for potential producers to note how-

ever, laboratory nutrition results were based on

subsamples harvested from research field plots and

directly oven-dried prior to analyses. Therefore

Figure 2. First cut alfalfa yield (100% DM).

Figure 3. First cut weed biomass by variety.

Figure 4. 2nd cut yield, average 2.20 Tons/ac.

Figure 5. 3d cut yield, average 2.31 Tons/ac.





Whatcom

AgMonthly

these results represent forage quality potential, actu-

al quality will vary depending on soil type, harvest

timing, as well as the production and processing

methods of individual farmers.

This study is designed to test our ability to produce a

successful alfalfa crop and to see which varieties

perform for results growers can use plus results we

can use in larger scale studies, such as haylage, then

feeding studies. This year we were able to bale dry

hay from two out of (potentially) four cuttings, al-

lowing haylage production from first and fourth

cuttings. This is exciting because these results in-

tegrate a more complete life-cycle of establishment

-production-use of alfalfa on the Westside. This

first season of a newly established alfalfa crop

shows promising results. These are encouraging to

WSU Westside researchers who will be monitoring

production progress for the next three years and for

regional forage producers who need results closer

to home. Crop maintenance is important, especially

% ADF % NDF RFV TDN % Crude Protein

Cutting 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Variety

Rugged 28 28 31 33 37 39 191 169 155 70 61 59 28 25 23

PGI 437 29 35 28 35 44 36 176 131 178 68 56 61 26 22 24

30-30Q 27 29 31 33 37 38 191 168 159 70 61 59 28 25 23

Viking 30 33 27 35 43 34 176 137 186 67 57 62 27 23 25

Lancer 27 33 31 32 42 39 197 143 157 70 58 59 28 23 22

Integra 27 25 26 33 33 32 192 194 198 70 63 63 27 27 24

PGI 215 27 26 30 33 34 36 195 187 169 70 63 60 27 26 23

Table 1. ADF1, NDF2, RFV3, TDN4 and crude protein of alfalfa varieties across three cuttings.

1ADF = Acid Detergent Fiber – a test approximating the percent cellulose, lignin, and cutin components, or the

least-digestible components of the plant cell wall. 2NDF = Neutral Detergent Fiber – a test approximating the percent cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and some ash

portion of the plant cell wall – or the slowly digestible and indigestible components. 3RFV = Relative Feed Value – a marketing index for ranking forage, calculated from ADF and NDF, based on

both digestibility and intake potential. 4TDN = Total Digestible Nutrients - represents the sum of digestible energy contained in nonstructural carbohy-

drates (cell solubles), digestible NDF, crude protein and fat –an approximate index predicted from ADF and NDF,

and useful when blending feed rations.

Table 2. Forage quality categories. USDA quality guidelines for reporting economic data of alfalfa hay (<10% grass)

adapted in 2002 (2006 USDA Livestock, Hay and Grain Market News, Moses Lake, WA). All figures are expressed

on 100% Dry Matter (DM), except where noted.





Whatcom

AgMonthly

with regards to the careful monitoring of soil pH, P,

K and B levels as strong alfalfa stands can continue

to compete with the weeds, insects and diseases. Soil

test results after third cutting show good soil pH

(7.1!), but additional Ca, Mg, B and S will be re-

quired for next season’s crop. Calcium and Mg can

be added with a fall application of dolomitic lime

(after 4th cutting), B and S will be added in the

spring as soon as the ground will allow. In recent

history, there has been very little study of any alfal-

fa production in this region; as a result, Westside

researchers lack the necessary equipment to

properly manage this perennial forage crop. We

will therefore be using these results to propose

more funding to continue and expand this research.

Stand establishment 9/14/12 Early spring growth 3/26/13

1 week prior to first cut 5/09/13

Second cutting 6/28/13 Ready for third cutting 8/01/13

All photos by A.T. Corbin. Footnotes 1-4 and Table 2 adapted from Putnam, H., Robinson, P. and E. DePeters. 2008. Forage Quality and

Testing. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 8302. Available on-line http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/

25pp. Additional resource - visit: http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EB2039E/EB2039E.pdf



http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/

http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/EB2039E/EB2039E.pdf



Whatcom

AgMonthly

CALCULATING LIVESTOCK WINTER HAY NEEDS

Dr. Susan Kerr WSU NW Regional Livestock and Dairy Extension Specialist

Livestock producers can often secure their most

economical hay supply by purchasing their entire

winter hay supply at one time. Obtaining an entire

feeding season supply from a new hay crop certainly

beats underestimating needs and having to cobble

together purchases of more hay in late winter, when

demand may outstrip supply and quality may be var-

iable. There are four critical aspects of large hay pur-

chases: knowledge of how much to purchase, ade-

quate storage capacity, ability to work with the hay

producer’s schedule and capital to make the pur-

chase.

A few simple calculations can help livestock produc-

ers estimate how much hay they will need to get

them through the winter. Estimates are based on

livestock body weights, number of head to feed and

days to be fed. Feeding records from each farm

should help producers know how many days they

may need to feed hay. Hay may have to be fed from

October through March, perhaps even April. “But

there is still plenty of green grass in October and

again in March!” you may say. True. However, it is

to your pasture’s long-term health and productivity

for grazing to cease in the fall and not start too early

in the spring; more details about this will be includ-

ed in a future article.

Table 1 below includes estimates of daily dry matter

intake (DMI) as a percent of body weight of various

livestock species. Animals do not have DMI require-

ments. They do have requirements for the amount of

water, protein, energy, vitamins and minerals needed

for maintenance, various rates of gain and other

forms of production. These nutrients must “fit” into

the amount of food an animal can physically con-

sume. DMI rates are estimates of how much dry

matter (water component subtracted) an animal can

consume in one day.

As a rule of thumb, as an animal matures and its

weight increases, its DMI as a percent of body

weight decreases. Other factors affect DMI as well.

For example, less digestible high fiber diets fill the

capacity of the digestive tract more quickly, limit-

ing additional intake; more digestible and higher

energy feeds are processed more quickly, leaving

room for additional feed intake and higher produc-

tion, as well.

Let’s say we want to calculate how much hay to

purchase as the foundation for a ration for an

1,100# beef cow for a 6 month (182 day) feeding

period. We’ll assume average quality grass hay,

average weather conditions and no lactation during

the feeding period. Using a moderate DMI of 2%

of body weight, we can estimate her daily DMI as

22# of hay (24.2# as fed, adding back in 10% water

weight for hay). Multiplying this daily intake times

the number of days in the feeding period, we get

4404# (2.2 tons) of hay needed for this one animal.

Multiply this number times the number of animals

Species DMI as % of

Body Weight

Goat 2 to 6

Beef cattle 1 to 3

Dairy cattle 3 to 4.5

Horse 1.5 to 3

Sheep 2 to 5

Hogs* 4 to 6

Table 1. Dry matter intake as percent of body

weight of livestock species.

* For hogs, up to 10% of the total ration dry matter

can be forage.





Whatcom

AgMonthly

needing to be fed and you have the total amount of

hay required for the winter feeding period. Depend-

ing on your feeding system, you will also need to

figure in an additional 10 to 50% as hay waste.

Chemical analysis of the hay being fed would be a

valuable source of information and help guide feed-

ing decisions.

If you are able to stockpile forage on pasture or hay-

fields and the ground is frozen, you may be able to

do some winter grazing and reduce your hay feeding

days. Only do so if you will be grazing dormant

plants and animal impact will not be deleterious to

pasture plants, soil and water. Bear in mind that this

stockpiled forage will be very low quality and pro-

vide mostly fiber; energy, protein, vitamin and min-

eral supplementation will be required.

Back to our 1,100# beef cow: after we gave her the

calculated 24.2# of average quality grass hay, free

choice water and free choice trace mineral salt each

day, we would monitor her for evidence that her nu-

tritional requirements were being met (see inset

box). Some animals may need additional nutrients to

maintain the desired degree of body condition.

Sometimes these added nutrients can be provided

simply by offering more hay, but other times these

animals may need more concentrated forms of nutri-

ents, especially if they are already at their maximum

DMI capacity. Assuming this animal was bred, we

would also have to gradually increase her nutrients

in the last three months of pregnancy to meet her

increased nutritional requirements. Cold weather

will require an increase in nutrients to meet in-

creased maintenance requirements, as well.

Diets based on low protein forages (crude protein

below 8%) benefit from protein supplementation

because rumen microbial populations are able to

flourish and digest dietary fiber more effectively.

Intake of less palatable high-fiber diets such as ma-

ture hay, straw and corn stalks can be increased by

providing commercial supplements formulated

with a highly-palatable molasses base.

Judicious livestock feeding is an art. It requires

regular assessment of animal health, body condi-

tion, performance and feed costs, with adjustments

made as necessary. Keeping feed costs manageable

is a huge challenge for livestock producers, and

securing winter hay supplies well in advance of the

feeding period is one opportunity to realize some

feed cost savings.

Observable Evidence of a Balanced Diet

Alertness Good appetite Bright eyes Thick and glossy hair coat No diarrhea or constipation No eye or nose discharge No lameness or cracked hooves Rumination and cud chewing (ruminants) Optional activity (walking, playing, sleeping, etc.) Weight gain as appropriate Normal reproductive functions Body condition in target range (moderate, neither excessively thin nor fat)





Whatcom

AgMonthly

WEATHER UPDATE

All information here is derived from the four weather WSU AgWeatherNet stations (http://

weather.wsu.edu/awn.php) in Whatcom County. Current weather conditions can be found at: http://

whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/currentdata.html. Station information can be found here.



http://weather.wsu.edu/awn.php

http://weather.wsu.edu/awn.php

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/currentdata.html

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/currentdata.html

http://bit.ly/MaM5lj



Whatcom

AgMonthly

September Whatcom Water Weeks September 7th—22nd These events will celebrate the importance

of our water resources, share what we know

and are learning about the “State of Re-

source”, inspire and help others learn about

stewardship efforts, and be fun! The kick-

off for Whatcom Water Weeks will be on

September 7th. Events will be scheduled

throughout the weeks at various locations

across Whatcom County.

Cultivating Success: Sustainable

Small Farming and Ranching Tuesdays beginning September 17

6:30 pm - 9:00 pm

WSU Whatcom County This 11 week class offers an overview of

potential small acreage farming and ranch-

ing enterprises and production systems.

Topics covered include sustainable farming

practices, whole farm planning, direct mar-

keting, integrated pest management, soil

management, and much more!

The course includes classroom lectures,

guest speakers from farmers and industry

experts as well as farm tours.

Alternative Land Purchase and

Transfer

Workshop & Webcast Monday, September 23, 2013; 5:00pm-

7:30pm WSU Skagit County Extension

11768 Westar Ln. Suite A,

Burlington, WA 98233

There are different needs and options for

purchasing farmland. Beginning farmers

can face barriers of large down payments or

may have a hard time finding a farm

loan. Landowners may be seeking ways to

transfer land gradually or still be able to

live on the land while it remains a produc-

tive farm.

Whatcom Harvest Dinner

Sunday, September 29th

Bellewood Acres The Whatcom Harvest Dinner is a spectac-

ular meal and community event that sup-

ports and celebrates local farmers, fishers

and the county our regional food-shed as to

offer. A family-friendly event, the dinner

raises awareness about local food-based

education opportunities, and our ability to

experience and access health local food for

our children and community. Tickets on

sale starting June 2013.

33rd Annual Food Safety & Sani-

tation Workshop

November 5-6, 2013

Portland, OR The Northwest Food Sanitation Work-

shop addresses basic sanitation as well as

cutting edge issues related to food sanita-

tion and food safety. Topics having broad

interest are covered in the general sessions.

More specific subjects are discussed in

small breakout sessions.

Washington Small Fruit

Conference December 5&6, 2013

Northwest Washington Fairgrounds,

Lynden, WA Washington Small Fruit Conference is a 2-

day conference with latest relevant research

information delivered by the scientists per-

forming the research. Lunches each day are

provided. This conference is presented in

association with the Lynden Ag Show, a

trade show featuring vendors serving the

small fruit community.

Upcoming Events

WSU Extension programs and

employment are available to

all without discrimination.

Evidence of noncompliance

may be reported through your

local WSU Extension office.

Whatcom

Ag Monthly

Chris Benedict

Editor

WSU Whatcom County

Extension

(360) 676-6736, ext. 21

Colleen Burrows

Assistant Editor

WSU Whatcom County

Extension

(360) 676-6736, ext. 22

Jessica Shaw

Assistant Editor

WSU Whatcom County

Extension

(360) 676-6736, ext. 23

Vincent Alvarez

Designer

WSU Whatcom County

Extension

(360) 676-6736

Cover Image:

Fall planted grains in red

raspberries, Whatcom County,

WA

Web site:

whatcom.wsu.edu/ag



http://whatcomwin.org/www/events.html

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/edu/cs/index.html

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/edu/cs/index.html

http://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/462556



whatcomharvestdinner.com

http://ext.wsu.edu/foodsanitation/index.html

http://ext.wsu.edu/foodsanitation/index.html

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/edu/sfc/

http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/edu/sfc/

whatcom.wsu.edu/ag

Documents

Whatcom Ag€¦ · Perennials, too, often perk up a little this time of year, with Canada thistle, horsetail, broadleaf dock, dandelion, and quackgrass working their last little bit