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93
What’s New?
Agronomy Field Day at Marshfield Research Station .... 93
Crops
Vegetable Crop Update 8/7/13 ...................................... 93
Have these Recent Cool Temperatures Impacted my 2013
Soybean Crop…In Short Not Yet ................................. 93
Corn Production in the Northern Corn Belt: The Tillage X
Rotation Interaction ...................................................... 94
Will Corn Mature Before Frost? ................................... 94
Predicting Maturity Date of Late-Planted and Uneven Corn
.................................................................................... 94
Plant Disease
Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC) Summary ....... 94
Insects and Mites
Wisconsin Pest Bulletin 8/8/13 ..................................... 95
Agronomy Field Day at Marshfield Research Station
There is going to be an Agronomy Field Day at the
Marshfield Agricultural Research Station on Wednesday, August 14th. It will be held at the north location at M605 Drake
Avenue, Stratford. It will go from 10:00 to 3:00 with a lunch at
12:00 for a small price. Attendees can earn CEUs. If you have
any questions about the event please contact Jason S. Cavadini
by phone at 715-687-4624 Ext. 17 or by e-mail at
Scroll down to the bottom of this newsletter to view the flyer
for this event.
Vegetable Crop Update 8/7/13
The 15th issue of the Vegetable Crop Update is now
available. This issue contains late blight updates and
information on late blight control. To view this update click
here.
Have these Recent Cool Temperatures Impacted my 2013 Soybean Crop…In Short Not Yet
Shawn Conley, Soybean and Wheat Extension Specialist
Delayed soybean plantings coupled with unseasonably cool
temperatures in late July and early August have many growers
and crop consultants concerned over the stage and state of the WI soybean crop. Though NASS reports March 1 to August 3
GDU accumulation (base 50 F) to be normal, developmentally
the early planted WI soybean crop is tracking ~7 days behind
normal. At Arlington WI our early planted High Yield Study is
just entering the R5 crop growth stage (seed is 1/8 inch long in
the pod at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem
with a fully developed trifoliolate leaf node).
Image 1. Fourth node pod and bean of R5 plant. Image
courtesy of D. Marburger.
Though cool temperatures can reduce photosynthesis and
crop growth rate (Table 1), they also extend the number of
days in a specific growth stage which allows total dry matter
(TDM) to equilibrate thus limiting potential yield loss in early reproductive stages (Board and Kahlon; Seddigh and Jolliff,
1984 a,b). However if cool conditions (< 50 F) due continue
through seedfill or an early frost appears then significant yield
loss can occur due to reduced seed size and/or number (Board
and Kahlon) (Table 1). In short we are ok to date we just need
average temps moving forward and no early frost to finish this
crop off.
Volume 20 Number 22 - - - University of Wisconsin Crop Manager - - - August 8, 2013
94
Table 1. Summary of cold stress effects on soybean
physiology, growth, and yield componets. Taken from: Board
and Kahlon.
Literature cited: J.E. Board and C.S. Kahlon. Soybean Yield Formation. What Control it and How it Can be Improved. In Soybean
Physiology and Biochemistry.
http://www.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/84746337-8BFE-
4903-BEB8-
420D0D2B7271/82639/InTechSoybean_yield_formation_what
_controls_it_and.pdf
Seddigh, M. and Jolliff, G.D. (1984a). Night temperature
effects on morphology, phenology, yield and yield components
of indeterminate field-grown soybean. Agron J. 76: 824-828.
Seddigh, M. and Jolliff, G.D. (1984b). Effects of night
temperature on dry matter partitioning and seed growth of
indeterminate field-grown soybean. Crop Sci. 24: 704-710.
USDA NASS. Wisconsin Crop Progress. Vol 13. Number 18.
Corn Production in the Northern Corn Belt: The Tillage X Rotation Interaction
Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
The corn-soybean rotation has become dominant in the Corn
Belt of the U.S in the last 30-40 years. When compared to
other systems like the wheat system of the Middle East and the
rice systems of the Far East that have been in place for
centuries, it is a relatively new cropping system. Many
agronomists are concerned about the sustainability of this
system and there is some evidence that with the development
of resistant weeds and insects that it might be challenged significantly in the near future.
To read the full article, scroll down to the end of this
newsletter.
Will Corn Mature Before Frost?
Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
During cool growing seasons, especially when planting
is delayed due to wet spring conditions, growers are
concerned about whether their corn is vulnerable and will
reach maturity before normal frost dates. Often the range
in planting dates have implications at harvest time,
especially for silage because grain and dairy producers
often negotiate the sale of corn in fields that are borderline
for development.
To read the full article, scroll down to the end of this
newsletter.
Predicting Maturity Date of Late Planted and Uneven Corn
Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
During cool growing seasons, especially when planting is
delayed due to wet spring conditions, growers are concerned
about whether their corn is vulnerable and will reach maturity
before normal frost dates. Often the range in planting dates
have implications at harvest time, especially for silage because
grain and dairy producers often negotiate the sale of corn in
fields that are borderline for development (Figure 1).
To read the full article, scroll down to the end of this
newsletter.
Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC) Summary
Brian Hudelson, Ann Joy, Erin DeWinter and Joyce Wu, Plant Disease Diagnostics Clinic
The PDDC receives samples of many plant and soil samples
from around the state. The following diseases/disorders have
been identified at the PDDC from July 27, 2013 through
August 2, 2013.
Plant/Sample Type, Disease/Disorder, Pathogen, County
FORAGE CROPS,
Alfalfa, Aphanomyces Root Rot, Aphanomyces euteiches,
Dane
Alfalfa, Crown Rot, Fusarium spp., Dane, Grant
Alfalfa, Pythium Root Rot, Pythium sp., Dane, Grant
Alfalfa, Rhizoctonia Root Rot, Rhizoctonia solani, Dane
FRUIT CROPS,
Apple, Root/Crown Rot, Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., Clark
Blueberry, Chlorosis, None, Langlade
Blueberry, Fruit Rot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
Langlade
95
Follow us on
Blueberry, Gray Mold/Botrytis Blight, Botrytis cinerea,
Langlade
Blueberry, Phomopsis Canker, Phomopsis sp., Langlade
Blueberry, Sphaeropsis Canker, Sphaeropsis sp., Langlade
Blueberry, Water Stress, None, Langlade
Pear, Anthracnose, Gloeosporium sp., Racine
Pear, Chemical Toxicity, None, Racine
Raspberry, Root/Crown Rot, Phytophthora sp., Pythium sp.,
Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Jefferson, La Crosse, McHenry
(IL)
VEGETABLES,
Potato , Late Blight, Phytophthora infestans, Dunn
Pumpkin, Bacterial Leaf Spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv.
cucurbitae, Grant
Tomato, Bacterial Speck, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato,
Grant
Tomato, Herbicide Damage, None, Brown
Tomato, Septoria Leaf Spot, Septoria lycopersici, Grant, Sauk
SOIL,
Soybean Soil, Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines,
Oconto
For additional information on plant diseases and their control,
visit the PDDC website at pddc.wisc.edu.
Wisconsin Pest Bulletin 8/8/13
A new issue of the Wisconsin Pest Bulletin from the
Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer
Protection is now available. The Wisconsin Pest Bulletin
provides up-to-date pest population estimates, pest distribution
and development data, pest survey and inspection results, alerts
to new pest finds in the state, and forecasts for Wisconsin’s
most damaging plant pests.
Issue No. 13 of the Wisconsin Pest Bulletin is now available at:
http://datcpservices.wisconsin.gov/pb/index.jsp
http://datcpservices.wisconsin.gov/pb/pdf/08-08-13.pdf
10:00 a.m. – Meet and greet
10:20 a.m. – Introduction and Station Update Jason Cavadini, Assistant Superintendent/Agronomist, Marshfield ARS
10:30 a.m. – 2013 Forage Production and Supply, Alfalfa/Grass Mixtures Dan Undersander, UW Forage Agronomist
11:00 a.m. – Nutrient Movement in Wet and Dry Soil Conditions John Peters, UW Soil Scientist
11:30 a.m. – Effects of Nutrient & Cropping Systems on Surface Runoff Bill Jokela, USDA Soil Scientist
12:00 p.m. – Lunch Brats, chips, and beverages will be available for $5
1:00 p.m. – Fall Grown Oats in Forage Production
Wayne Coblentz, USDA Dairy/Forage Scientist
1:30 p.m. – Making Decisions With Late Planted Soybeans Shawn Conley, UW Soybean/Small Grain Specialist
2:00 p.m. – Addressing Forage Needs and Soil Issues Dave Robison, Forage/Cover Crop Agronomist
Location: Marshfield Agricultural Research Station (North Farm)
M605 Drake Avenue Stratford, WI
Take County Road C 1 mile West of Highway 97
For more information contact Jason Cavadini Email: [email protected] Phone: 715-305-5347
Agronomy Field Day
Marshfield Agricultural Research Station
August 14, 2013
This event is
free and open
to the public
Bring water
samples for free
nitrate testing
by USDA
microbiologist,
Mark Borchardt
CEU credits are
available for
Certified Crop
Advisers
University of Wisconsin – Extension United States Department of Agriculture Wisconsin Counties Cooperating Providing Equal Opportunities in Employment and Programming
July 2013 Field Crops 28.426 - 100
Corn Production in the Northern Corn Belt: The Tillage X Rotation Interaction Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
The corn-soybean rotation has become dominant in
the Corn Belt of the U.S in the last 30-40 years. When compared to other systems like the wheat system of the Middle East and the rice systems of the Far East that have been in place for centuries, it is a relatively new cropping system. Many agronomists are concerned about the sustainability of this system and there is some evidence that with the development of resistant weeds and insects that it might be challenged significantly in the near future.
Figure 1. How can you tell if a cropping system is changing?
The objective of this study was to measure the response of tillage in a rotation trial that has increasing amounts of continuous corn. The experimental unit is the plot of ground, so the analysis uses rotation cycles to measure the effect of rotation and tillage on the soil.
The conventional tillage (CT) treatment in this study used a fall chisel plow followed by 2x spring field cultivator tillage treatments. Both CT and no-tillage (NT) treatments were then planted with a no-till planter that used a 13-wave coulter, followed by trash whippers, and double disk openers. For a description of the rotation sequences, see Table 1.
Table 1. Crop Sequence for 2-Crop Rotation Experiment at Arlington, WI (C= Corn, S= Soybean)
Rotation Sequence
Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 C C C C C C C C C C 2 S S S S S S S S S S 3 C S C S C S C S C S 4 S C S C S C S C S C 5 C C C C C S S S S S 6 C C C C S S S S S C 7 C C C S S S S S C C 8 C C S S S S S C C C 9 C S S S S S C C C C 10 S S S S S C C C C C 11 S S S S C C C C C S 12 S S S C C C C C S S 13 S S C C C C C S S S 14 S C C C C C S S S S
Rotated corn has a 13-17% yield advantage over continuous corn (Figure 2). Second-year corn yields 5-7% greater than continuous corn. Third- fourth- and fifth-year corn yields the same yield as continuous corn. Modern corn hybrids and management practices have the same rotation response as older hybrids and practices.
Conventional tillage increases corn grain yield 3-6% compared to no tillage (Figure 3). However, there is an interaction.
Tillage does not affect corn yield the first year following soybean (CS or 1C in Figure 4). In the second and third consecutive year of corn, tillage interacted with rotation less consistently improving yield 3-6% in the second year, and 8-10% in the third year.
In conclusion, if rotation is used, then there is no need to do tillage in the first year of the rotation. As the number of consecutive years of corn increase, tillage may be necessary to maintain corn yield.
page 2
Figure 2. Corn yield response to rotation at Arlington, WI. CC= continuous corn, CS= corn-soybean rotation, xC= number of consecutive years of corn following five years of soybean.
Figure 3. Corn yield response to tillage in a corn-soybean rotation at Arlington, WI.
Figure 4. The interaction between rotation and tillage in a corn-soybean rotation at Arlington, WI. CC= continuous corn, CS= corn-soybean rotation, xC= number of consecutive years of corn following five years of soybean.
Figure 5. Extending crop rotation improves grain yield of all crops. Data derived from Lauer, 2004-2012 (Arlington, Control treatments).
University of Wisconsin – Extension United States Department of Agriculture Wisconsin Counties Cooperating Providing Equal Opportunities in Employment and Programming
Figure 2. Typical corn kernel development in Wisconsin.
Figure 1. Corn silage yield and quality changes during development.
July 2013 Field Crops 28.47 - 101
Will Corn Mature Before Frost? Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
During cool growing seasons, especially when planting
is delayed due to wet spring conditions, growers are concerned about whether their corn is vulnerable and will reach maturity before normal frost dates. Often the range in planting dates have implications at harvest time, especially for silage because grain and dairy producers often negotiate the sale of corn in fields that are borderline for development.
Most hybrids require about 55 to 60 days to develop from the silk stage to physiological maturity. Hybrid maturity differences in development time occur primarily from emergence to silking, not from silking to maturity.
Most concern exists when corn does not reach the silk stage (R1) until early August or later. Killing frosts can easily occur by late September, so corn silking in early August would not be safe from major yield reductions due to frost until early October.
Figures 1 and 2 describe typical development of corn silage yield and quality and of a corn kernel. At the dent stage (R5), corn has accumulated 75-85% of silage yield and 60-75% of grain yield and needs about 27-32 days to avoid significant yield reductions due to frost (Table 1). In order to avoid yield reductions caused by frost, corn intended for silage should be silking by late August, while corn intended for dry grain should reach the dent stage by September 1.
To predict whether corn will mature before frost note the hybrid maturity, planting date and tasseling (silking) date of the field. For silage, add 42-47 days on to this date to predict 50% kernel milk, while for grain, add 55-60 days to predict maturity. These dates are guidelines which will require further in-season decisions as the season unfolds.
Table 1. The relationship between kernel growth stage and development.
Stage Calendar days
to maturity GDUs to maturity
Percent of maximum yield Grain Silage
Moisture content (%) Grain Silage
R1: Silking 55-60 1100-1200 0 45-50 --- 80-85 R2: Blister 45-50 875-975 0-10 55-60 85-95 80-85 R3: Milk 35-40 750-850 10-30 60-65 70-85 80-85 R4: Dough 30-35 650-750 30-60 65-75 60-70 75-80 R5: Dent 27-32 425-525 60-75 75-85 50-55 70-75 R5.5: 50% Kernel milk 13-18 200-300 90-95 100 35-40 65-70 R6: Black layer 0 0 100 95-100 30-35 55-65
page 2
University of Wisconsin – Extension United States Department of Agriculture Wisconsin Counties Cooperating Providing Equal Opportunities in Employment and Programming
August 2013 Field Crops 28.47-102
Predicting Maturity Date of Late-Planted and Uneven Corn Joe Lauer, Corn Agronomist
During cool growing seasons, especially when planting
is delayed due to wet spring conditions, growers are concerned about whether their corn is vulnerable and will reach maturity before normal frost dates. Often the range in planting dates have implications at harvest time, especially for silage because grain and dairy producers often negotiate the sale of corn in fields that are borderline for development (Figure 1).
Most hybrids require about 55 to 60 days to develop from the silk stage to physiological maturity. Hybrid maturity differences in development time occur primarily
from emergence to silking, not from silking to maturity (Figure 3). Growers are concerned when corn does not reach the silk stage (R1-Figure 2) until early August or later. Killing frosts can easily occur by late September, so corn silking in early August would not be safe from major yield reductions due to frost until October.
Figure 1. Wisconsin corn planting progress (Data source: USDA-NASS).
Figure 2. Corn silking (R1). Photo by W. Hoffman.
Figure 3. Typical time span of vegetative and reproductive stages during the life cycle of corn.
90 d RM
100 d RM
110 d RM
Vegetative (50-80 d) Reproductive (55-60 d)
Planting R1 Silking R6 Black layer
Figure 4. Corn silage yield and quality changes during development.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Jul11V11
Jul21V14
Jul31R1
Aug10R2
Aug20R3
Aug30R4
Sep10R5
Sep21R5.5
Oct5
R5.8
Milk per TonMilk per Acre
Milk per Acre (lb/A)Milk per Ton (lb/T)
Harvest date
Pioneer 3578Arlington, WI‐1993
page 2
Figures 4 and 5 describe typical development of corn silage yield and quality and of a corn kernel. At the dent stage (R5), corn has accumulated 75-85% of silage yield and 60-75% of grain yield and needs about 27-32 days to avoid
significant yield reductions due to frost (Table 1). In order to avoid yield reductions caused by frost, corn intended for silage should be silking by late August, while corn intended for dry grain should reach the dent stage by September 1.
Table 2 describes the effect of environment on kernel development of full- and shorter-season hybrids planted on different dates at Arlington, WI. The growing season of 2009 was characterized as cool and wet, while 2012 was hot and dry. The number of days to get from silking (R1) to the denting stage (R5) was 28-45 days depending upon the year and planting date. For kernels to develop from silking to 50% kernel milk required 45-62 days.
To predict whether corn will mature before frost note the hybrid maturity, planting date and tasseling (silking) date of the field. For silage planted early, add 42-47 days on to this date to predict 50% kernel milk, while for grain, add 55-60 days to predict maturity. These dates are guidelines which will require further in-season decisions as the season unfolds.
Table 1. The relationship between kernel growth stage and development of corn for normal planting dates.
Stage Calendar days to
maturity GDUs to maturity
Percent of max yield Grain Silage
Moisture content (%)Grain Silage
R1: Silking 55‐60 1100‐1200 0 45‐50 ‐‐‐ 80‐85
R2: Blister 45‐50 875‐975 0‐10 55‐60 85‐95 80‐85
R3: Milk 35‐40 750‐850 10‐30 60‐65 70‐85 80‐85
R4: Dough 30‐35 650‐750 30‐60 65‐75 60‐70 75‐80
R5: Dent 27‐32 425‐525 60‐75 75‐85 50‐55 70‐75
R5.5: 50% Kernel milk 13‐18 200‐300 90‐95 100 35‐40 65‐70
R6: Black layer 0 0 100 95‐100 30‐35 55‐65
Table 2. Kernel development of full- and shorter-season corn hybrids at Arlington, WI. 2009 2010 2011 2012
Planting dates April 10‐June 15 April 14‐June 18 April 13‐June 17 March 28‐June 15
GDUs (May 1‐July 15) 932 1156 1038 1253
GDUs (July 15‐Oct 1) 1069 1327 1264 1309
Full‐season Hybrid Pioneer 35F40 Pioneer 35F40 Pioneer 35F44 Pioneer 35F48AM1
Relative Maturity (days) 105 d RM 105 d RM 105 d RM 105 d RM
R1: Silking date July 24‐Aug 16 July 16‐Aug 11 July 20‐Aug 9 July 9‐Aug 6
R5: Denting date (DAS) † Sep 3‐Sep 28 (41‐43) Aug 16‐Sep 21 (31‐41) Aug 18‐Sep 14 (29‐36) Aug 10‐Sep 9 (32‐34)
R5.5: 50% Kernel milk date (DAS) Sep 20‐DNM (57‐DNM‡) Sep 2‐ Oct 11 (48‐61) Sep 6‐Oct 10 (48‐62) Aug 31‐Sep 28 (48‐53)
Forage yield (T DM/A) 11.0‐7.2 10.0‐7.5 10.1‐7.2 8.7‐7.3
Grain yield (bu/A) 224‐118 255‐51 224‐155 236‐106
Grain moisture (%) 24‐40 15‐40 17‐29 19‐50
Shorter‐season hybrid Jung 7426VT3 Jung 7426VT3 Dekalb DKC48‐37 ‐‐‐
Relative Maturity (days) 96 d RM 96 d RM 98 d RM ‐‐‐
R1: Silking date July 25‐Aug 17 July 16‐Aug 12 July 19‐Aug 7 ‐‐‐
R5: Den ng date (DAS) † Aug 31‐Oct 1 (38‐45) Aug 18‐Sep 18 (33‐38) Aug 20 Sep 12 (28‐36) ‐‐‐
R5.5: 50% Kernel milk date (DAS) Sep 18‐DNM (54‐DNM) Aug 30‐Oct 12 (45‐61) Sep 4‐Oct 7 (48‐61) ‐‐‐
Grain yield (bu/A) 271‐144 235‐138 231‐177 ‐‐‐
Grain moisture (%) 20‐41 13‐39 15‐27 ‐‐‐
† DAS= Days a er silking; ‡ DNM= Did not measure
Figure 5. Typical corn kernel development in Wisconsin.