What we learned from HERA-1 ? What is coming from HERA-2 ? What is left out ?

Luca Stanco “HERA 3: The Physics Case”

12 Maggio 2003 – CN1

• What we learned from HERA-1 ?

• What is coming from HERA-2 ?

• What is left out ?

1994 - 2000

2003 - 2006

2007 ?

H1

ZEUS

HERMES

HERA-B HERA

PETRA

778 m

6336 m long

DE

SY Polarized Electrons

Protons

H1

ZEUS

HERMES

HERA-B HERA

PETRA

778 m

6336 m long

DE

SY Polarized Electrons

Protons

only colliders…

(100 pb-1/experiment)

(1 fb-1/experiment)



s=(k+P)2 = (320 GeV)2 CM energy squaredQ2=-(k-k`)2 virtualityW2=(q+P)2 *P CM energy squared

Transverse distance scale probed: b hc/Q

McAllister, Hofstadter Ee=188 MeV bmin=0.4 fmBloom et al. 10 GeV 0.05 fmCERN, FNAL fixed target 500 GeV 0.007 fmHERA 50 TeV 0.0007 fm

HERA Kinematics

Ee=27.5 GeVEP=920 GeV

*

/



Proton inf mom frame Proton rest frame

x=Q2/2P q fraction on P momentum carried by struck quark

= 1/2Mpx Lifetime of hadronic = W2/2MPQ2 fluctuations of photon

Radiation cloud surrounds both photon, proton universal property of nature



Proton inf mom frame Proton rest frame

d2/dxdQ2=22/xQ4[(1+(1-y)2)F2 - y2FL]

F2 = f e2f x {q(x,Q2) + q(x,Q2) }

ef is quark chargeq(x,Q2) is quark density

FL = 0 in LO (QPM), non-zero after gluonradiation. Key test of our understanding

d2/dW dQ2 = (T + L)

is flux of photonsT,L are cross sections for transversely, longitudinally polarized photons to scatter from proton is the relative flux

F2 = Q2/42 (T + L)

Rutherford



Structure Functions at HERA-1Structure Functions at HERA-1



What about HERA-2What about HERA-2 The goal of HERA-2 is to deliver 1 fb-1/expt, divided into e-,e+ and L,R handed lepton polarization.

EW unification in one plot – measured with HERA-1. Few K CC events. The upgraded luminosity, and different polarizations, will yield precise tests of EW and flavor dependent valence quark densities.

The physics goal is the extraction of high-x,Q2 parton densities, measurement of EW parameters, high PT processes, and searches for new physics.The H1 and ZEUS detectors were designed for this ! ! !



Electrons vs positronsElectrons vs positrons

Difference comes from the F3 term in the cross section (parity violating term). I.e., comparison of electron, positron cross sections gives F3, which depends purely on valence quarks. One of main goals of HERA-2 running.

at HERA-2at HERA-2



HERA-1 LegacyHERA-1 LegacyThe rise of F2 with decreasing x observed at HERA is strongly dependent on Q2

Cross sections as a function of Q2

Equivalently, strongly rising *P cross section with W at high Q2



The behavior of the rise with QThe behavior of the rise with Q22

Below Q2 0.5 GeV2, see same energy dependence as observed in hadron-hadron interactions. Observe transition from partons to hadrons (constituent quarks) in data. Distance scale 0.3 fm ??

What physics causes this transition ?

Hadron-hadron scattering energy dependence (Donnachie-Landshoff)



Hadron-hadronscattering crosssection versusCM energy

*P scattering cross section versus CM energy (Q20). Same energy dependence observed

s0.08 vs W2 0.08

Don’t see partons



Physics Picture in Proton Rest Frame

r ~ 0.2 fm/Q (0.02 – 2 fm for 100>Q2>0.01 GeV2) transverse size of probe

ct ~ 0.2 fm (W2/2MPQ2 ) (<1 fm to 1000‘s fm) – scale over which

photon

fluctuations survive

And, in exclusive processes, can vary the impact parameter

b ~ 0.2 fm/sqrt(t) t=(p-p‘)2

Can control these parameters experimentally ! Can scan the distribution of strongly interacting matter in hadrons.

r

b*



NLO DGLAP fits can follow the data accurately, yield parton densities. BUT:• many free parameters (18-30)

• form of parametrization fixed (not given by theory)

Constraints, e.g., dsea=usea put in by hand. Is this correct ? Need more constraints to untangle parton densities.

Analysis of F2 in terms of parton densities (quarks and gluons)

HERA-1 HERA-1 LegacyLegacy



See breakdown of pQCD approach ... Gluon density known with good precision at larger Q2. For Q2=1, gluons go negative. NLO, so not impossible, BUT – cross sections such as L also negative !



We need to test NkLO DGLAP fits and extraction of gluon densities. Crucial, since DGLAP is our standard tool for calculating PDF‘s in unmeasured regions.

Gluon densities not known at higher order, low Q2. Need more precise measurements, additional observables (e.g., FL)

Thorne



FL shows tremendous variations when attempt to calculate at different orders. But FL is an observable – unique result.

Problem: F2 NLO DGLAP fits work well, but large number of free parameters. Do we really know the gluon density ? Need to show that we can make accurate predictions for cross sections.

FL very sensitive observable – let’s measure it



Diffractive SurprisesDiffractive Surprises

‘Standard DIS event’

Detector activity in proton direction

Diffractive event

No activity in proton direction

HERA-1 HERA-1 LegacyLegacy



DiffractionDiffraction1. There is a large diffractive cross section, even in DIS (ca. 20

%)2. The diffractive and total cross sections have similar energy

dependences. Data suggests simple physics – what is it ?



• Exclusive Processes (VM and DVCS)

VM



Physics Motivation– Strong InteractionsPhysics Motivation– Strong Interactions

• QCD is the most complex of the forces operating in the microworld expect many beautiful and strange effects

• QCD is fundamental to the understanding of our universe: source of mass, confinement of color, …

• We need to understand radiation processes in QCD, both at small distance scales and large.

• small distance scales: understand parton splitting (DGLAP, BFKL, CCFM, …)• larger distance scales: suppression of radiation, transition to non-perturbative regime (constituent quarks, …)

• Observation of the saturated gluon state (color glass condensate) ? Expected to be a universal state of matter.



Open Questions – Next Steps

• Measure FL over widest possible kinematic range, as this is a crucial observable for testing our understanding of radiation processes in QCD.

•Measure the behavior of inclusive, diffractive and exclusive reactions in the region near Q2=1 GeV2 to understand parton to hadron transition.

• Measure exclusive processes (VM production, DVCS) over wide W range to precisely pin down energy dependence of cross section. Need t-dependence of cross sections to get 3-D map of proton.

• Measure forward jet cross sections over widest possible rapidity range, to study radiation processes over the full rapidity range from the proton to the scattered quark.

• AND, do it all with nuclei !



Precision eA measurements

• Enhancement of possible nonlinear effects (saturation)

b

r

At small x, the scattering is coherent over nucleus, so the diquark sees much larger # of partons: xg(xeff,Q2) = A1/3 xg(x,Q2), at small-x, xg x- , so xeff

- = A1/3x- so xeff xA-1/3 = xA-3 (Q2< 1 GeV2) = xA-1 (Q2 100 GeV2)



Parton densities in nuclei

Early RHIC data is well described by the Color Glass Condensate model, which assumes a condensation of the gluon density at a saturation scale QS which is near (in ?) the perturbatively calculable regime. Properties of such a color glass can be calculated from first principles (Mc Lerran-Venugopalan). Closely connected to dipole model approach.

The same basic measurements (F2, FL, dF2/d ln Q2, exclusive processes) are needed for understanding parton densities in nuclei.



http://wwwhera-b.mppmu.mpg.de/hera-3/pubs/





A new detector to study A new detector to study strong interaction physicsstrong interaction physics

e

p

EM Calorimeter

HadronicCalorimeter

Si tracking stations

Compact – fits in dipole magnet with inner radius of 80 cm.Long - |z|5 m



The focus of the detector is on providing complete acceptance in the low Q2 region where we want to probe the transition between partons and more complicated objects.

W=315 GeV

Q2=1

Q2=0.1

Q2=10

Q2=100

Tracking acceptance

W=0



e/ separation study

Aim for 2 GeV electron ID

Tracking detector: very wide rapidity acceptance, few % momentum resolution in ‘standard design’ over most of rapidity range.



FL can be measured precisely in the region of maximum interest. This will be a strong test of our understanding of QCD radiation.

d2/dxdQ2=22/xQ4[ (1+(1-y)2)F2(x,Q2) - y2FL(x,Q2) ]

Fix x, Q2. Use different beam energies to vary y.Critical issue: e/ separation



Very forward calorimeter allows measurement of high energy, forward jets, and access to high-x events at moderate Q2

Cross sections calculated from ALLM

Integral of F2(x,Q2) up to x=1 known from electron information

Ep=920 GeV

Ep=460 GeV



Forward jet cross sections: see almost full cross section

Range covered by H1, ZEUS

New region



Very large gain also for vector meson, DVCS studies. Can measure cross sections at small, large W, get much more precise determination of the energy dependence.

HERA-1

HERA-3

Can also get rid of proton dissociation background by good choice of tagger:

FHD- hadron CAL around proton pipe at z=20m

FNC-neutron CAL at z=100m

W=0 50 100 150 200 250 300 GeV

0

5

10

15

20



Accelerator Requirements

1. Luminosity: determined by exclusive processes, high-x for high eP, eD. For nuclei, 2 pb-1/nucleon (95/96 Workshop)

2. Beam energies (how many, values of Ee,EP for FL, FLD, high-

x).3. Beam divergence (how low in t do we want to go ?

Requirements for deuteron tags ?)4. Nuclear species (how high in A)5. Alternating nuclear species according to bunch ? 6. How far away can machine elements be placed ? Where are

windows ? Locations for possible detectors ?7. How strong can dipole field be ? Synchrotron radiation ?8. What about off-momentum electrons in dipole ?



SummarySummary• Existing data (F2 fits, forward jets,+…) show limitations of pQCD calculations. Transition region observed. • Exciting theoretical developments over the past few years. We are approaching a much deeper understanding of the high energy limit of QCD. Measure with more precision, over wider kinematical range, to see where/how breakdown takes place (high rapidities, high-t exclusive processes, expanded W, MX range for diffraction, full coverage of transition region)

Precision FL measurement: key observable for pinning down pQCD. Large differences in predictions at LO, NLO, NNLO.

eD, eA measurements to probe high density gluon state, parton densities for nuclei, and more on that the neutron structure function.

• Additional benefits: parton densities for particle, astroparticle and nuclear high energy physics experiments. Crucial for cross section calculations.



Summary-continuedSummary-continued

The ZEUS and H1 detectors were not designed with this physics in mind. An optimized detector would greatly enhance the sensitivity of the measurements to deviations from pQCD !

Let’s take advantage of the full potential of HERA to answer some fundamental questions about our universe !

Experiment would focus on full acceptance in the small angle electron and proton directions. Centered on precision tracking and EM calorimetry.

Moderate machine requirements for eP program. Nuclei need developments.



Backup Slides



Energy dependence of exclusive processesEnergy dependence of exclusive processes

Rise similar again to that seen in total cross section.

epeVp (V=,,,J/) epep (as QCD process)

Summary of differentVector mesons

Need bigger lever arm in W to see energy dependence

more precisely.

Need to distinguish elastic from proton dissociation events for small impact parameter scans of proton.



Golec-Biernat.Wuesthoff

Dipole Model for DIS:



Investigate this region

Large effects are expected inForward jet cross sections at high rapidities (also for forward particle production (strange, charm, …)

More detailed tests of radiation in QCD: forward jets



Tracking acceptance in protondirection

This region covered bycalorimetry

Huge increase in trackingacceptance compared to H1And ZEUS. Very important for forward jet, particle production, particle correlation studies.

Accepted 4 Si stations crossed.

ZEUS,H1



Scope and time scaleScope and time scale

• We are discussing a moderate size experiment at an existing collider, so in principle program could start within 5 years. I.e., after the end of the HERA-2 program.• HERA is unique. With an experiment dedicated to QCD, we can make substantial progress in understanding radiation patterns at different distance scales. This is at the heart of a deeper understanding of all matter.• Problem – HERA preinjector (PETRA) is scheduled to be converted to a synchrotron light source in 2007. Need to show there is a strong community of particle physicists interested in HERA physics.

Documents

What we learned from HERA-1 ? What is coming from HERA-2 ? What is left out ?