Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
What to Do About WeedsWhat to Do About Weeds
Developed by: Developed by: Susan DonaldsonSusan DonaldsonUniversity of Nevada Cooperative ExtensionUniversity of Nevada Cooperative Extension
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Topics to be coveredTopics to be covered What is a weed? Why worry about weeds in pastures and
landscapes? How weeds are regulated Weed biology Factors that lead to plant invasion Preventing invasion and spread of weeds Identifying weeds Control - mechanical, cultural, biological, and
chemical Common weeds in your area
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
What’s a weed?What’s a weed?
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe LandUSDA-ARS
MSU Extension Service
Wow! The wide open continent of North America offers great potential for advancement.
Today:America, The Land of Opportunity
1900: Arrived from Europe
I think I’ll settle down here. This looks like a good place to raise a
family.
1970
2000 Way to go!
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Invasive weed spreadInvasive weed spread
Weed Annual Spread Reduced Grazing
Dyers woad 14% 38%
Canada thistle 10% 42%
Dalmation toadflax 8% 46%
Tall whitetop 9% 55%
Leafy spurge 12% 59%
Yellow starthistle 17% 65%
Spotted knapweed 24% 80%
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Weed impactsWeed impacts
Decreased grazing potential
Economic losses from refusals of hay shipments
Decreased crop yields
Cost of control UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Weed impactsWeed impacts Decreased property
values
Loss of wildlife and fish habitat
Impairment of wetland functions
Increased erosion
ToxicityUNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Weed impactsWeed impacts Increased habitat for
vermin such as mosquitoes
Impacts to recreation
Altered fire regimes
Lowering of water table depths
Etc….
RGJ reader, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How are weeds How are weeds regulated, and what are regulated, and what are
your legal your legal responsibilities?responsibilities?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
The three D’s of noxious weedsThe three D’s of noxious weeds
Damaging to the economy or environment
Difficult to control
Tend to Dominate a site
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How weeds growHow weeds grow
Dicot (Broadleaf)
•Two true leaves•Broad leaves have net-like veins
•Coarse tap root
Monocot(Grass)
•One seed leaf•Parallel veins •Fibrous roots
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Plant life cyclesPlant life cycles
Annual
One season for all stages of development
Produce foliage, flower seeds, then die
Yellow starthistle
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Plant life cyclesPlant life cycles
Summer annuals
Live from spring to fall
Examples are foxtail, pigweed
Winter annuals
Germinate in fall and winter
Examples are cheatgrass and mustard
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Plant life cyclesPlant life cycles
Biennials
Require two seasons for completion of life cycle
First year: develop roots and low-growing leaves
Second year: flowers, sets seed and matures
Examples are mullein and musk thistle
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Musk thistle
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Plant life cyclesPlant life cycles
Perennials Live more than two
years
Will produce foliage, seed, and reach maturity year after year
Examples are perennial pepperweed and Canada thistle
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Dandelion
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
ReproductionReproduction
Annuals and biennials
Seed
Seed bank
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
ReproductionReproduction
Perennials
Simple: Reproduce by seed and pieces of root, such as dandelions
Bulbous: Produce seed, bulblets and bulbs, such as wild onion
Creeping: Produce seeds, rhizomes (underground stems), stolons (above ground stems), or creeping roots
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Creeping roots of perennial Creeping roots of perennial pepperweedpepperweed
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Identifying weedsIdentifying weeds
Don’t be afraid to ask for help!
Plant parts for Plant parts for grass grass
identificationidentification
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
Plant parts for Plant parts for broadleaf broadleaf
identificationidentification
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
Have you correctly identified the Have you correctly identified the weed?weed?
Tumble mustard
Spotted knapweed
Perennial sowthistle
Are you really sure???Are you really sure???
Yellow starthistleDandelion
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How do weeds ensure their How do weeds ensure their success?success?
They take advantage of the characteristics of sites, including:
Exposed or disturbed soil (grading road shoulders)
Turfgrass, range, pasture or groundcover that is weakened by disease, pests, or poor management
Places where a desired species is not well-adapted to its environment
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How do weeds ensure their How do weeds ensure their success?success?
They are very competitiveThey are very competitive
Grow well in spite of Grow well in spite of interference from other plantsinterference from other plants
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How do weeds ensure their success?How do weeds ensure their success?
They are persistent Will return year
after year
Reproduce vigorously
Spread seeds effectively
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
How do weeds ensure their How do weeds ensure their success?success?
They are harmful Can alter the site
they grow in by accumulating salts, changing water table depths, increasing erosion, increasing wildfire frequency, etc.
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How do weeds spread?How do weeds spread?
Natural means
Wind
Water
Animals
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
How are we spreading weeds?How are we spreading weeds?
Irrigation Roadside
shoulder work Construction/
fill dirt Vehicles Tillage Contaminated
seed or feed Livestock
management
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
What can we do? What can we do?
Practice Practice Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines
biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that
minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
UC Davis
Hand removal of weeds
Sticky traps and other physical traps
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Components of an IPM programComponents of an IPM program
Planning
Setting action thresholds
Monitoring and detection
Identification
Implementation
Evaluationridall.com
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
IPM tools for weed management IPM tools for weed management (IWM)(IWM)
Prevention
Eradication
Mechanical controls
Cultural controls
Biological controls
Chemical controls
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Building a weed management planBuilding a weed management plan
CONSIDER THE:
Identity of the weed
Biology of the weed
Extent of the problem
Environmental conditions of the site
Ultimate objectives for the site
Most economical solution
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 1 of IWM:Method 1 of IWM:Prevent the invasion and spread of weedsPrevent the invasion and spread of weeds
Plant clean, weed-free seed
Avoid spreading weed seeds with manure
Sanitize tillage and harvest equipment prior to moving them from one field to another
Plant and maintain desirable plant species
Consider crop rotation to slow weed spread
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Minimize soil disturbance and bare ground
Don’t overgraze pastures
Apply the appropriate amount of water
Avoid driving in weed- infested areas
Method 1 of IWM:Method 1 of IWM:Prevent the invasion and spread of weedsPrevent the invasion and spread of weeds
USDA NRCS
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 1 of IWM:Method 1 of IWM:Prevent the invasion and spread of weedsPrevent the invasion and spread of weeds
Don’t transport flowering plants that you cannot identify
Pull small patches before seed is formed
Carefully remove weeds that have flowered
Report new infestations
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
ReportingReporting
State Weed Specialist, Department of Agriculture
Your local Cooperative Extension office
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 2 of IWM:Method 2 of IWM:EradicationEradication
Removal of all weeds of a given species from an area so they will not recur unless reintroduced
Must deplete seed bank of viable weed seeds by controlling all seedlings
Only feasible for small, new invasions
Must revegetate the area
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 3 of IWM:Method 3 of IWM:Mechanical ControlMechanical Control
Cultivation
Hoeing
Bulldozing
Burning
Hand pulling
Mowing
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
CSUCE
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 3 of IWM:Method 3 of IWM:Mechanical controlMechanical control
Mulching
Solarizing (use clear plastic for maximum affect)
Repeated tillage can help reduce seed populations
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 4 of IWM:Method 4 of IWM:Cultural controlCultural control
Cultural control involves using land management tools that make it difficult for weeds to be successful Shading
Water and nutrient management
Correct seeding rates
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 5 of IWM:Method 5 of IWM:Biological controlBiological control
Biological control is the use of one organism to suppress another Can reduce pesticide use Agents can be free or
purchased Can effectively and
economically suppress pests
Does not eradicate a weedUNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 5 of IWM:Method 5 of IWM:Biological controlBiological control
Characteristics of successful biocontrol agents: Prolific Thrive and become
widespread in all habitats and climates that the pest weed occupies.
Good colonizers of new areas.
Leaf eating beetle (Diorhabda elongata) on
tamarisk
NDOA
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Tamarisk biocontrolTamarisk biocontrol
NDOA
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Method 6 of IWM:Method 6 of IWM:Chemical controlChemical control
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
CSUCE
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Manage pastures to minimize weedsManage pastures to minimize weeds
USDA NRCS
Herbicides
Prevention
Proper fertility and species
Dense vegetation, no bare spots
Managed grazing
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Pesticides: an all-inclusive Pesticides: an all-inclusive term covering all “cides”term covering all “cides”
Herbicide
Fungicide
Insecticide
Rodenticide
…
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Naming herbicidesNaming herbicides
Chemical name N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
Common name Glyphosate
Trade or brand name RoundUp, Aquamaster,
Glypro, Rodeo, etc.
Brand Monsanto www.scotts.com
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
To spray or not to To spray or not to spray?spray?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
To spray or not to spray?To spray or not to spray?Consider:Consider:
The goals for the site
The site conditions
Accessibility
Proximity to surface water
Depth to groundwater
Presence of rare species
Etc.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Herbicide propertiesHerbicide properties
Effectiveness against target species
Behavior in the environment
Toxicity
Safety
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Twelve steps to follow before using Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:herbicides:
1. Identify the weeds
2. Determine their life cycles
3. Consider all control alternatives
4. Select the chemical based on effectiveness, safety, and price
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Twelve steps to follow before Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:using herbicides:
5. Read the label carefully and make sure the herbicide is labeled for the pest and the site
6. Determine the best time to apply the chemical
7. Is the chemical restricted-use-only?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Twelve steps to follow before Twelve steps to follow before using herbicides:using herbicides:
8. Consider proximity to water, nearby trees or shrubs, soil composition, tendency to contaminate water supplies
9. Check the weather
10.Have you read and do you have a copy of the MSDS?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
More things to consider!More things to consider!
11.Are you applying the appropriate amount by the best method?
12.Do you understand all necessary safety requirements, and have you followed them carefully? (gloves, hat, eye protection, long sleeves, long pants, shoes, etc.)
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective equipment
MU Extension
www.fadinap.org
What’s wrong with this picture?What’s wrong with this picture?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Pesticide toxicityPesticide toxicity
CautionCaution
WarningWarning
DangerDanger
Less toxic
More toxic
More things to consider!More things to consider!
Have you kept mixing and storage areas away from waterbodies and wells?
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Contain chemicals when Contain chemicals when mixingmixing
Don’t mix on the same patch of soil time after time
Try to mix on an impervious surface
Be prepared
for spills
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Cleaning containersCleaning containers
Check label for directions
Follow triple-rinse procedure
Apply rinsate on areas as indicated on the label
NEVER mix or rinse pesticides in the NEVER mix or rinse pesticides in the street!street! UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Safety tipsSafety tips
Each time you use a pesticide, read the directions!
Never eat, drink, or smoke while applying pesticides or before cleaning up.
After applying pesticides, remove your clothes and wash them; then thoroughly wash hands, face, and body.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Safety tipsSafety tips Work outdoors with good light and
ventilation when mixing or loading pesticides.
Never mix or apply pesticides on windy days.
If you splash or spill a pesticide while mixing or loading, stop immediately. Remove contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly. Control, contain, then clean up the spill.
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
How do herbicides work?How do herbicides work?
Interfere with or disrupt biochemical or physiological processes in susceptible plants
Often affect a specific enzyme or reaction
Example: amino acid inhibitors - glyphosate
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Chemical controlChemical control
Selective Kills only a specific
plant or type of plant
Most common types are broadleaf vs. grass
USDA NRCS
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL DIRECTIONS!
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Chemical controlChemical control
Examples of selective herbicides 2,4-D (Weed-b-Gone, Weedar 64)
picloram (Tordon, retricted use, persistent)
chlorsulfuron (Telar, Glean; may be used pre-emergence)
triclopyr (Garlon 3A)
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL DIRECTIONS!
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Nonselective herbicidesNonselective herbicides
Kills most or all of the vegetation in the area covered
May be pre-mergent or postemergent chemicals
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL DIRECTIONS!
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Chemical controlChemical control
Examples of nonselective herbicides glyphosate (Roundup)
imazapyr (Arsenal; use pre-emergence or postemergence; has a long residual in high pH soil)
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE LABEL DIRECTIONS!
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Herbicide ActionHerbicide Action
Preemergent herbicides
Applied to soil
Kills plants as they germinate and pick up chemical in young roots
Must be watered or tilled in
May have some post- emergent activity
Postemergent herbicides
Must be applied to living plant tissue
Little or no soil activity
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Site of actionSite of action
Contact Herbicide
All parts of the plant must be covered to kill entire plant
Usually quick acting
Most often used for annuals
Systemic Herbicide
Applied to plant tissue
Is translocated through the plant to the roots
Takes time to work
Used for perennials
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Herbicide formulationHerbicide formulation
How a product is packaged
Active ingredients (to kill target plant)
Other ingredients (aid in application, stability, absorption, inert ingredients)
Liquid and dry formulations
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Spray adjuvants and surfactantsSpray adjuvants and surfactants
Added to spray mixes to facilitate the mixing, application, or effectiveness of the herbicide
Many herbicides require or suggest surfactant use
Some formulations already include adjuvants (ex.: Roundup Pro)
Adjuvant typesAdjuvant types Activators (enhance activity)
Surfactants (nonionic, etc. – most widely used) Oil adjuvants (petroleum oil concentrates)
Utility adjuvants Wetting agents (spreaders) Dyes Drift/foaming control agents pH buffers Water conditioners Etc.
Methods of applicationMethods of application Foliar application
Spot, wick, boom, aerial
Basal bark/stump application
Soil application What’s he doing wrong?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Weed treatment in riparian areasWeed treatment in riparian areas
Select the most effective treatment methods for the site
If herbicides are used, be sure the label allows application adjacent to or in the water
Consider wipe application to minimize spray drift UNCE, Reno, Nev.
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE(GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONCERNS)THIS PRODUCT IS A RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE DUE TO GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONCERNS. USERS MUST READ AND FOLLOW ALL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE POTENTIAL FOR ATRAZINE TO REACH GROUND AND SURFACE WATER.
GROUNDWATER ADVISORYAtrazine can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can enter groundwater which may be used as drinking water. Atrazine has been found in groundwater. Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand and loamy sand soils where the water table (groundwater) is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable, I.e. well drained.
MIXING/LOADING INSTRUCTIONSThis product may not be mixed/loaded, or used within 50 ft. of all wells, including abandoned wells, drainage wells, and sink holes. Operations that involve mixing, loading, rinsing, or washing of this product into or from pesticide handling or application equipment or containers within 50 ft. of any well are prohibited, unless conducted on an impervious pad constructed to withstand the weight of the heaviest load that may be positioned on or moved across the pad.
This product may not be mixed or loaded within 50 ft. of intermittent streams and rivers, natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs. This product may not be applied aerially or by ground within 66 ft. of the points where field surface water runoff enters perennial or intermittent streams and rivers or within 200 ft. around natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs. If this product is applied to highly erodible land, the 66-ft. buffer or setback from runoff entry points must be planted to crop, seeded with grass or other suitable crop.
Follow all label directions
Groundwater advisory
A 50-foot distance from well and water
bodies is required
More to think about:More to think about:Are the conditions right for spraying?Are the conditions right for spraying?
Weather
Heat
Humidity
Dust
Wet plants
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Timing is everything!Timing is everything!
Early season
Late pre-season
Season (bud or early flowering)
Post-frost
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
ALWAYS ALWAYS read the
label and follow its directions
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Perennial
Dioecious
Flowers white to purple
Reproduction primarily vegetative through creeping roots, some seed
www.wa.gov
www.ces.ncsu.edu
www.wa.gov
Canada thistle (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvenseCirsium arvense))
Controls
Mechanical: Mowing can provide effective control if conducted at one month intervals
Biological: One insect species available, but only provides limited control
Fire: Controlled spring burns will slow spread
Chemical: Clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail), picloram (Tordon), aminopyralid (Milestone), chlorsulfuron (Telar), 2,4-D
Canada thistle (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvenseCirsium arvense))
Common crupina (Common crupina (Crupina vulgarisCrupina vulgaris))
Sunflower family (asteraceae)
Winter annual
Also called bearded creeper
Resembles knapweeds
Grows to 4 feet tall
Urn-shaped purple flowers
Reproduces by seed
Douglas Barbe, CDFARay Gill, CDFA
Controls
Mechanical: Hand pull, hoe, or till before flowering; monitor site
Biological: No insects available; grazing animals will avoid it
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon ), clopyralid, triclopyr, 2,4-D + dicamba
Common crupina (Common crupina (Crupina vulgarisCrupina vulgaris))
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)
Tap-rooted perennial
Dark green alternate leaves
Small green flowers turn reddish brown at maturity
Reproduces by seed (30,000 seeds/plant) or by root cuttingskaweahoaks.com
www.psu.missouri.edu
Curly dock (Curly dock (Rumex crispusRumex crispus))
Controls
Mechanical: Prevent seed set; hand pull or cultivate; mow to prevent flowering
Biological: Grazing not effective; no biocontrol agents available
Cultural: Fertilize crops as needed
Chemical: 2,4-D or dicamba (Banvel) before flower elongation; glyphosate (Roundup) at early heading; aminopyralid (Milestone), sulfometuron (Oust), clopyralid (Transline)
Curly dock (Curly dock (Rumex crispusRumex crispus))
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Short-lived perennial
Taproot
Up to 5 feet tall
Bright yellow flowers with a spur
Heart-shaped leaves
Spreads by roots and seed
Dalmatian toadflax Dalmatian toadflax ((Linaria genistifolia Linaria genistifolia spp.spp. dalmatica dalmatica))
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Dalmatian toadflax Dalmatian toadflax ((Linaria genistifoliaLinaria genistifolia spp. spp. dalmaticadalmatica))
ControlsMechanical: Hand-pull small plants, making sure to remove lateral roots completely; mechanical controls are not recommended for medium to large stands
Biological: Graze with sheep or goats to eliminate seedlings; will not kill mature plants; eight insects in use in the U.S.
Fire: Burning does not kill the roots and may stimulate shoot growth
Chemical: Hybridization complicates chemical control; try picloram (Tordon), picloram + 2,4-D; chlorsulfuron (Telar), dicamba (Banvel); imazapic (Plateau)
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)Biennial/short-lived perennialReproduces by seed only
Flowers white to pale purple
Bracts surrounding flowers have four or five lateral spines with one long terminal spine
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Diffuse knapweed Diffuse knapweed ((Centaurea diffusaCentaurea diffusa))
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Cutting, mowing, pulling prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination
Biological: Five insect species
Fire: Severe fire will effectively kill the plant
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau) 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)
Diffuse knapweed (Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusaCentaurea diffusa))
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
DodderDodder(Cuscuta (Cuscuta
sppspp.).)
Morningglory family (Convolvulaceae)
Yellow to orange to white twining plant
Parasitic Especially problematic
on alfalfaNumerous small white
to pink flowersAnnual; produces seedCSU
CDFA
USU
Dodder (Dodder (Cuscuta spp.Cuscuta spp.))
Controls:
Mechanical: Mow, burn, remove infested material. Destroy host plants. Use frequent cultivation.
Cultural: Eliminate host plants
Biological: None
Chemical: Use Roundup (glyphosate) to kill host plant; try imazethapyr (Pursuit), pendimethalin (Prowl) or pronamide (Kerb)
Downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum (Bromus tectorum L.)L.)
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Grass family (Poaceae) Winter annual Smooth erect stem; visible
ligule with frayed margin Reproduces by seed (up to
one billion/acre)
Seeds are long and flat with an awn as long as the seed
Mature plants turn purple to brown as they dry
Increases fire frequencyUNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Mow prior to seed set and repeat as needed; hand pull small infestations
Biological: None available
Cultural: Graze to prevent seed set in spring; reseed with competitive vegetation
Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup) applied in spring; imazapic (Plateau); preemergent, such as Treflan or Oust, in fall or early spring
Downy brome Downy brome (Bromus tectorum (Bromus tectorum L.)L.)
PurdueUtah Weeds
Dyer’s woad Dyer’s woad ((Isatis tinctoriaIsatis tinctoria))
Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Winter annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial
Bluish-green alternate leaves
Yellow flowers in clusters with a flat top
Seeds produced in seed pods near mid-summer
Controls
Mechanical: Hand-grub in rosette stage or during flowering; mowing results in resprouting
Biological: Eurasian rust fungus stunts growth
Chemical: 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron (Telar), metsufuron (Escort), imazapic (Plateau)
Dyer’s woad (Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoriaIsatis tinctoria))
Eurasian watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil ((Myriophyllum spicatum)Myriophyllum spicatum)
Water Milfoil family (Haloragaceae) Submersed, rooted aquatic vine 7 to 10 feet long Perennial Leaves have 12 to 21 leaflet pairs vs.
fewer than 12 for native milfoil Leaves collapse when removed from
water Spreads by seeds and plant parts
nativeEWMFEWMF
UNCE, Reno, Nev.WA Dept. of Ecology
Controls
Mechanical: Dredging, mowing, hand removal, shading, bottom barriers. Will spread from small plant fragments.
Cultural: Practice prevention; monitor boats for contamination.
Biological: Milfoil weevil (not released in Nev.)
Chemical: 2,4-D, simazine, fluridone (Sonar; maintain 10 to 20 ppb for 6 weeks), triclopyr (Renovate 3)
Eurasian watermilfoil Eurasian watermilfoil ((Myriophyllum spicatum)Myriophyllum spicatum)
Field bindweed (Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisConvolvulus arvensis))
Flowers are trumpet-shaped and white to pinkish
Reproduces by seeds which remain viable for up to 50 years and from rootstocks
Morningglory family (Convolvulaceae)
Perennial
Alternate, arrowhead-shaped leaves on climbing stems
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Pull vine to interrupt seed set; till every two to three weeks during the growing season for two to three years
Biological: Two moths are available
Cultural: Practice early detection and control of small populations
Chemical: 2,4-D or dicamba (Banvel), picloram (Tordon), metsulfuron (Escort), imazapic (Plateau), glyphosate (Roundup)
Field bindweed (Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisConvolvulus arvensis))
Purdue
Field horsetail (Field horsetail (Equisetum arvenseEquisetum arvense))
Horsetail family (Equisetaceae)
Perennial Aerial stems Underground tuber-
bearing rootstocks Stems are hollow and
jointed Does not flower;
reproduces by spores
Controls
Mechanical: Prevent spore formation by mowing or cutting; mulch; practice deep cultivation
Biological: None
Fire: Rhizomes survive even hot fires
Chemical: Dichlobenil (Casoron), amitrole, MCPA, chlorsulfuron (Telar)
Field horsetail (Field horsetail (Equisetum arvenseEquisetum arvense))
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
www.anet.com
Foxtail barley (Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatum))
Grass family (Poaceae)
Perennial bunchgrass
Leaf blades 1 to 6 inches long
Flower heads break into seven-awned clusters of three spikelets when mature
Reproduces by seed
Controls
Mechanical: Mow to prevent seed set
Biological: Graze early in the year
Cultural: Use good site-management techniques; avoid overgrazing and bare ground conditions
Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup) or preemergent herbicides
Foxtail barley (Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatumHordeum jubatum))
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Hoary cress Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)(Cardaria draba) Mustard family
(Brassicaceae) Perennial Small white flowers in flat
clusters Reproduces by seed and
creeping roots
Controls
Mechanical: Cultivation every 21 days beginning early in spring and continuing until no additional shoots or seedlings appear; repeated disking
Biological: None known
Cultural: Plant competitive vegetation
Chemical: 2,4-D, imazapic (Plateau), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or metsulfuron (Escort)
Hoary cress Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)(Cardaria draba)
Houndstongue Houndstongue ((Cynoglossum officinaleCynoglossum officinale))
Borage family (Boraginaceae)
Biennial or short-lived perennial
Grows 1 to 4 feet tall Reddish-purple
flowers have 5 petals Leaves are hairy and
tongue-shaped Produces a single
flowering stem Reproduces by prickly
seed
www.invasive.org
agri.state.mt.us
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
Controls
Mechanical: Pull or dig; mow second year plants during flowering but before seed maturation
Biological: Currently being studied
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), 2,4-D, metsulfuron (Escort). chlorsulfuron (Telar), imazapic (Plateau)
Houndstongue Houndstongue ((Cynoglossum officinaleCynoglossum officinale))
Johnsongrass Johnsongrass ((Sorghum halepenseSorghum halepense))
Grass family (Poaceae)
Most often perennial; winter kill in cold climates
Grows 3 to 10 feet tall Leaves have
prominent, white midvein
Large, open reddish panicles, up to 1 foot long
Spreads by seed and rhizome
invasive.org
Controls
Mechanical: Pull or dig; repeated, close mowing can be effective; try fall plowing to expose rhizomes to freezing temperatures
Biological: Managed grazing
Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), sethoxydim (Poast), fluazifop (Fusilade DX), imazapic (Plateau) with methylated seed oil at late boot or bloom stage
Johnsongrass Johnsongrass ((Sorghum halepenseSorghum halepense))
Klamathweed (aka St. John’s wort) Klamathweed (aka St. John’s wort) ((Hypericum perforatum)Hypericum perforatum)
St Johnswort family (Clusiaceae)
Perennial
1 to 3 feet tall
Transparent dots on oblong leaves
Yellow, five-petaled flowers
Spreads by seed and creeping stems
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
John Randall, TNC
Klamathweed (Klamathweed (Hypericum perforatum)Hypericum perforatum)
Control:
Mechanical: Repeated hand pulling on new or small infestations
Biological: Insects are available (Klamathweed beetle, Chrysolina quadrigemina); weed is toxic to horses
Cultural: Revegetate infested sites after control
Chemical: Apply glyphosate to actively growing plants; 2,4-D to new seedlings (repeat applications needed); metsulfuron (Escort®) in pastures
Kochia Kochia (Kochia scoparia)(Kochia scoparia)
Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)
Annual 1 to 8 feet tall Numerous narrow, hairy
leaves When dry, breaks off and
tumbles
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Kochia (Kochia (Kochia scopariaKochia scoparia))
Control:
Mechanical: Mow just before seed set, cut, or pull to interrupt seed production. Timing is important.
Cultural: Avoid soil disturbance
Biological: None
Chemical: Most broadleaf herbicides are effective, as is glyphosate
CSUCE tncweeds.ucdavis.edu
tncweeds.ucdavis.edu
Leafy spurge (Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esula)) Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) Perennial Reproduces by seed and
extensive lateral root system Flowers yellowish-green, small,
and surrounded by paired, heart-shaped yellowish-green bracts
Controls
Mechanical: Cutting, mowing, tilling, pulling ineffective
Biological: Thirteen insect species available; sheep and goat grazing provides temporary control
Fire: Ineffective due to regeneration from root
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup), amitrole, dicamba, imazapic (Plateau)
Leafy spurge (Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esula))
Meadow hawkweed Meadow hawkweed ((Hieracium caespitosumHieracium caespitosum))
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Yellow flowers look similar to a dandelion flower, but are slightly smaller and in clusters
Perennial Grows 1 to 3 feet tall Single stalk and leaves
are hairy Stems & leaves exude
milky sap when broken Spreads by root, stolon,
and seed
Tom Forney, Oregon Dept. of Ag.
Tom Forney, Oregon Dept. of Ag.
E. Bella, USDA Forest Service.
Controls
Mechanical: Not recommended; digging, mowing, grazing or tillage stimulate growth of new plants from fragmented roots, stolons and rhizomes
Biological: None
Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, clopyralid (Transline®), triclopyr & clopyralid (Redeem R&P®), clopyralid & 2,4-D (Curtail®), picloram (Tordon®), aminopyralid (Milestone®)
Meadow hawkweed Meadow hawkweed ((Hieracium caespitosumHieracium caespitosum))
King Co. Weed
CDFA
Mediterranean sage (Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethopsisSalvia aethopsis)) Mint family (Lamiaceae) Biennial to perennial First year’s leaves are
grayish and wooly; plant bolts in second season with multi-branched stems
Taproot Flowers are yellowish-
white Aromatic Reproduces by seed
spread as the plant tumbles
Controls
Mechanical: Cut the taproot 2 to 3 inches below ground; mow repeatedly to reduce seed production; tillage
Biological: Sage crown/root weevil
Cultural: Maintain healthy plant cover; avoid overgrazing
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon 22K), clopyralid (Transline), 2,4-D
Mediterranean sage (Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethopsisSalvia aethopsis))
Medusahead Medusahead ((Taeniatherum caput-medusaeTaeniatherum caput-medusae))
Grass family (Poaceae)
Winter annual Spike inflorence,
awns 1 to 4 inches long, twisted, minutely barbed
Reproduces by seed Will outcompete
cheatgrass
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Plowing/disking reduces stands by 50%-95% if conducted after germination
Biological: No insects; graze early in the season
Fire: Slow, hot fires can reduce a stand by 60%-95%
Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), imazapic (Plateau), sulfometuron methyl (Oust)
Medusahead Medusahead ((Taeniatherum caput-medusaeTaeniatherum caput-medusae))
Musk thistle (Musk thistle (Carduus nutansCarduus nutans)) Sunflower family
(Asteraceae) Biennial Winged stem Leaves have
prominent, light-colored midrib
Flowers deep rose, violet, or purple
Reproduces by seed Average seed
production 10,000 seeds/plant
Seed can be viable for 10 years
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Repeated mowing, hand pulling, or cutting can stop spread
Biological: Thistle head weevil; thistle crown weevil
Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba (Banvel), glyphosate (Roundup), clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or aminopyralid (Milestone )
Musk thistle (Musk thistle (Carduus nutansCarduus nutans))
Oxeye daisy Oxeye daisy ((Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Perennial
Grows 1 to 3 feet tall
Spreads by seed; 26,000 seeds from a single plant!
Smaller flower than ornamental Shasta daisy UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Oxeye daisy Oxeye daisy ((Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)
Controls
Mechanical: Hand pull or dig; remove entire root mass and repeat
Cultural: Don’t plant as an ornamental; read labels on seed mixes
Chemical: Aminopyralid (Milestone), clopyralid (Transline), glyphosate on actively growing plants (repeat)
Perennial sowthistle Perennial sowthistle ((Sonchus arvensisSonchus arvensis))
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Perennial
Grows 2 to 4+ feet tall
Erect, hollow stems with milky sap
Leaves have prickly margins
Yellow flowers
Seeds spread by wind; also spreads from creeping roots
OSU
J. DiTomaso, UCD
NDSU
Perennial sowthistle (Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisSonchus arvensis))
Controls
Mechanical: Cultivate below 30 cm when plants are in rosette stage; till repeatedly
Biological: Insects and nematodes; cattle and sheep will graze the weed
Fire: Kills top growth but does not kill the roots
Chemical: 2,4-D, clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P), aminopyralid (Milestone ), amitrole
Perennial pepperweed Perennial pepperweed ((Lepidium latifoliumLepidium latifolium))
Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Perennial
Prefers moist, alkaline soils
Lanceolate leaves; upper leaves are smaller
White flowers produced in June to September
Reproduces by seed and creeping roots
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Avoid mowing, cultivation and plowing; try repeated hand-pulling for 4+ years
Biological: Research being done on insects; graze intensively using sheep or goats; will not kill the weed, however
Chemical: 2,4-D amine; metsulfuron (Escort) or chlorsulfuron (Telar); imazapyr (Arsenal, Habitat), imazapic (Plateau)
Perennial pepperweed Perennial pepperweed ((Lepidium latifoliumLepidium latifolium))
Plumeless thistle (Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesCarduus acanthoides))
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Winter annual or biennial Mature plants are 1 to 4
feet tall Hairs on underside of leaf Leaf-like spines on stem Single flower at end of
stem Purple flower heads 1 to 2
inches in diameter Thick, fleshy taproot Spreads by seeds
OR Dept. of Agriculture
WI DNR
Controls
Mechanical: Pull or dig plants, removing top 2 inches of root; mow closely twice per season; do not let seeds form
Biological: Thistle head weevil; thistle crown weevil
Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar), or aminopyralid (Milestone)
Plumeless thistle (Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesCarduus acanthoides))
Purdue
Purdue
Poison hemlock Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)(Conium maculatum)
Parsley family (Apiaceae)
Biennial; may grow to 9 feet tall
Tiny white flowers form an umbel
Distinctive purple splotches on hollow stems
Tap-rooted
Reproduces by seed
Highly poisonous, especially taproot
Controls
Mechanical: Mow prior to seed production; hand pull while wearing gloves
Biological: Hemlock moth (defoliates)
Chemical: 2,4-D, MCPA, picloram (Tordon), glyphosate (Roundup) or metsulfuron (Escort); use water-labeled formulation in riparian area
Poison hemlock Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)(Conium maculatum)
Puncturevine (Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisTribulus terrestris))
Caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae)
Annual Reproduces by seed Can grow 15+ feet
across Yellow flowers occur
every few inches along stems
Fruits sharp pointed, five segments, each section contains 2 to 4 seeds
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Dig, hoe, till, hand pull prior to seed production; mulch 4 to 6 inches deep
Biological: Two effective insect species available
Chemical: 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup, etc.), imazapic (Plateau), chlorsulfuron (Telar) preemergents
Puncturevine (Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestrisTribulus terrestris))
Purple starthistle Purple starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa)(Centaurea calcitrapa)
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Biennial, rarely annual Flowers purple with one inch
spines Reproduces by seed
Seed can be viable for many years
Seedheads break off easily
CDFA
King Co. Weed
Controls
Mechanical: Hand pulling can remove small infestations, mowing alone is ineffective
Biological: Five insect species available; repeated grazing (cattle/sheep) can be an effective control
Fire: May provide control if burned prior to seed set for multiple years
Chemical: 2,4-D, picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P), dicamba
Purple starthistle Purple starthistle (Centaurea calcitrapa)(Centaurea calcitrapa)
CSUCE
TNC Weeds
Purple loosestrife Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)(Lythrum salicaria) Loosestrife family
(Lythraceae)
Perennial
Flowers purple on spikes; stems are square
Reproduces by seed and adventitious roots
Average seed production is 2.5 million seeds/plant
Seed can be viable for several years
Controls
Mechanical: Dig young plants, taking care to remove all root fragments
Biological: Several insects available
Chemical: Glyphosate in water-labeled formulation (Rodeo), triclopyr (Renovate), imazapyr (Habitat), metsulfuron (Escort)
Purple loosestrife Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)(Lythrum salicaria)
Quackgrass (Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens LElytrigia repens L.).) Grass family (Poaceae) Perennial 1 to 3 feet tall Leaf blades ¼ to ½ inch
wide, flat, and pointed Upper surface of leaf
blade may be hairy
Leaves often constricted near tips
Florets are awnless, or have short, straight awns
Reproduces by seeds and spreading, sharp-pointed rhizomes
Univ. of Illinois
Controls
Mechanical: For small infestations, pull or dig; try repeated plowing, mowing, or disking followed by herbicide application
Biological: No insects; graze prior to other controls
Chemical: Glyphosate (Roundup), fluazifop (Fusilade DX), bromacil + diuron (Krovar), amitrole, pronamide (Kerb), dichlobenil (Casoron)
Quackgrass (Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens LElytrigia repens L.).)
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Russian knapweed Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)(Acroptilon repens) Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Perennial
Flowers are lavender to pink to white
Flowers from June to August
Reproduces by seeds and creeping roots
Controls
Mechanical: Cutting or mowing prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination
Biological: One insect species
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau), 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)
Russian knapweed Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)(Acroptilon repens)
Russian thistle Russian thistle (Salsola tragus)(Salsola tragus) Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae) Annual Bushy, ½ foot to 3 feet tall, with
many branches Red or green flowers Reproduces by seed; seed spreads
as plants break off and tumble, hence name “tumbleweed”
Spreads by seeds
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Russian thistle (Russian thistle (Salsola spp.Salsola spp.))
Controls
Mechanical: Mow or hoe at early stages of growth; cultivate; pull seedlings
Cultural: Prevent soil disturbance (not a very competitive plant)
Biological: None
Chemical: Most broadleaf herbicides are effective, as is glyphosate as a spot spray; apply herbicides to early growth; use preemergents from March to May
Rush skeletonweedRush skeletonweed(Chondrilla juncea)(Chondrilla juncea)
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Tap-rooted perennial Grows 1 to 4 feet tall Look for downwardly-
bent coarse hairs on the base of stems
Stems above are smooth
Leaves are almost invisible except in rosette
Flowers are yellow and less than one inch wide
Spreads by seed and roots J. DiTomaso, UC Davis
Rush skeletonweed Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)(Chondrilla juncea)
Controls
Mechanical: Hand-pull small plants repeatedly when young; do not mow or cultivate
Biological: A rust and two insects are available; try sheep grazing
Fire: Burning probably will not kill the roots and may stimulate shoot growth
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), MCPA, 2,4-D
Scotch thistle (Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthiumOnopordum acanthium)) Sunflower family
(Asteraceae) Biennial Grows to 8 feet
tall Winged stems Leaves are large,
hairy, and have a grayish-green, cottony look
Prominent mid-vein
Flowers pale purple to violet
Spreads by seedUSU Extension
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Pull, dig or remove top 2 inches of crown before seed set; mowing does not kill the plant and it may still flower
Biological: No insect species available, cattle and sheep will not graze scotch thistle
Cultural: Plant competitive grasses; avoid overgrazing
Chemical: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, clopyralid (Transline), picloram (Tordon), chlorsulfuron (Telar ), or aminopyralid (Milestone)
Scotch thistle (Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthiumOnopordum acanthium))
CSUCE
tncweeds.ucdavis.edu
Spotted knapweed (Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaCentaurea maculosa)) Sunflower family
(Asteraceae)
Short-lived perennial, rarely biennial
Reproduces by seed
Flowers pinkish-purple, rarely cream
Floral bracts tipped with dark comb-like fringe
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Cutting or mowing, prior to seed set provides reduction, but not elimination
Biological: Thirteen insect species; cattle, sheep or goat grazing useful in reduction
Fire: Variable effects, depending on severity of fire
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone), imazapic (Plateau) 2,4-D, glyphosate (Roundup)
Spotted knapweed (Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosaCentaurea maculosa))
Sulfur cinquefoil (Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla rectaPotentilla recta)) Rose family
(Rosaceae)
Perennial
1 to 1½ feet tall
Hairy stems
Toothed leaflets
Light yellow flowers with five notched petals
Spreads by seed and shoots
J. DiTomaso, UC Davis
King Co., WA
Controls
Mechanical: Dig, hand-pull or till repeatedly, prior to seed production; mowing results in prostrate growth form
Biological: Several insects are currently being investigated
Chemical: Picloram (Tordon), metsulfuron-methyl (Escort), aminopyralid (Milestone), 2,4-D
Sulfur cinquefoil (Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla rectaPotentilla recta))
Tamarisk Tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, others)(Tamarix ramosissima, others)
Tamarisk family (Tamericaceae)
Perennial
Shrubby tree 5 to 20 feet tall
Reddish-brown bark and pink to white flowers
Leaves are small and scale-like
Reproduces by seed and adventitious roots
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Burn prior to herbicide application to prepare the site; will sprout if cut; dig out with bulldozer (not very effective, as root fragments sprout)
Biological: Leaf-eating beetle has been released in Nevada and Utah
Chemical: Imazapyr (Arsenal), triclopyr (Garlon or Renovate), glyphosate in water-labeled formulation (Rodeo)
Tamarisk Tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, others)(Tamarix ramosissima, others)
Yellow starthistle Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)(Centaurea solstitialis) Sunflower family
(Asteraceae) Winter annual Flowers yellow
with 1 inch spines
Reproduces by seed
Average seed production is 1,000 seeds/plant
Seed can be viable for several years
UNCE, Rneo, Nev.
Controls
Mechanical: Hand pulling can remove small infestations, mowing alone is ineffective
Biological: Five insect species available; repeated grazing (cattle/sheep) can be an effective control
Fire: May provide control if burned prior to seed set for multiple years
Chemical: 2,4-D, picloram (Tordon), clopyralid (Transline), aminopyralid (Milestone),. chlorsulfuron (Telar), triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem R&P)
Yellow starthistle Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)(Centaurea solstitialis)
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Perennial
Taproot
1 to 2 feet tall
Narrow leaves
Bright yellow flowers with bearded orange throat
Spreads by roots and seed
Yellow toadflax (Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgarisLinaria vulgaris))
Yellow toadflax (Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgarisLinaria vulgaris))
Controls
Mechanical: Hand-pull small plants, making sure to remove lateral roots completely; mechanical controls are not recommended for medium to large stands
Biological: Graze with sheep to eliminate seedlings; will not kill mature plants; eight insects in use in the U.S.
Chemical: Hybridization complicates chemical control; picloram (Tordon), picloram + 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron (Telar), dicamba, imazapic (Plateau), glyphosate (Roundup or Rodeo, depending on the presence of surface water)
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Now what?Now what?
Go home and inventory the weeds on your property
Identify the weeds
Why do you have a weed problem? What can you change about the way you manage your property that will decrease the weed population?
Livin
g
Livin
g n n
the Landthe Land
Then...Then...Determine the most appropriate
controls based on biology of the weed and your plans for the site
Fill out your weed management plan activity sheet
Start working!
Monitor your property for weeds on a continual basis
Successful weed management Successful weed management requires constant vigilance and care requires constant vigilance and care
on the part of the land manager.on the part of the land manager.
CSUCE
