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What Sort of
Psychologist Are You?The Different
Approaches in Psychology
Approaches in Psychology• Biological • Behaviourist• Social Learning Theory• Cognitive• Psychodynamic• Humanistic
BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE EACH APPROACH AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
Behaviourists• All behaviour is learnt
• Learning depends on association
• Study only what they can see – outward behaviour, not thinking!
• Use objective, scientific methods
Key Behaviourists
• Ivan Pavlov
• John B Watson
• Frederick Burrhus Skinner
Ivan Pavlov• Classical conditioning• Learning through association between
stimuli that occur at the same time• Studied salivation in dogs• Repeatedly pairing bell and food he
conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell
Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment
Know the Classical Conditioning diagram
1Food (UCS)
elicitsSalivation (UCR)
2 Food (UCS)
+Bell (CS)
elicitsSalivation (UCR)
3 Bell (CS)elicits
Salivation (CR)
Classical Conditioningapplied to Human Behaviour
Watson & Rayner conditioned a phobia of rats in Little Albert
Example of generalisation
Apply CC to examples such
as school phobia
Frederick Burrhus Skinner• Operant conditioning
• Learning through association between response and consequence
• Studied lever-pressing in rats
(and dancing in pigeons etc)
• Used positive reinforcement (food) to strengthen the lever-pressing behaviour
Reinforcement• Positive – given to strengthen the
behaviour
• Negative – removed if behaviour is performed: clean room to avoid nagging
• Punishment – given when undesired behaviour is performed
Skinner’s Experiments
Types of Reinforcement• Primary – in itself rewarding eg
• Secondary – not in itself rewarding, but can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer eg
Behaviourist Main Method
Controlled laboratory experiment (think Skinner)
Social Learning Theory(new Behaviourism)
• Observational learning• Key terms: observation, imitation, identification,
modelling, vicarious reinforcement• Learning involves thinking – observed
behaviours are attended to and remembered
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study
Social Learning Theory and real life
“Daniel sees his classmate rewarded for helping tidy the classroom. The next day he asks the teacher if he can tidy up after class”
“Vikram watches TV super-heroes. He likes to think he can fly like superman”
Q. Can you spot observation, imitation, identification, modelling and vicarious reinforcement?
Mediating Cognitive Factors
• All the thinking processes that come between (mediate between) stimulus and response
Social Learning Main Method
Experiment with observation
(think Bobo Doll)
Cognitive Psychologists• Study internal mental processes eg
attention and memory
• Use controlled experimentation
• Liken human information processing to computer processing
• Propose models to explain mental processes e.g.
Information Processing ModelStages of
information processing
INPUT PROCESSES
STORAGEPROCESSES
OUTPUT PROCESSES
PERCEPTION
ATTENTION
MEMORY
THINKING
LANGUAGE
MOVEMENT
Backhand or
forehand?
Cognitive experiment – Condition 1
RedGreenBlackBlueBlackGreenBlueRed
Cognitive experiment – Condition 2
RedGreenBlackBlueBlackGreenBlueRed
CognitiveMain Methods
Controlled laboratory experiments
(Think – memory experiment)Computer modelling
Occasional case studies
Psychodynamic Psychologists
SIGMUND FREUD (little Siggy!)
• Born in Vienna• Trained as a doctor• Founded the psychodynamic
approach• Invented psychoanalysis
Freud• Behaviour is motivated by the unconscious
• Personality is tripartite (has three parts)
• Unconscious defence mechanisms protect us from unpleasant events, facts
• Development takes place in psychosexual stages
• Adult problems are due to repressed conflicts, fears, wishes
Defence Mechanisms
• Unconscious processes that protect the conscious self from unpleasant events or facts
Know some examples:
Repression
Denial
Displacement
Psychosexual stagesOld
Age
Pensioners
Like
Gin
Psychodynamic Main Method
Case study in a clinical setting with retrospective
psychoanalysis
(think Little Hans)
Humanistic psychologists
Humanistic Psychologists• Believe we have free will
• Focus on the self
• Everyone is unique
• Therapy should be client centred
• People strive for self-actualisation
• We are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
Famous Humanistic names
• Carl Rogers
• Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers• Client-centred therapy – non-directive,
therapist as a mirror• Low self-esteem due to incongruence
(gap) between perceived and ideal self• Others set conditions of worth ‘I will only
love you if……’• People will grow if they are given
unconditional positive regard ‘I love you no matter what .….’
Abraham Maslow• Studied motivation
• Proposed the hierarchy of needs
• People strive for self-actualisationAre you self-actualised?
Do you ‘enjoy the means to the end’?
Do you ‘appreciate basic
experiences of life’
e.g. sunset?
Humanistic Methods
Case studies
One-to-one therapy
Group therapy
(think counselling)