What role did nationalism play in Africa after WWII?

Do Now:“We prefer self-government with danger to servitude in tranquility”

-Kwame Nkrumah

1.What does it mean?2.How does it relate to you?

The Decline of the Colonial The Decline of the Colonial PowersPowersThe Decline of the Colonial The Decline of the Colonial PowersPowers

First, Second, & Third First, Second, & Third WorldsWorlds

with a North-South Dividewith a North-South Divide

First, Second, & Third First, Second, & Third WorldsWorlds

with a North-South Dividewith a North-South Divide

Pre-Colonial Africa

Colonial Africa

Africa Today

British ColoniesBritish Colonies Were Some of Were Some of the First to Seek the First to Seek

Independence becauseIndependence because

British ColoniesBritish Colonies Were Some of Were Some of the First to Seek the First to Seek

Independence becauseIndependence becauseBritain felt hypocritical about Britain felt hypocritical about colonialism.colonialism.

War left her weak and unable to afford War left her weak and unable to afford colonies.colonies.

A New African educated middle class A New African educated middle class began to emerge in the cities.began to emerge in the cities.

GhanaGhana: First African : First African State to Gain State to Gain IndependenceIndependence

GhanaGhana: First African : First African State to Gain State to Gain IndependenceIndependence

Kwame Nkrumah Led the Kwame Nkrumah Led the Former Gold CoastFormer Gold Coastto Independenceto Independence

Kwame Nkrumah Led the Kwame Nkrumah Led the Former Gold CoastFormer Gold Coastto Independenceto Independence

Educated at Lincoln Unv. in Penn.

Schoolteacher.

Preached nonviolence.

Used boycotts and strikes.

Ultimately successful by 1957

He saw himself as an African Lenin

Ghana today still needs to Ghana today still needs to modernizemodernize

Ghana today still needs to Ghana today still needs to modernizemodernize

Market inMarket in Kumasi.Kumasi.

Sells shoes crafted from old automobile Sells shoes crafted from old automobile tires. tires.

Sprawls across 25 dusty acres in ancientSprawls across 25 dusty acres in ancient Ashanti capital.Ashanti capital.

One of the largest marketplaces in West One of the largest marketplaces in West Africa. Africa.

KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya

Kenyan Independence: Kenyan Independence: 19631963

Kenyan Independence: Kenyan Independence: 19631963

London educated London educated Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta provided strong nationalist leadership.provided strong nationalist leadership.He was also a Pan-Africanist!!He was also a Pan-Africanist!!Mau Mau RebellionsMau Mau Rebellions made up of made up of KikuyuKikuyu farmers weaken British settlers farmers weaken British settlers opposition.opposition.Kenyatta went to prison from 1953 to Kenyatta went to prison from 1953 to 1961.1961.

Today famous athlete Today famous athlete opened school for opened school for

orphans orphans

Today famous athlete Today famous athlete opened school for opened school for

orphans orphans Kip Keino, famed Kip Keino, famed distance runner.distance runner.

Opened school for Opened school for grades 1-8.grades 1-8.

Down road from his Down road from his Baraka ("Blessing") Baraka ("Blessing") farm. farm.

He and his wife, He and his wife, adopted more than 100 adopted more than 100 orphaned and orphaned and abandoned children in abandoned children in past 30 years. past 30 years.

Senegal: Home of theSenegal: Home of theNegritude MovementNegritude MovementSenegal: Home of theSenegal: Home of theNegritude MovementNegritude Movement

•The Negritude Movement was created in France by a group of black writers who joined together to assert their cultural identity.

•These writers were inspired by the Harlem Renaissance.

•Negritude responded to the alienated position of blacks in history.

•The movement asserted an identity for black people around the world that was their own.

•Negritude made an impact on how the colonized viewed themselves.

What role did nationalism play in the de-colonization of Africa

Do Now:

“I have no intention of looking backwards. We are going to forget the past and look forward to the future.”

- Kenyatta

1. What does it mean?

2. How does it relate to you?

Republic of Senegal

Léopold Senghor was a Senegalese poet, politician, and cultural theorist who for two decades served as the first president of Senegal.

•African Socialism•Kept positive relations with France after independence.

The Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob TreeThe Solitary Baobob Tree

The national symbol of Senegal, baobab trees often mark burial sites and inspire the poetry of de-colonization…

I heard a grave voice answer,Rash son, this strong young treeThis splendid treeApart from the white and faded flowersIs Africa, your AfricaPatiently stubbornly growing againAnd its fruits are carefully learningThe sharp sweet taste of liberty. David Diop 1956

What role did nationalism play in the de-colonization of Africa?

Do Now:“To the colonists, all means are good if

they help them to possess Africa’s riches.”

-Patrice Lumumba

1.What does it mean?

2.How does it relate

to you?

BelgianBelgian Congo ,Congo ,Zaire (1971 to 1997)Zaire (1971 to 1997),,Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo

BelgianBelgian Congo ,Congo ,Zaire (1971 to 1997)Zaire (1971 to 1997),,Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo

Patrice Lumumba

• Patrice Lumumba was a Congolese nationalist leader and the first democratically elected prime minister of the Congo.

• In May 1960, some army units began to rebel against President Lumumba because he did not give them a raise and allowed some Belgian officers to keep their positions.

• Since the United Nations refused to help suppress the rebellion in Katanga, Lumumba sought Soviet aid in the form of arms, food, medical supplies, trucks, and planes to help move troops .

•On September 14, 1960, a coup d’état organized by Colonel Mobutu removed Lumumba from power.•On Jan. 17, 1961, Lumumba and two ministers were lined up against a tree and shot one at a time. •The bodies were dismembered and dissolved in sulphuric acid, with the bones ground and scattered.

Coup in the Congo

• His death was formally announced on Katangan radio, when it was alleged that he escaped and was killed by enraged villagers.• After the announcement of Lumumba's death, street protests were organized in several European countries; in Belgrade, capital of Yugoslavia, protesters sacked the Belgian embassy and confronted the police, and in London a crowd marched from Trafalgar Square to the Belgian embassy, where a letter of protest was delivered and where protesters clashed with police.•A demonstration at the United Nations Security Council turned violent and spilled over into the streets of New York City

Protests after His Death

Mobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese SekoMobutu Sese Seko

Ruled 1965-Ruled 1965-1997.1997.

Supported by Supported by U.S.U.S. as Cold War ally. as Cold War ally.

Changed name Changed name toto Zaire. Zaire.

Left “a house Left “a house thatthat had been eaten had been eaten by by termites” termites” NYTimes.NYTimes.

Reign described Reign described in in 2002 2002 documentarydocumentary as an “African as an “African Tragedy.” Tragedy.”

Mobutu• Mobutu established a single-party state in which all power was

concentrated in his hands.

• The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations.

• By 1991, economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders, but he used the army to thwart change until May 1997, when rebel forces led by Laurent Kabila expelled him from the country.

• Already suffering from advanced prostate cancer, he died three months later in Morocco.

• Mobutu became notorious for corruption, nepotism, and the embezzlement of between US$4 billion and $15 billion during his reign, as well as extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris.

• Mobutu presided over the country for over three decades, a period of widespread human rights violations. He has been described as the "archetypal” African dictator.

Congo Makes Up for a LackCongo Makes Up for a Lackof Roads & Highwaysof Roads & Highways

Congo Makes Up for a LackCongo Makes Up for a Lackof Roads & Highwaysof Roads & Highways

Congo RiverCongo River barge carries hundreds of barge carries hundreds of passengers on its passengers on its 1000 mile journey from Kinshasa to Kisangani. 1000 mile journey from Kinshasa to Kisangani.

Many people travel on barges without shelter Many people travel on barges without shelter for asfor as long as a month, crowded together with their long as a month, crowded together with their belongings, livestock, furniture and wares for belongings, livestock, furniture and wares for sale.sale.

Today the Congo IsToday the Congo IsExperiencing Punishing Experiencing Punishing

War!War!

Today the Congo IsToday the Congo IsExperiencing Punishing Experiencing Punishing

War!War!

Michael Kamber for Michael Kamber for The New York TimesThe New York Times

About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a camp on Monday. camp on Monday.

Death in the Death in the Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of

the Congothe Congo

Death in the Death in the Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of

the Congothe Congo

The AllureThe AllureThe AllureThe Allure

Rich Mineral Resources:

Gold

Diamonds

Copper

Have Often Drawn ForeignExploitation.

Young Soldiers & a Young Soldiers & a VictimVictim

Young Soldiers & a Young Soldiers & a VictimVictim

Child RebelsChild RebelsChild RebelsChild Rebels

A child fighter in a rebel group stands A child fighter in a rebel group stands watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in Bunia, Congo, where there have been Bunia, Congo, where there have been reports of rape and cannibalism.reports of rape and cannibalism.

AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria

French settlers fought fiercely to keep Algeria a French colony.

DeGaulle realized after the war that France could not hold onto Algeria by force.

Independence came in 1962.

Algeria-Natural Resources• The country supplies large amounts of natural

gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy.

• According to OPEC Algeria has the 17th largest reserves of oil in the world, and the second largest in Africa, while it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas.

• Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa.

Republic of AngolaRepublic of AngolaRepublic of AngolaRepublic of Angola

400 years: 400 years: PortuguesPortuguese are the e are the first to first to arrive and arrive and the last to the last to leave in leave in 1975.1975.

Republic of Angola• After it gained independence in

November 1975, Angola experienced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades.

• It claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees, eventually coming to an end in 2002.

Angola Left Angola Left With Bitter Civil WarWith Bitter Civil War

Angola Left Angola Left With Bitter Civil WarWith Bitter Civil War

Mateus Chitangenda, Fernando Chitala and Mateus Chitangenda, Fernando Chitala and Enoke Chisingi and their families have been Enoke Chisingi and their families have been displaced by war to the town of Kunhinga, in displaced by war to the town of Kunhinga, in central Angola.central Angola.

Going to SchoolGoing to SchoolGoing to SchoolGoing to School

A father walks his daughter to school A father walks his daughter to school in Kuito, Angola. All students in the in Kuito, Angola. All students in the town bring their own small benches to town bring their own small benches to class.class.

Africa: 2000Africa: 2000Africa: 2000Africa: 2000

Nigerians today travel Nigerians today travel the same way as the the same way as the

CongoleseCongolese

Nigerians today travel Nigerians today travel the same way as the the same way as the

CongoleseCongolese

NigeriaNigeria Struggles With Struggles WithEthnic & Religious Ethnic & Religious

RivalriesRivalries

NigeriaNigeria Struggles With Struggles WithEthnic & Religious Ethnic & Religious

RivalriesRivalries

Nigerian Muslims welcome Nigerian Muslims welcome Sharia Sharia lawlaw. .

January 2000January 2000

Nigerian Oil• During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the

huge revenue generated made the economy richer.

• Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure.

• As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.

• It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability.

ShariaSharia LawLaw

ShariaSharia LawLaw

This adulterous woman This adulterous woman was sentenced to was sentenced to death by stoningdeath by stoning

This adulterous woman This adulterous woman was sentenced to was sentenced to death by stoningdeath by stoning

Woldwide attention has Woldwide attention has given her hopegiven her hope

Woldwide attention has Woldwide attention has given her hopegiven her hope

Amnesty Amnesty InternationalInternational is is campaigning campaigning against the against the stoning stoning sentencesentenceJuly 2002.July 2002.

Nigeria

Some find Some find ShariaSharia a a blessingblessing

I Thank God for the AmputationI Thank God for the Amputation – – Buba JangebeBuba Jangebe

Some find Some find ShariaSharia a a blessingblessing

I Thank God for the AmputationI Thank God for the Amputation – – Buba JangebeBuba Jangebe

South AfricaSouth AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa

Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years in his fight against years in his fight against

ApartheidApartheid

Lived to vote in the Lived to vote in the first racially democratic first racially democratic

electionelection

Lived to vote in the Lived to vote in the first racially democratic first racially democratic

electionelection

19941994

And Become President of And Become President of South AfricaSouth Africa

South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right, celebrate the new constitution, May 8, 1996. (AP/WWP Photo Leon Muller)

Age-Group DifferencesAge-Group DifferencesAge-Group DifferencesAge-Group Differences

Less Developed Less Developed RegionsRegions

Less Developed Less Developed RegionsRegions

Global Water StressGlobal Water StressGlobal Water StressGlobal Water Stress

Share of Share of World’s World’s

GDPGDP

Share of Share of World’s World’s

GDPGDP

Health StatisticsHealth StatisticsHealth StatisticsHealth Statistics

Bits Per Capita: An Bits Per Capita: An Information Revolution?Information Revolution?

Bits Per Capita: An Bits Per Capita: An Information Revolution?Information Revolution?

using using ICTsICTs for social and economic for social and economic developmentdevelopment (Information and communication technologies) (Information and communication technologies)

All across AfricaAll across AfricaAll across AfricaAll across Africa

A Cyber Shepherd in A Cyber Shepherd in Senegal’s SahelSenegal’s Sahel

A Cyber Shepherd in A Cyber Shepherd in Senegal’s SahelSenegal’s Sahel

2004-04-152004-04-15PastoralistsPastoralists tracking wandering cattle tracking wandering cattle herds using cell phones and Global herds using cell phones and Global Positioning Systems. Positioning Systems.

South Africa: South Africa: Eco-tourism

South Africa: South Africa: Eco-tourism

Small tourist businesses operating Small tourist businesses operating out of the townships attracting out of the townships attracting customers from around the world customers from around the world by using the Internet.by using the Internet.

Mozambique stops Mozambique stops poaching with radiospoaching with radiosMozambique stops Mozambique stops

poaching with radiospoaching with radios

Healthcare in UgandaHealthcare in UgandaHealthcare in UgandaHealthcare in Uganda

A health care worker conducting a survey using a PDA. (SATELLIFE Photo: Mark Grabowsky)