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What political structure did the strong nation state replace?
feudal monarchy
Name Michelangelo’s most famous painting & sculpture.
Sistene Chapel & David
What period did Rafael belong to?
High Renaissance
Name two characteristics of the nation state.
taxes, standing army, bureacracy, support of townspeople
Who was the father of Humanism?
Petrarch
What Treaty kept the City-States unified against outside threat?
Treaty of Lodi
Which emperor united the Spanish and Austrian sides of the Habsburg
empire?
Charles V
What were the three main characteristics of the Spanish
Empire in America?
Roman Cath., Social hierarchy, econ. Dependence
Who was the most popular classical figure during the Renaissance?
Plato
Who hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come from the Medicis?
Machiavelli
What was Castiglione’s main emphasis?
proper behavior for every situation
Name the three main components of the colonial economy in Latin
America.
Mining, shipping, and farming
What was Erasmus’ philosophy a combination of?
Christian and classical beliefs
Who conquered the Incas? The Aztecs?
Pizarro and Cortes
Name three countries where strong nation-states developed.
Spain, France, England
Name two key places where they did not.
Italy & HRE
What alliance was formed to remove the French from Italy?
League of Venice
Name the Popes of this era that were more political than spiritual.
Julius II and Alexander VI
Name the work and author that describe an ideal society that will
never exist.
Utopia, Thomas More
The Age of Exploration was driven by desire for what two things?
Spices and precious metals
What work and author focused on man’s ability to determine his
destiny?
Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico Della Mirandola
What English dynasty emerges from the War of the Roses?
Tudor (starting with Henry VII)
Why is Machiavelli’s emphasis on virtú so humanist?
strong individual, classical source (Rome)
Who was the Renaissance Man?
Leonardo da Vinci
How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the Middle Ages?
realism, accurate anatomy, secular patronage
What economic developments allowed for secular patronage of the
arts?
increased trade & banking
Identify the two major northern humanists.
More & Erasmus
How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a departure?
Gothic, supernatural
What issue caused a split between Thomas More & Henry VIII?
Henry’s desire for a divorce
Who did Alexander VI try to install as ruler of Romagna?
Cesare Borgia, his son
Who was the first to “invite the French over the Alps”?
Ludovico il Moro
What was the “virtú” that Machiavelli so valued?
The ability to act heroically & decisively
Who was the “German master” of Northern Ren. Painting?
Albrecht Durer
Who were the “crazy dutchmen” of the Northern Ren.?
Bosch & Bruegel
Who was the “Spider King” who ruled France at the peak of its
power in the 1400s?
Louis XI
What was the primary requirement for being a Renaissance Prince?
Power
What technological process that preceded movable metal type made
mass printing more feasible?
Cheaper paper
List two reasons the church feared the humanists.
Self-reliance, outside interpretations, authorities other
than God
What is the message of Boccaccio’s Decameron?
Beware of immoral behavior
What two entities did Erasmus compare in trying to demonstrate
the true nature of Xianity?
Christ & the modern clergy
What kind of activity did Petrarch inspire?
Examination of the classics, and writing related to them
Name 4 major city-states.
Venice, Florence, Milan, Pisa, Genoa, Romagna (Papal States)
What did the competing political factions of the Renaissance use to
communicate with the masses?
Art that they patronized
Identify two classical features that were prominent in Ren.
Architecture.
Domes, columns, roman arches, ornamentation, integrated
supports
Which two nations were most involved in the exploration of the “New World” during the
Renaissance?
Spain and Portugal
What did Ferdinand & Isabella do (besides get married) to unify the
nation of Spain?
secure borders, venture abroad militarily, strengthen the RC
church
Why would the Printers’ Guild have supported the Reformation?
Economic stake, literate and sophisticated, often opposed to
gov’t
What did the Reformation offer peasants?
A chance for political liberation and social betterment
Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses?
At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)
What did the benefice system allow the laity to do?
Buy desirable church offices & benefit economically
What 2 lay movements were the biggest attackers of the medieval
church?
Lollards (Wyclif) and Hussites (Hus)
What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired the 95 Theses?
Selling of indulgences
What was the jubilee indulgence supposed to pay for?
New St. Peters cathedral in Rome
What pushed Luther to “discover” justification by faith?
His own feelings of unworthiness
What did the Council of Trent say about church language and the
official Bible?
Speak Latin & use the Vulgate
What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther quickly and efficiently?
He was always at war (usually with the Valois), and busy trying to get
elected HRE
Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts in Germany?
German Nobility
How did Luther respond to the charges brought against him at the
Diet of Worms?
“Here I Stand”, would not change
How did members of the Schmalkaldic League benefit from
the Ref. Economically?
Took over Church lands & property
Why did the political structure of Germany and Switzerland make
them easier to reform?
Small territories governed by princes instead of sovereign
monarchies
Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland make them easier
to reform?
Far from Italy, divided into small parts (states)
Who said: “Whatever lacks scriptural support should not be
believed or practiced”
Zwingli
What group believed in adult baptism and were eventually
opposed by both Protestants and Catholics?
Anabaptists (esp. radicals gathered at Munster)
What was the formal name of the order founded by Ignatius Loyola?
Society of Jesus
Identify two major characteristics of the Jesuits.
Focused on church, underground missionaries, great educators,
confessors to kings
Who were the elect?
Those predestined for salvation (Calvin)
Why is it politically dangerous for a Pope to call a Council?
they can limit his power
Which Pope gets the counter reformation rolling?
Paul III
What group called on clergy to live as examples and upheld the
doctrine of the Catholic Church?
Council of Trent
Where did the Council of Trent place tradition relative to scripture?
On equal footing
Who said: “We are all equal in the eyes of God, members of the Priesthood of all Believers”?
Luther
What do the U & L in TULIP stand for?
Unconditional Election & Limited Atonement
Under which monarch did England become truly Protestant
(theologically)?
Edward VI
In what work can this original English Protestant theology be
found?
Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer)
What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face when she came to
the throne?
RCs, Anglicans, & Puritans
Name at least three major causes of the Reformation.
Humanism, Hus & Wyclif, political division, church abuses, social
inequality
Why did Zwingli feel penance was unnecessary?
Christ had already borne the pain for our sins
What happened when Calvin tried to “reform” Geneva the first time?
Exiled to Strasbourg (accused of “new papacy”)
What tool did Calvin use to create his “New Jerusalem”?
Strict moral code
What did Catholics and Prots. call unbelievers from the other side?
Heretics & papists (respectively)
Which English monarch attempted to reinstate Roman Catholicism?
Mary I
Which two sacraments did Luther claim were legitimate?
Baptism and communion (eucharist)
What book provided the majority of the doctrine for the Anglican
Church?
Book of Common Prayer
Name the two major down sides of the Counter Reformation.
Index of Forbidden Books and Inquisition
What issue kept the German and Swiss Reformations from uniting?
The physical presence of Christ in communion
What finally gave princes in the HRE official control over religion?
the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
What was the main reason Henry VIII started the English
Reformation?
Wanted an annulment from Catharine, desired control over church structure & resources
Name the major Protestant Group in each of the following areas:
England, Scotland, Switzerland, North Germany.
Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinists, Lutherans
What type of art reflected the spirit of the Counter Reformation?
Baroque
What is Baroque Art designed to do?
Get an emotional response/reaction
What percentage of Protestant converts were “reconverted” by the
Catholic Reformation?
Over 50
List three components of Calvin’s moral code.
No drinking, no dancing, no plays, religious music & psalm reading in
taverns
Identify the two major events that push Luther into the arms of the
nobles.
Peasant Revolt & squashing the Anabaptists
Why was it tough to be a Prot. In France?
Concordat of Bologna (state control of church)
Why did Luther abandon the Peasants in their revolt of
1524?
not xian’s role to transform society, better politically to back princes
How did Calvinists organize the churches and governments?
Locally
Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War?
HRE (Ferdinand)
What family did Catherine de Medicis most often conspire with?
The Guise Family
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland?
Very French and RC
What was the major outcome, other than dead people, of the St. Bart’s
day Massacre?
Increased fighting between Catholics and Protestants
Name the politique who succeeded Henry III.
Henry of Navarre (IV)
Identify three freedoms guaranteed Hugs by the Edict of
Nantes.
worship, assemble, attend university, fortify towns, hold
public offices
The massacre of 7,000 Protestants in Antwerp was called the
_________
Spanish Fury
What effect did the Spanish Fury have on the Southern 10
provinces of the Netherlands?
It caused them to briefly unit with the northern 7 vs. the Spanish
(Pac. of Ghent)
What country was formed by the lower 10 provinces of the
Netherlands?
Spanish Neth., which becomes Belgium
Name one of the two military leaders Ferdinand brought in to
fight the Prots.
Maximilian and Wallenstein
Name 2 of the 3 areas Phillip II tried to conquer in this unit.
The Netherlands, Portugal, and England
What were Spain’s economic motives for trying to hold on to
the Netherlands?
tax $$$ and valuable trade & shipping
When Granvelle failed how did Phillip II respond?
sent in the Duke of Alba to use military force
What treaty brought English help to Protestants fighting in France & the
Netherlands?
Treaty of Nonsuch
What treaty brought the lower 10 provinces of the Netherlands
together with the upper 7?
Pacification of Ghent
What tactics did the Dutch resisters use against the Spanish Army?
guerilla, piracy
Who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of all Catholic practices and
structures?
Puritans
Who did John Knox rail on?
Female rulers (Marys, CDM)
Why was Mary, QOS such a bad match for Scotland?
Very French and RC
Why was Mary QOS executed?
Plotting to kill Elizabeth I
What does cuius regio, eius religio mean?
The ruler determines religion
What leader of the Dutch resistance became a martyr for the cause?
William of Orange
Who did Protestants want to succeed Mary I?
Elizabeth I
What RC things did the “Elizabethan Settlement” keep?
Prot.?
Church hierarchy & ceremony, Book of Common Prayer
What religion is most of modern day Belgium?
RC
What event provided inspiration for Protestants and marked the
beginning of the end for Spain?
Defeat of the Armada
What Swedish King swung the 30 yrs. War in favor of the Protestants?
What was his strength?
Gustavus Adolphus, military leadership
What percentage of French aristocracy joined the Huguenots to
protest the Guise controlled monarchy?
40
What was Phillip II’s religious justification for going into the
Netherlands?
enforcing Council of Trent
Who did Phillip II put in charge of uniting the Dutch churches and
gov’t?
Cardinal Granvelle
Why did the English want to keep the Spanish out of the Netherlands?
fear of invasion, trade rivalry
Name 2 groups that came in to support the Prots in the 30 Years
War.
Swedes, Richelieu, Danes, Dutch
How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to conflict in France?
converting to RC & Edict of Nantes
Identify two of the major outcomes of the 30 Years’ war.
France most powerful, Ger. states separate, continuation of
Augsburg, Switz. & Neth. are independent
What two countries continued their conflict past the end of the 30
Years’ War?
Spain & France (ending with Treaty of Pyrenees in 1659)
Who did Spain support in the 30 Years War?
HRE (Ferdinand)
What is the main goal of mercantilism?
strengthen your economy at the expense of another
Identify four components of mercantilism.
tariffs, bullionism, colonies, sea trade, support for industry,
exporting finished goods, full employment, large population
Identify three causes of the commercial revolution.
needs of N-S, putting out, rising pop., new industries, new
shipping/colonies,
Identify two rivalries that came about as a result of the Commercial
Revolution.
Eng. vs. Spain, Spain vs. Dutch
Why did France & Richelieu side with the Prots. during the 30 Years’
War?
hated Haps & Spanish, wanted weak Ger.
Name 2 things that brought about the demise of the Armada.
wind, tactics, sea dogs
What was Coligny trying to get Charles IX to do?
aid Prots. in Netherlands
What were Christian IV & Gustavus Adolphus trying to gain territorially?
states in N. Germany (Holstein & Brandenburg)
How did families like the Medicis & the Fuggers exert their power?
lending $ to key people
Identify three key outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia.
Swiss independence, Dutch independence, Hapsburgs
loooooose, extension of Augsburg (Calv.), Fr get territory
What Petition required the consent of Parliament for all taxation?
Petition of Right
Name 5 guys from this unit who believed in the divine right of kings?
Charles I, II, James I, II, Louis XIV
Why did the Scots rebel in 1637? What did this force Charles to
do?
Charles & Laud were try to force episcopal system on them, Call
Parliament
What was the role of the intendants?
supervise local activities for bur., keep eye on parlements
What two groups formed in England toward the end of Charles II’s reign?
Who did each support?
Tories (king), Whigs (opposed to king)
Whose policies pushed these two groups together?
James II (attempt to assert absolute authority, threat of RC)
Who was Louis XIV’s chief advisor while he was a minor?
Cardinal Mazarin
What were the supporters of Charles and the Parliament called,
respectively?
Cavaliers and Roundheads
Which of the Stuart monarchs was most bent on absolute control of all
English institutions?
James II
Name two things that made Charles II appear to be pro-RC.
love of ceremony, RC wife, support for France & Louis XIV
What was the main military reason the Roundheads were able to win the
ECW?
The prowess of the New Model Army & holding most big towns &
ports
Name 2 things abolished by the Rump Parliament.
House of Lords, Anglican Church and the monarchy
What was Louis XIV’ main military goal?
Secure borders in the Alps & at the Rhine, ultimately expansion
What Act did Parliament pass during the Restoration to keep RCs out of
government?
Test Act
How did most of Europe respond to Louis XIV when he took Strasbourg in
1681?
Formed the League of Augsburg
What Code excluded both RCs & Puritans from public life in England?
Clarendon Code
How did French nobility & townspeople respond to Mazarin’s
continuation of Richelieu’s policies?
the Fronde
What action by Louis XIV caused the emigration of 250,000 Huguenots and
the closure of Protestant schools & churches?
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Name three things Louis XIV did to glorify himself in the eyes of the
public.
Arts, army, ceremony, propaganda, Versailles
What law required that English imports be carried on English ships? What nation was this
designed to hurt?
Navigation Acts, the Dutch Republic
Identify three causes of the commercial revolution.
needs of N-S, putting out, rising pop., new industries, new
shipping/colonies,
Identify two rivalries that came about as a result of the Commercial Revolution.
Eng. vs. Spain, Spain vs. Dutch
What is the main goal of mercantilism?
strengthen your economy at the expense of another
Identify four components of mercantilism.
tariffs, bullionism, colonies, sea trade, support for industry,
exporting finished goods, full employment, large population
Name 2 components of mercantilism under Colbert.
develop resources, encourage industry, high tariffs, French imports on French ships, the
tailles
What 2 people rebuilt France after the religious conflict?
Henry IV & duke of Sully
In which direction was Louis trying to expand in the Nine Years War?
East, into Germany
What would Richelieu do to nobles who refused to follow his reforms?
imprison, fine, execute
Why did Louis XIV never call the Estates General?
source of power for nobility, didn’t need them for $$$
What policy let Charles I rule without Parliament?
the thorough
Who did the Whigs & Tories call to throne in 1688?
Mary (Prot. daughter of James II) & William III of Orange
What did William & Mary agree to accept in the Glorious Rev.?
Bill of Rights & Constitutional monarchy
Why would William be willing to accept such terms that would limit his
power?
chance to be King of Eng. & oppose Louis XIV
What did both James I & Charles I do that the traditional nobility found
threatening?
Sold titles & offices
Who’s philosophy was “one king, one law, one faith”?
Louis XIV
What French leader was determined to suppress Protestants domestically
but willing to support them internationally?
Richelieu
What Treaty gave Louis the keep to put his grandson on the throne of
Spain?
Utrecht
What did the Treaty of Utrecht give the English?
asiento & Gibraltar
Who was removed from Parliament in “Pride’s Purge”?
Presbyterians who insisted on their church system
Where did the Royalists go after Charles I’s execution? What did they
do?
France, resisted Cromwell & Commonwealth
Name 2 reasons why Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands in 1670?
making fun, territory, had England as an ally
Why did Charles I disband the “Short Par”?
demanded redress of grievances
How did Cromwell rule the “commonwealth” of England?
as Lord Protector over 10 districts run by generals
Identify the 2 basic sides in the ECW.
Puritan Parliamentarians vs. Anglican Monarchists
Name two of the devices used by the Stuarts to raise funds outside of Par.
ship money, impositions, forced loan, 1/4 troops
Where was Louis XIV looking to expand in the war of Devolution?
Spanish Netherlands
In total, how many years was Louis XIV at war with Europe off & on?
47 years
Who was determined to give France peace & an improved economy in the early 1700s?
Cardinal Fleury
What financial crisis crushed French faith in public finance?
Mississippi Bubble Crisis
Why did he fail?
died too soon, Louis XV was a fool
Name three general attributes of eastern Europe.
agrarian, technologically behind, authoritarian rule
What country bad declined by 1650 because of foolish
monarchs & decline of imports from the New World?
Spain
What country had declined by 1750 because of political disunity
& overextension of their trade empire?
The Netherlands
What industry did this country remain dominant in?
banking
Which political group did George I favor when he came to Britain?
Whigs
Which party supported a strong monarchy, low taxes, and the
Anglican Church?
Tories
Who dominated control of the House of Commons in the
1700s?
Wealthy landowning men
Who supported the Stuart “pretenders” in the early 1700s?
Jacobites
Who rose to the office of Prime Minister by solving the South
Sea Bubble crisis?
Robert Walpole
How did Walpole take executive powers away from the
monarchy?
formation of the cabinet system (treasury, military, etc.)
Name two countries whose decay led to advances by
Prussia and Russia.
Poland and Sweden
What two countries fought in the Great Northern War? Who won?
Russia and Sweden, Russia
Whose diet required unanimity on all issues?
Poland
What agreement provided a legal basis for Maria Theresa to
rule Austria?
Pragmatic Sanction
Which Hapsburg repelled Turks & Louis & gained in Austria?
Leopold
Name two groups the Hapsburgs forced into their Austrian Empire.
Italians from Lombard, Slavs, Magyars
How well did the Pragmatic Sanction work?
not very, the other European powers did not honor it
What declining power in the east allowed the Hapsburgs &
Hohenzollerns to fill the power vacuum?
Ottoman Empire
Who received the title “King of Prussia” in exchange for help in the war of Spanish Succession?
Frederick I
What were the primary characteristics of the Prussian
state?
Army & Bureaucracy
What was the primary accomplishment of the Great
Elector?
Uniting the Prussian State
How does he accomplish this?
taxes to build army, Junkers must go through him for power,
improve farming & industry
What three groups opposed Peter the Great in his plans for
Westernization?
Boyars, Streltsy, & Church
How were the Boyars tamed by Peter the Great?
Social standing determined by job, shave-o-rama, loyal to
state first
Who revolted when Peter went west?
Streltsy
How were the Streltsy tamed?
torture & execution, corpses on display
Which Prussian king imposed austerity and built the Prussian
army to 80,000?
Frederick William II
Why did the Hapsburgs decide to focus on Austria?
decline of Spain, losses in 30 Years War
How did the Great Elector & other Hohenzollerns keep the
Junkers in line?
best jobs in bur. & mil.
Who inherits Prussia’s army at it’s peak and is ready to use it to
expand Prussian Power?
Frederick II
What are always Russia’s two main assets?
people & resources
What did both the Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns grant the nobility
to curry favor?
domination of peasants & serfs
Where did Peter build his great, superficially western, capital?
St. Petersburg
Name two ways that Peter the Great reformed Russia’s army.
improved weapons, discipline, outside officers, regiments,
western uniforms, “Go Russia” t-shirts
What is Peter the Great’s primary military goal?
warm water ports
On what sea is he able to acquire these?
the Baltic
Name two steps Peter took to improve Russia’s economy.
mercantilism, western craftsman, industrial serfs, iron
How do the Russians defend themselves against invasion by
Charles XII?
Draw him in & let him freeze & starve
Why does Peter have his son killed?
he opposed westernization
What were the three basic classes of the Ancien Regime?
nobility, bourgeoisie, peasants
What country was famous for land reclamation?
The Netherlands
Who introduced the new crop rotation system that included turnips
and clover?
Charles Townshend
What were Jethro Tull’s two main contributions to the Ag. Rev.?
iron plow and seed drill
Name 2 characteristics of NW European families in the Ancien
Regime.
nuclear, married later, smaller
Where would you be living if you got married at 17 had 10 kids and lived
with your aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents?
SE Europe
What was the primary unit of both production and consumption during
the Ancien Regime?
the family
What commonly caused urban riots?
inflated prices, threat to traditional right, unjust action
What group might encourage peasants to riot against the
nobility?
Bourgeoisie
What group might encourage peasants to riot against the
nobility?
Bourgeoisie
What are the two basic types of Bourg.?
commercial/financial & bureaucratic/professional
What did many “new” cities lack that would have helped them handle the influx of people?
infrastructure
What was the world population in 1750? What is is today?
3/4 billion - 6 billion
Why did landlords want to enclose their lands?
higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of new methods
What happened to many peasants as a result of
enclosure?
cut loose from the land, forced to look for other employment
Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility?
inherited legal rights & privileges
How was the average European Jew treated during the Ancien
Regime?
non-citizen, lived in separated area, discriminated against
Name one factor that may have led to the population boom that
started in the mid-1700’s.
End of the plague, less warfare, improved health
Name the two crops that were introduced from the New World.
potatoes & corn
What are colonies supposed to provide to the “home country”?
markets and raw materials
In what kinds of places did the “new cities” spring up?
waterways, road hubs, sea ports
What are the two basic types of Bourg.?
commercial/financial & bureaucratic/professional
Where would you be living if you got married at 17 had 10 kids
and lived with your aunts, uncles, cousins, and
grandparents?
SE Europe
What was the primary unit of both production and
consumption during the Ancien Regime?
the family
What major movement did the new science lead to?
New Philosophy
Who was the first to refute Ptolemy?
Copernicus
How did Brahe’s opposition benefit Copernicus?
Gave him publicity
Name Brahe’s assistant that drew pro-Copernican
conclusions from Brahe’s work?
Kepler
How did the church respond to Galileo’s support of Copernicus?
They condemned him
Who was the father of modern philosophy?
Descartes
Who were the two great political thinkers of the 17th century?
Hobbes & Locke
Who was the champion of the empirical method?
Bacon
What was Newton’s major work?
Principia Mathematica
How does Newton unlock the door to the rest of scientific
discovery?
universal gravitation was major missing link
What was the main point of Don Quixote?
a combination of realism & idealism are important for a
happy life
What work and author described the fall of Satan?
Milton’s Paradise Lost
Describe Shakespeare’s political & social outlook.
Conservative
What work and author described the effects of too much Restoration Partying?
Bunyan’s Life and Death of Mr. Badman
Identify 2 major influences on the literature of the 17th century.
ECW, counter-reformation, restoration, Elizabethan times
Who confronted both the Jesuits & skeptics and argued for the
separation of religion & science?
Pascal
How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler control his people?
Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for pleasure
Who was the first scientist to maintain that mathematical
relationships explain everything?
Galileo
What were the two of the main influences on Hobbes & Locke?
ECW, Louis XIV & Glorious Revolution
List two of Locke’s major beliefs.
blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t, natural state is freedom, natural
rights: life, liberty & property
Who argued that the existence of God was rational?
Pascal
Who are the three most prominent philosophes?
Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Rousseau
Why would you associate Voltaire with our 1st
amendment?
he advocated basic freedoms (speech, press, religion)
Who believed that people must turn over their rights to a strong
ruler his rule would prevent anarchy?
Hobbes
Who was Adam Smith’s chief influence, and what system did
he attack?
physiocrats, mercantilism
Name the author and work that discussed Laissez Faire
Economics.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
What did Smith believe humans should do with natural
resources?
exploit them like crazy
In a laissez faire system, what guides the economy?
the “invisible hand” or the marketplace
What were the four most formative causes of the
enlightenment?
print culture, need for reform in France, Sci. Rev., success of
GB
Why did philosophes criticize the church?
promoted evil acts, took advantage of political position,
emphasis on superstition, didn’t practice toleration
What form of government were most of the philosophes most
comfortable with?
monarchy
What nation was most often glorified by the philosophes?
Criticized?
GB, France
Who, according to deists, was the divine watchmaker?
God
What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of gov’t?
Three branch, separation of powers
What is it about Montesquieu’s background that influenced
these beliefs?
He was part of the noble Resurgence after Louis XIV
Name three major beliefs of Rousseau.
Society over individual, bend to will, glorified motherhood,
experiential education (Emile)
How did women benefit from the enlightenment?
emphasis on education, saloneirs, glorification of
motherhood
Who criticized bigotry & advocated free speech in works
like Candide?
Voltaire
Name three major outcomes of the enlightenment.
AR, FR, Nappy, Enlightened Abs.
Who was the ultimate enlightened absolutist? Identify
two of his reforms.
Joseph II; seized church lands, = taxation for all, = punishment
for all, abolished serfdom, nobility out of bur.
Who tried to continue in Peter’s footsteps as the westernizer of Russia? What made his/her
position so precarious?
Catherine the Great, non-Russian, female, had to rely on
nobility
How did the goals of enlightened absolutists differ from those of
the traditional absolutists?
They didn’t - just used Enlightenment ideas
Name two “enlightened” actions of Frederick the Great.
legal reform, reduce control over peasants, agricultural reforms,
religious toleration
What was shocking about Joseph II’s religious toleration?
He was a Hapsburg (very RC)
What brings Enlightened Absolutism to a screeching halt?
the French Revolution
Why was the first encyclopedia such a major undertaking?
first time any group tried to compile “all” knowledge
If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one word, what
would it be?
darn well better be reason
Why did Frederick II start the War of Aust. Succession?
wanted Silesia, saw that M-T was weak
What country held colonies in the St. Lawrence & Ohio River
valleys?
France
Why was the war of Jenkins’ Ear important?
Kick off to series of conflicts
How did Maria Theresa keep her kingdom together during the War
of Austrian Succession?
Concessions to the nobility, esp. the Magyars
What event marked a major shift in traditional alliances (Fr. & Au.,
GB & Pr.)?
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
What war did this “Revolution” lead to?
7 Years War
What action started the 7 Years War?
Frederick II’s preemptive strike on Saxony
Name two things the British gained from the 7 Years War.
All of NA east of the Miss., trade rights in India, disappearance of France from colonial scene
What did GB do to keep the French busy on the continent
during the 7 Years War?
Gave lots of aid to Prussia
How did GB try to address the massive war debt they were left
with after the 7 Years War?
Taxing their colonists
What right were the British abusing before the War of
Jenkins Ear?
asiento
Who were the 2 chief rivals in this era of colonial expansion?
GB & France
What is an audencia?
A judicial council in the New World
Who were the creoles and peninsulares?
people of European descent in the Spanish trade empire (creoles born overseas, peninsulares in Europe)
Who did George III turn to in an attempt to increase the power of
the monarch?
the Tories
What cause did John Wilkes associate himself with?
opposition to George III & individual liberty
What institution did the Wilksites want reformed?
Parliament
What problem did the 7 Years War leave all of its participants
with?
war debt
How did increased demand for sugar and cotton in Europe lead
to increased slavery?
plantation system demands it
What were the American colonists originally trying to protect when they revolted
against GB?
Rights as Englishmen
Where did Dutch trade influence remain high in the 1700s?
Asia
How did the new gov’t created in the differ from all previous
gov’ts?
Equality of all white men, no aristocracy or social classes by
birth, no king
Name three causes of the French Rev..
Food shortages & prices, heavy taxation of poor, little taxation of nobles & clergy,
bourgeoisie vs. clergy, nobles vs. monarchy
List two reasons why the French gov’t was in so much debt.
7 Years War, American Rev., War of Austrian Succession, couldn’t tax upper classes
What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left the Estates
General? What did they promise in the Tennis Court Oath?
National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote a
constitution
What group did this become when it was recognized by Louis
XVI?
NCA National Constituent Assembly
What class were the reps of the 3rd Estate from?
Bourgeoisie
How did nobles react to the Great Fear?
renounced their rights, cleared way for Cons.
What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm the Bastille?
muster troops around Paris
What’s significant about who was involved in storming the
Bastille?
Entrance of the popular masses into the revolution
What kind of representation & voting did the nobility want in the
EG?
Equal number of reps for each estate & voting by order
What was the purpose of the Dec. of Rights of Man and
Citizen?
Guiding statement for the Cons. of 1791
Who got the franchise under the Cons. of 1791?
Active citizens
What revolutionary faction was more moderate and favored Constitutional Monarchy?
Girondins
Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated his anti-
revolutionary sentiment.
muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to Varennes,
refractory clergy
Identify two components of the Civil Cons. of the Clergy. What impact did it have on the French
clergy?
elected clergy, reorganized dioceses, seized lands; Split
them (refractory)
How did the Pope respond to the CCC?
condemned it and the Rev.
Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles?
food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights
What were the chief concerns of the sans-culottes?
food and representation
Which enlightenment thinker’s ideas are most evident in the
French Revolution?
Rousseau
Name two components of the economic reform under the
Cons. of 1791.
assignats, guilds banned, more equitable taxation, laissez faire
What did the levee en masse call for?
conscription, war production, price ceilings
Despite their active participation in the revolution, which two
groups were consistently left out?
poor & women
What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria & Prussia
produce?
panic, fear, “invasion mentality”
What tool did the Convention use to mobilize France for war?
levee en masse
Give two examples of occasions when the Bourgeois
revolutionaries benefited from the actions of the poor.
Versailles, Bastille, insurrection, expulsion of Girondin, rev. army
What revolutionary faction was more radical and favored a
republic?
Jacobins (Mountain)
How successfully did the revolutionary republic deal with
war?
very
Why did the Convention try to dechristianize France?
religion would get in the way of the virtuous republic, second
authority
What two places did the Dec. of Rights of man and citizen get its
ideas from?
Dec. of Ind. & Enlightenment
What did the Paris Commune force the Legislative Assembly to
do?
step down and give way to the National Convention (start of
the 2nd Rev.)
Identify two of Edmund Burke’s criticisms of the Revolution.
revs have no gov’t experience, democracy sucks (popular gov’t
can’t work)
What event led to the formation of the Paris Commune?
the Paris insurrection of August, 1792 (attack on Tuileries)
Describe the politics and religion of the countryside in comparison
with those of Paris.
more conservative and traditional or devoutly RC
What was Robespierre’s overarching (ultimate) goal?
republic of virtue
Name two steps he was willing to take to achieve this goal.
dechristianize, suppression of rights, massive bloody guillotine
death
What was the “white terror”?
backlash against the red terrorists of Robespierre’s terror
How did Robespierre wind up turning the blade of terror
against himself?
eliminated opposition without cultivating allies
Describe the gov’t set up by the Cons. of Year III.
Councils of Elders and 500 (leg.), Directory (exec.)
What did the Directory use to maintain its power?
army over cons.
What did Babeuf claim in 1796?
Rev. has not gone far enough
What group benefited the most in the end from both revolutions?
Bourgeoisie
Name three things women did as participants in the revolution.
Society of Women, spokespeople, Versailles,
fought in army
Put these in order: Nat. Assembly, Convention, NCA, Legislative Assembly, Estates
General
Estates General, Nat. Assembly, NCA, Legislative Assembly,
Convention
What island did Napoleon come from?
Corsica
What was his title when he first took over the government?
First Consul
What document gave him this power?
Constitution of Year VIII
Name to things he did to squelch his opposition.
Centralize government, execution, give them high
government posts, secret police
What were the two main impacts of the 100 Days?
peace tougher for France, kept A,GB & F from fighting with P &
R
Who supported the Spanish Guerillas against Nappy?
RC Church & GB (Wellington)
What foreign minister from Austria comes to the fore at the
COV?
Metternich
How did Nappy benefit from the French Rev.?
nationalism, military mobilization
Name two parts of the Napoleonic Code.
civic equality, no guilds, promotion based on merit, end
to social hierarchy, religious tolerance
At what time was he at his territorial peak?
1810-11
Where was his final military defeat?
Waterloo
Who formed the Quadruple Alliance against him?
GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
What was his reorganization of the German states called?
Confederation of the Rhine
How did he bring an end to the Ancien Regime?
spread ideals of Rev. across Europe
What was the goal of the Continental System?
Economic defeat of GB
Name two things that led to the downfall of the Continental
System.
desire for luxury goods, British blockade, lack of unity behind Napoleon, desire to trade with
GB
Name two reasons the Russians were pissed at Nappy.
Cont. system, marries Austrian chick, Duchy of Warsaw,
controls Holland
What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?
Make sure that no one state ever dominated again
What two places did Nappy wind up in exile?
Elba & St. Helena
What two groups supported his rise to power?
bourgeoisie & land owning peasants
How was the war with Spain a major problem for Nappy?
slow drain on resources
Name 2 reasons Nappy bit the dust in Russia.
cold, starvation, scorched earth, won’t give him big battle
Who was the Czar of Russia at the time of Napoleon?
Alexander I
Where did he defeat the Austrians to gain control of all
Italy north of Rome?
Austerlitz
What did Nappy declare in the Berlin Decrees?
start of Cont. system, no trade with GB
What did Nappy sell to TJ because he needed cash for
war? (hint: cajun man)
Louisiana
Where was “Nappy a Muslim”?
Egypt
Name the British minister who came up with a peace plan prior to the COV and two parts of his
plan
Castleragh, Bourbons, buffer states, Quad Alliance
What period of history did many romantics look to for inspiration?
Middle Ages
What movement started in Germany in response to Nappy
& the FR?
German Nationalism
What effect does Napoleon have on the political power of the
Church?
greatly diminishes it
What type of government was favored by the Congress of
Vienna?
Monarchy
How does the COV attempt to isolate France?
sets up buffer states around it
How does the COV deal with the Confederation of the Rhine?
leaves it, and Germany, dissolute (not unified)
Which English writer typified romantic revolt?
Byron
Who used an albatross to symbolize a man’s burden?
Coleridge
Who was the most descriptive of the romantic poets?
Keats
Who wrote the work in which a man is freed from his deal with
the Devil?
Goethe
What is the key tenet of Methodism?
inner spirit will lead to a Godly life
What political/social event led to a revival in Roman Catholicism in France in the early 1800s?
French Revolution
Identify two beliefs of romantic historians.
will of the great defines the world, society is organic, thesis
vs. antithesis = synthesis
