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MIKEMIKE
M IKE is a Range State Program me
authorised by the CITES Parties at CoP 11
to start im plem entation under
Conf. Res. 10.10 Rev
To provide information needed for elephant range States to make appropriate m anagement and enforcem ent decisions, and to build institutional capacity w ithin the range States for the long-term m anagem ent of their elephant populations.
M ore specific objectives within this aim are:
To m easure levels and trends in the illegal hunting of elephants
To determine changes in these trends over tim e
To determine the factors causing such changes and to assess to w hat extent observed trends are related to CITES changes in listings or ivory trade resum ptions
NB This process can be readily expanded into a multi-species programm e, particularly if the capacity developm ent is successfu l
Purpose of MIKEPurpose of MIKE
These objectives will be achieved by
1. Undertaking Site-based Population Surveys every 2 to3 years, so that we can determine if the populations arechanging.
2. Undertaking Law Enforcement Monitoring todetermine• any real trends in illegal activities (Ground Patrols)• the factors that may be influencing any declines(Carcass Reports, etc.)
3. Undertaking data analysis (including Monthly andAnnual Reports), starting at the sites
Purpose of MIKEPurpose of MIKE
What MIKE is and what MIKE is not MIKE is a site-based system to monitor elephant population trends and the illegal killing of elephants
MIKE is a system based on data collection and analysis that will be standardised for all range states, including the time frame for the delivery of such information
MIKE is about capacity building, particularly at the national level, for more effective conservation management
MIKE is designed to use the current state of the art in monitoring techniques and data management
MIKE is not, in itself, an anti-poaching operation to stop the illegal killing of elephants, though the information MIKE produces may guide such effort
MIKE is not a monitoring system advocating a particular model or system.
M IK EM IK E
The data analysis inter-relationships that MIKE will be particularly addressing are:
population trends patterns of illegal killing patterns of influencing factors patterns of effort
Population SurveysPopulation Surveys
.
SUCH SURVEYS HELP TO ESTABLISH WHETHER ANY POPULATION IS STABLE OR DECLINING,
PARTICULARLY IF UNDERTAKEN ON A REGULAR 2-3 YEAR CYCLE
IT IS RECOGNISED THAT ASIAN CONDITIONS ARE LIKELY TO REQUIRE OTHER METHODOLOGIES TO
BE CONSIDERED, COMPARED TO THE AFRICAN APPROACH. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING
MALES IN PARTICULAR AND MALE/FEMALE RATIOS IS ALSO RECOGNISED.
LEM LEM
Monitoring Law enforcement is important for 2 reasons:
Law enforcement is a deterrent to poaching and has an important impact on illegal killing and so needs to be taken into account when comparing rates of killing.
LEM provides information that site managers can use to determine optimum allocation of resources and so help improve protection and management of elephants
LEM LEM
The LEM work is based on the existing patrol personnel keeping a systematic record of where they go and what they find.
In addition, all elephant carcasses, whether located in a site or outside it, whether found on patrol or otherwise, are requested to be reported on, as this data provides information on why elephants are being killed.
This work is based on the use of standard forms and field protocols, and is facilitated by the use of GPSs.
Field FormsField Forms
LEM Forms •Ground Patrol Forms
Provides information on patrol effort and observations encountered
•Carcass FormsProvides information on elephant deaths and possible causes (not restricted to patrols)
•Monthly ReportsSummarises the information collected during the month
•Annual ReportsSummarises the monthly information and details other factors that may have contributed to illegal killing
THESE CAN BE ADAPTED TO BETTER SUIT ASIAN NEEDS
List of possible influencing factors.
Factors Site National and/orSub-regional
Ecosystem type/habitat X XElephant population levels XElephant/human conflict levels X XAdjacent land use XHuman access X XHuman population pressure X XAvailability of water X XLand tenure systems X XDevelopment activities X XTourism activities X XHistory of illegal killing X XProximity to international borders XCross-border incursions X XCivil/military conflict X XLaw enforcement effort levels X XJudicial severity XCorruption XIllegal drug/arms trafficking XIvory trade patterns XCITES trade decisions X X
SECTOR 12 SECTOR 11
Patrol effort (fraction of area covered * patrol days)
Patrol effort (fraction of area covered * patrol days)
Observations illegal activities (“catch”)
Patrol effort and “catch” in 2 Patrol effort and “catch” in 2 management sectorsmanagement sectors
0
50
100
150
April May June July0
50
100
150
April May June July
Observations illegal activities (“catch”)
Hum
an s
ign
Hum
an s
ign
Eff
ort i
ndex
Eff
ort i
ndex
Catch / effort index per month in 2 Catch / effort index per month in 2 management sectorsmanagement sectors
Catch / Effort Index sector 12 Catch / Effort Index sector 11
0
20
40
60
80
100
April May June July0
20
40
60
80
100
April May June July
Cat
ch/E
ffor
t ind
ex
Cat
ch/E
ffor
t ind
ex
How Discovered
3% 14%
82%
0%
1% Aerial Census
Ground Patrol
Intelligence
Research
Tourist
Cause of Death
32%
12%38%
18%Unknown
Conflict
Poached
Natural
Year of Death
48%
25%
13%
14% 2002
2001
2000
pre 2000
Data AnalysisData Analysis
The data required per site and the data collected will be placed in a computer-based data management system that will facilitate the analysis of the data provided and produce the expected outputs.
Of particular importance will be the capability to commence the analysis at site level and then to develop the analysis further at national, sub-regional and continental levels, whilst maintaining a standardised approach as illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1: Data management and data flow
SITE Population survey data
LEM Spatial geographic,environmental and socio-economic data
Subsidiary data
Database / GIS Site level analysis
Summary statistics, monthly and annual
reportsReports Raw data
National database/GIS
Central database / GIS Regional/Global analysis
National analysisCOUNTRY
SUBREGION
CONTINENT
SitesSites
MIKE is intended to ascertain what is happening on the ground. It would be impossibe to cover the whole elephant range from the outset. MIKE is therefore based on a sample
approach, using enough sites to provide that sample.
But, resources permitting, many range states will be and are striving to extend MIKE processes to other significant sites, particularly as national and sub-regional trends and patterns
will also be important MIKE objectives.
SitesSites
Sites should therefore be prioritised, using the influencing factor table and the situations that
prevail in each range state.
Institutional Arrangem entsInstitutional Arrangem ents
SUBREGIONAL STEERING COMMITTEES
(SOUTH ASIA)
MIKETAG
MIKE
CENTRAL
COORDINATION
UNIT
STANDING
COMMITTEE
MIKE
SUBGROUP
CITESSECRETARIAT
CITESCOP
Institutional Arrangem entsInstitutional Arrangem ents
STEERING COMMITTEESouth Asia
CENTRAL
COORDINATION
UNIT
Site Officers Site Officers Site OfficersSite OfficerSite Officer
National Officer
Nepal
National Officer
Bhutan
National Officer
India
National Officer
Bangladesh
National Officer
Sri Lanka
SUPPORT
OFFICER
SUBREGIONAL