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What makes Earth unique
Where is the water on our
planet ?
Water volume, in Percent of
cubic miles total water
Oceans 317,000,000 97.2400%
Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.1400%
Ground water 2,000,000 0.6100%
Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.0090%
Inland seas 25,000 0.0080%
Soil moisture 16,000 0.0050%
Atmosphere 3,100 0.0010%
Rivers 300 0.0001%
Total water volume 326,000,000 100%
Water source
Water Storage Reservoirs
Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
Pathways and Processes
•Evaporation
•Transpiration
•Condensation
•Precipitation
•Surface Runoff
•Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Why is the water cycle important ?
•Essential for Life
•Transportation
•Drinking Water
•Irrigation
•Industrial Processing
Surface Water
Running Water
Base Level and Graded Streams
Stream Erosion
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Drainage Networks
Stages of Valley Development
1. Laminar Flow - particles flow in a straight-line path, parallel to the stream channel
2. Turbulent Flow - water moves in an erratic fashions characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies
Controlled by: velocity of flow and roughness of the channel bottom
Running Water(streamflow)
Running Water(streamflow)
Discharge - the amount (volume) of water passing a certain point in a given amount of time.
m3/sec, MGD, cfs, gal/min.
Gradient - the vertical drop of a stream over a fixed distance
Base Level and Graded Streams
Base level - The downward limit of stream erosion
Base Level and Graded Streams
Headwaters Mouth
Base Level and Graded Streams
Base Level and Graded Streams
Any change in base level will cause a corresponding readjustment in stream activity.
Graded Stream - a stream with the correct slope and other characteristics necessary to maintain just the velocity required to transport the material supplied to it
Stream Erosion
1. Lifting poorly consolidated particles
2. Abrasion
3. Solution - less significant
Stream Erosionby
Abrasion
Potholes
Transportation - stream transport provides a mechanism by which solid particles of various sizes are separated (SORTED).
Deposition - well-sorted material deposited by streams is called (ALLUVIUM).
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Channel Deposits
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Bars - temporary channel deposits of sand, gravel, and coarser components of the stream’s load.
Point Bars - bars which occur on the inside of a bend.
Stream Erosion
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Meander – a looplike bend in the coarse of a stream
Development of Ox Bow Lakes
Ox Bow Lakes
Braided
Streams
Braided Streams
Floodplain - the part of the valley that is inundated during a flood
Floodplain
Deltas and Alluvial Fans
Alluvial Fans – develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a narrow mountainous valley.
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Patterns
Stages of Valley Development - Youth
Stages of Valley Development - Maturity
Stages of Valley Development - Maturity
Stages of Valley Development – Old Age
Mississippi River
