Biodiversity Implications of Forest Disturbance and Biodiversity Implications of Forest Disturbance and Related Landscape Dynamics in the Brazilian Related Landscape Dynamics in the Brazilian

AmazonAmazon

Mark A. CochraneMark A. Cochrane1,21,2, David P. Roy, David P. Roy11, Carlos Souza Jr., Carlos Souza Jr.22, Jos Barlow, Jos Barlow33, , Eugenio ArimaEugenio Arima44, Izaya Numata, Izaya Numata11, Christopher P. Barber, Christopher P. Barber1,21,2, ,

Juliana Silveira, Luiz MestreJuliana Silveira, Luiz Mestre11, Rafael Andrade, Rafael Andrade11, , and Sanath Kumar Sathyachandranand Sanath Kumar Sathyachandran 11

1 Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA2 IMAZON, Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia, Belém, PA Brazil

3 Lancaster University, Lancaster United Kingdom4 Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY USA

What is the project?What is the project? The fundamental hypothesis underlying this project

is that the biodiversity levels of Amazonian forests are strongly related to two competing factors: forest disturbance and time since last disturbance

The Brazilian AmazonThe Brazilian Amazon

Amazon humid tropical forest biomes: ~ 6.4 km2

Portion in Brazil: ~ 4 km2

Source: WWF

Human Access to ForestHuman Access to Forest

Source: IBGE, IMAZON

85% of deforestation within 50 km of main roads

73,000 km of official roads in region

240,000 km of unofficial roads

Expansion rates > 40 km / 10,000 km2 / year

Barlow et al. 2007 PNAS

Selecting effective biodiversity indicators

% Species unique to primary forest

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

TreesBirds

AmphibiansLizards

Small mammalsDung beetles

BatsMoths

ButterfliesGrasshoppers

ArachnidsFruit flies

Scavenger fliesLarge mammals

Orchid bees

Mostly territorial or habitat specialists

Necessary attributes of sampled taxa: •Sensitive indicators of changes in forest integrity•Can be surveyed cost effectively

Sampling Birds – Mist Nets and Point Counts

MEASURINGMEASURING

We measure: We measure:

WingsWings

TarsusTarsus

BillBill

WeightWeight

ParasitesParasites

Project Design

A large-scale comparison of effects of fire on Amazonian bird communities.

A long-term comparison of effects of fire on Amazonian bird communities.

One of the best overviews of Amazonian bird communities in different Amazonian States.

A total of 2,400 birds (354 species) have been captured, identified, banded and

sampled for parasites

Sampling AntsSampling Ants

Pitfall traps supplemented with Winkler traps were used to sample 50 x 50 cm collections of litter

4,800+ specimens collected, identification ongoing

Sampling Dung Beetles- Baited pitfall traps (human faeces)

- 5 traps per transect, run for 4 days.

- Follows methods discussed at global Scarabnet meetings, and used effectively in many Amazonian studies

- Complemented by un-baited flight intercept traps

-A total of >5,200 beetles collected, species identification ongoing…

Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade

Barlow and Peres 2008

21,400 trees (final identification is ongoing)

Turnover in composition of tropical forest trees and saplings in once- and thrice-burned forests in Pará

Pará - Saplings <10cm DBH

Abundance

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Sp

eci

es

Rinorea neglectaTetragastris panamensis

Astrocaryum gynacanthumProtium paniculatum

Talisia longifoliaRinorea racemosa

Rinorea spIschnosiphon arouma

Inga stipularisLicaria aritu

Pouteria cladanthaSclerolobium paraense

Inga brachyrhachisTrichilia micrantha

Inga albaProtium apiculatum

Tachigali albaInga capitata

Protium tenuifoliumAttalea cf.spectabilis

Guapira oppositaProtium spruceanumIschnosiphon gracilis

Memora flavidaMoutabea guianensis

NI NIPoecilanthe effusa

Chamaecrista xinguensisChimarrhis turbinata

Eschweilera pedicellataEugenia sp

Miconia affinisOrmosia flava

Pouteria caimitoBactris sp

Clarisia ilicifoliaCupania scrobiculataEschweilera coriacea

Heliconia spHelicostylis scabra

Licania heteromorphaMicropholis guianensis

Mouriri apirangaPaypayrola grandiflora

Piper spPouteria anibifolia

Pouteria filipesPouteria jariensis

Simaba cedronTalisia mollis

Unburned foresstOnce burned forestThrice burned forest

Pará - Trees >10cm DBH

Abundance

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sp

eci

es

Tetragastris panamensisPouteria cladantha

Virola micheliiProtium tenuifolium

Chamaecrista xinguensisChimarrhis turbinata

Goupia glabraRinorea racemosa

Sclerolobium paraenseTachigali albaLaetia procera

Marmaroxylon racemosumPouteria filipes

Iryanthera lancifoliaMicropholis venulosa

Chrysophyllum prieuriiGeissospermum vellosii

Protium apiculatumPoraqueiba guianensis

Guapira oppositaLicaria aritu

Protium paniculatumProtium robustum

Iryanthera laevisLicania heteromorpha

Onychopetalum amazonicumPouteria caimito

Casearia javitensisEschweilera pedicellata

Poecilanthe effusaPouteria lasiocarpaRudgea gracilifloraTrichilia micrantha

Chimarrhis barbataLecythis lurida

Micropholis guianensisVirola theiodora

Bocageopsis multifloraBrosimum guianensisGuatteria poeppigiana

Inga albaOcotea cf.canaliculata

Rhodostemonodaphne grandisSacoglottis guianensis

Siparuna cf.reginaeVirola crebrinervia

Paypayrola grandifloraPouteria jariensis

Pouteria opositifoliaWarszewiczia sp

Unburned foresstOnce burned forestThrice burned forest

Trees Saplings

Fire scars on tropical trees: Exploring the cryptic fire history of the Isla de Maracá

A B C

D E

DBH size class

10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60+

% o

f ste

ms

scar

red

0

10

20

30

40

50

(Barlow et al. 2010)(Barlow et al. 2010)

NDFI images on 05/17/2010Period: 2000-2009Region: WWF Biome

20042000 2001 2002 2003

2006 2007 2008 20092005

At IMAZONAt SDSU No imagery

Basin-wide AnalysesBasin-wide Analyses

Image Processing Steps

Shade

Soil

NPV

GV

Image RegistrationRadiance Conversion

CorrectHaze?

AtmosphericCorrection(ACORN)

Yes

No

Estimate Visibilityand water vapor

Apply Carlotto’s

Technique

(1) PRE-PROCESSING

Landsat

ReflectanceSpace

Pixel PurityIndex - (PPI)

VisualizationScatter matrix

Spectral curves

40 million pixels

(2) Build Spectral Library

Generic Image Endmembers

SVDC

(3) SMA

Landsat

NDFI

(4) Enhance and Detect Canopy Damage

ExtractPatios

CCA

CanopyDamage Soil ≥ 10%

1 pixel ≤ Area ≤ 4 pixels

NDFI ≤ 0.75

GV + NPV + Soil + Shade = 1

Souza Jr. et al. (2005), RSE

NDFI

226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)

Roads

Logged

Forest

NDFI

226/68 - 2000 (Sinop - MT)

NDFI

226/68 - 2001 (Sinop - MT)

NDFI

226/68 - 2003 (Sinop - MT)

0 250 500125Km

MT

Forest

Regeneration

Degraded Forest

Deforestation

Non Forest

Water

Landsat scenes

(S.Kumar & D.Roy)

Conservation Unit Performance

Integration of disturbance factors to evaluate the performance all of the protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon.

Ability to evaluate by protected area type, age

since creation, development pressure (deforestation, logging,

fire)

Characterizing Forest FragmentationCharacterizing Forest Fragmentation

Age map

Derived from Landsat time series Used for calculation of fragmentation

features

Forest

Pasture

S.G.Forest

Time series Land cover map Age map

>22 ys

1 y

2 ys

3 ys

4 ys

5 ys

6 ys

7 ys

8 ys

9 ys

10 ys

11 ys

12 ys

13 ys

14 ys

15 ys

16 ys

17 ys

18 ys

19 ys

20 ys

21 ys

1975

2005

Persistence of Forest Edge (Campo Novo de Rondonia)

Rem

ain

ing

edge

%

(Numata et al. 2009)

Biomass Dynamics

Dynamics of: a) remaining

forests, b) edge-biomass

loss, and c) edge-carbon

emission in 1988, 1998, and 2008.

(Numata et al. in press)(Numata et al. in press)

This Year’s Project Objectives1) Develop a basin-wide spatial database of all forest disturbance (selective

logging, fragmentation, fire, deforestation) from 2000-2009, based on NDFI analyses of annual Landsat imagery.

2) Derive regional estimation functions of expected biodiversity similarity based on disturbance history (disturbance metric) and time-since-last-disturbance (resilience metric) derived from stratified field data collected for four separate taxa (woody plants, birds, dung beetles and ants).

3) Develop a basin-wide spatial and temporal datasets of all fires by type (1) deforestation fires; 2) maintenance fires; 3) forest fires, using MODIS and Landsat data.

4) Model economic, physical-geographic and land cover factors affecting fire ignition and spread from 2000-2009 to create probability surfaces of fire ignition and fire spread.

5) Create a basin-wide map of probable biodiversity alterations in current standing forests across the Brazilian Amazon and predictions of future changes in these conditions over the next 10 years (2010-2019) based on likely economic and climate scenarios. (Starting late 2009)

Project PublicationsBoschetti L. and D.P. Roy. 2009. Strategies for the fusion of satellite fire radiative power with burned area

data for fire radiative energy derivation, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114: Article Number D20302.

Mestre, L.A.M., J. Barlow, G. Thom, and M.A. Cochrane. 2009. Burned Forests as Novel Habitats for the Back-faced Cotinga Conioptilon mcilhennyi in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Ornitologia Neotropical 20: 467-470.

Numata, I., M.A. Cochrane, D.A. Roberts and J.V. Soares. 2009. Determining Dynamics of Spatial and Temporal Structures of Forest Edges in Southwestern Amazonia Using Multitemporal Remote Sensing Data. Forest Ecology and Management. 258: 2547-2555.

Numata, I., M.A. Cochrane, D.A. Roberts, J.V. Soares and C.M. Souza Jr. (In press). Biomass Collapse and Carbon Emissions from Forest Fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences.

Barlow, J., J.M. Silveira and M.A. Cochrane. (In press). Fire Scars on Amazonian Trees: Exploring the Cryptic Fire History of the Ilha de Maracá. Biotropica.

Mestre, L.A.M., J. Rechetelo, J. Barlow, M.A. Cochrane. (In Press) The Birds of “São Luiz” Farm, South Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.

Mestre, L.A.M., G. Thom, J. Barlow, M.A. Cochrane. (In Press) The Birds of “Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes”, South Acre, Brazil. Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi.

Bowman, D.M.J.S., J.K. Balch, P. Artaxo, W.J. Bond, J.M. Carlson, M.A. Cochrane, C.M. D’Antonio, R.S. DeFries, J.C. Doyle, S.P. Harrison, F.H. Johnston, J.E. Keeley, M.A. Krawchuck, C.A. Kull, J.B. Marston, M.A. Moritz, I.C. Prentice, C.I. Roos, A.C. Scott, T.W. Swetnam, G.R. van der Werf and S.J. Pyne. 2009. Fire in the Earth System. Science 324: 481-484.

Cochrane, M.A. and C.P. Barber. 2009. Future Fire Regimes of the Amazon: Climate Change and Human Land Use. Global Change Biology 15: 601-612.

Project PublicationsBarlow, J. and J.M. Silveira. 2009. The Consequences of Fire for the Fauna of Humid Tropical Forests. Pp.

543-546 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany.

Cochrane, M.A. 2009b. Fire in the tropics. Pp. 1-23 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany.

Cochrane, M.A. 2009c. Fire, Landuse, Landcover Dynamics and Climate Change in the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 389-426 in M.A. Cochrane, ed. Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics. Springer-Praxis, Heidelberg, Germany.

Gardner, T.A., J. Barlow, R. Chazdon, R. Ewers, C.A. Harvey, C.A. Peres and N.S. Sodhi. 2009. Prospects for Tropical Forest Biodiversity in a Human-modified World. Ecology Letters 12 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x

Barlow, J. and Peres, C.A. 2008. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 363: 1787-1794. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0013

Cochrane, M.A. and W.F. Laurance. 2008. Synergisms Among Fire, Land Use, and Climate Change in the Amazon. AMBIO 37: 522-527.

Roy, D.P., Boschetti, L., Justice C.O., Ju, J., 2008, The Collection 5 MODIS Burned Area Product - Global Evaluation by Comparison with the MODIS Active Fire Product, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112: 3690-3707.

Boschetti, L. and Roy, D.P., 2008, Defining a fire year for reporting and analysis of global inter-annual fire variability, Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 113, G03020, doi:10.1029/2008JG000686.

Loveland, T.R., M.A. Cochrane and G.M. Henebry. 2008. Landsat Still Contributing to Environmental Research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 182-183.