What is the best way to take What is the best way to take notes on pages you are notes on pages you are required to read?required to read?1. Read the title of the section. (Turn to 1. Read the title of the section. (Turn to page 3: page 3: “Native American Histories Before “Native American Histories Before Conquest.”Conquest.”))

2. Turn the “title” into a question. 2. Turn the “title” into a question. “What “What was life like for Native Americans before was life like for Native Americans before their encounter with the Europeans?”their encounter with the Europeans?”

3. With the question in mind, read and 3. With the question in mind, read and take notes!take notes!

4. Now you try! 4. Now you try! (Collaborate in your (Collaborate in your group.)group.)

My notes:My notes: The NA inhabited the Americas long The NA inhabited the Americas long

before European exploration began before European exploration began (before Columbus arrived in 1492).(before Columbus arrived in 1492).

The NA The NA migratedmigrated by way of the Bering by way of the Bering Strait, a land bridge connecting Asia & Strait, a land bridge connecting Asia & North America during the Ice Age, a place North America during the Ice Age, a place called Beringia.called Beringia.

This migration didn’t happen all at once; This migration didn’t happen all at once; instead these Natives moved in small instead these Natives moved in small bands or groups. They were nomadic and bands or groups. They were nomadic and settled where they could find food.settled where they could find food.

Survival was their goal which meant Survival was their goal which meant they had to adapt to their environment.they had to adapt to their environment.

These bands of Natives did not carry These bands of Natives did not carry communicable diseases and their communicable diseases and their isolation from each other prevented isolation from each other prevented them from building up an immunity to them from building up an immunity to disease disease which would be a major which would be a major problem for them when they problem for them when they encountered the Europeans.encountered the Europeans.

The encounter between the NA & the The encounter between the NA & the Europeans was one of death and Europeans was one of death and disease!disease!

When studying history, you must When studying history, you must understand the following concepts: understand the following concepts:

Social Structures: Social Structures:

““Social” implies peopleSocial” implies people

Economic Structures: Economic Structures:

implies trading, buying & selling, bartering, implies trading, buying & selling, bartering, economic systemeconomic system

Political Structures: Political Structures:

implies government, rights, freedomsimplies government, rights, freedoms

Institutions: Institutions: such as religion, education, such as religion, education, culture, custom, behavior, law, marriage, culture, custom, behavior, law, marriage, etc.etc.

Video NotesVideo Notes

FYI: You will need to know a little about FYI: You will need to know a little about the following regions and tribes.the following regions and tribes.•Northeast: Iroquois, AlgonquinNortheast: Iroquois, Algonquin•Southeast: home to the 5 civilized tribesSoutheast: home to the 5 civilized tribes•Southwest: PuebloSouthwest: Pueblo•Northwest: ChinookNorthwest: Chinook•Great Plains: Plains Indians who responded Great Plains: Plains Indians who responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the western Great Plains by Basin and the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles developing largely mobile lifestyles (nomadic).(nomadic).

General characteristics of the Native General characteristics of the Native AmericansAmericans

•Some societies developed a mixed agricultural and Some societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Ex: Iroquois, Algonquinof permanent villages. Ex: Iroquois, Algonquin•Division of labor: women cultivated maize, farmed; men hunted & fished•Social diversification – engaged in a variety of economic activities in order to survive•Lacked unity•Social status defined through kinship; ex: Native Americans living in the areas colonized by the English were matrilineal; another way an individual's prestige and rank were determined was by the quantities of material possessions he could give away (Ex: Chinook)

Characteristics continued• Leaders were renowned public speakers,

sometimes the only way to gain the support of their people

• Fought with other tribes to exact revenge or to gain captives but seldom genocidal in nature

Organized diplomacy, trade, and war around reciprocal relationships, viewed by Europeans as egalitarian (equality among all people) & democratic (in the interest of all people).

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?Diplomacy – the “conduct” of government

officials when negotiatingReciprocal – mutual

Developed new food sources: Developed new food sources: “MAIZE” “MAIZE” The cultivation of maize began in present-The cultivation of maize began in present-day Mexico day Mexico (Pueblo Indians) (Pueblo Indians) but spread to but spread to the Northeast (the Northeast (Iroquois, AlgonguinIroquois, Algonguin) and ) and beyond resulting in economic development beyond resulting in economic development & social diversification among societies in & social diversification among societies in these areas just as a mix of foraging & these areas just as a mix of foraging & hunting did in the NW & parts of California hunting did in the NW & parts of California ((ChinookChinook). ).

IroquoisIroquois

•Traded with the Algonquin but also fought against them•Encountered the Pilgrims•Cleared the land, planted crops, used the wood to build houses & to make tools•Division of labor: women planted and gathered (harvested crops); men hunted and fished•Their social structure was matrilineal: meaning kinship through the female line; women “owned” the land and houses, maintained customs, and participated in government

Iroquois LeagueIroquois League Also called the Iroquois Confederacy or

the Five nations consisted of 5 Indian nations who were

feared by all other tribes in the NE Formed between 1570 and 1600 to put

an end to constant warfare among the tribes & to provide a united force to withstand invasion.

Was governed by a council made up of clan & village chiefs

Voting in the council was by tribe & a unanimous vote was required to declare war

Impact of the Iroquois League on European colonization

The Iroquois traded beaver for firearms with the Europeans and became important in the rivalry between the French & British colonists.

The confederacy was officially recognized by the British in 1722 and survived for more than 200 years.

Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union was modeled after the League. In 1754, delegates from 7 English colonies convened at Albany, NY to work out a unified effort in the northern colonies for a permanent union of the colonies (intercolonial cooperation). Called for a grand council of delegates from each colony, elected by their colonial legislatures. Purpose of union was to deal with common problems (Native Americans, westward expenses, common defense, taxation to pay for the military). Plan was rejected but it did provide a model for the later government of the US.

AlgonquinsAlgonquins• made up of numerous tribes located from the coast of NC to Maine• lived in different regions and spoke different dialects, making communication among tribes difficult and prevented any type of unity; therefore they looked out for their own best interests which meant they often allied w/the Europeans rather than other native groups, which the Europeans exploited and purposefully created problems among native groups.

Why was it important for Europeans to forge alliances with the Native Americans?

At first the NA outnumbered the Europeans and it made it possible for the Europeans to gain hold of the land more easily.

The PuebloThe Pueblo Settled in present-day New Mexico At first converted to Catholicism because the Franciscan

friars (members of the Roman Catholic Church associated with St. Francis) controlled valuable tools & equipment and offered protection from other Native American tribes in the area but due to widespread sickness and drought, the Pueblos began to resist these efforts & to return to traditional religious practices which was seen as witchcraft by the Spanish.

Revolt of 1680 or the Pueblo Revolt – the Pueblo forced the Spanish from their land; the Spanish had built outposts (forts) along the Rio Grande; was one of the most successful Native American wars of resistance in North American history

In the 1700s they again accepted Spanish rule to gain protection from neighboring tribes (Apache), became Catholics, acknowledged Spanish authority, but governed their own local affairs.

The Pueblo continuedThe Pueblo continued

Cultivators of cornCultivators of corn Environment: subdesert (less arid – Environment: subdesert (less arid –

extremely dry - than a typical desert)extremely dry - than a typical desert) Built homes of adobe brick on high Built homes of adobe brick on high

mesas (flat) or cracks in cliffs to mesas (flat) or cracks in cliffs to protect themselves from neighboring protect themselves from neighboring tribestribes

The Chinook* Settled on the NW coast and areas of California fished, hunted small game, traded (Columbia River – a rich source of salmon) shells for hair & clothing accents•Developed a rich civilization: built plank houses and canoes, worked extensively in wood and formed a complex social and political organization (potlatches an individual's prestige and rank were determined by the quantities of material possessions he could give away•Resisted the invasion by the whites but eventually were forced onto reservations (1880s)

The New AP Test FormatThe New AP Test Format

Part B – Short-answer questions will Part B – Short-answer questions will directly address one or more of the directly address one or more of the thematic learning objectives for the thematic learning objectives for the course. course.

Thematic Learning Thematic Learning ObjectivesObjectives

The content learning objectives for the AP U.S. History course and exam are organized under seven themes, which are topics of historical inquiry to explore throughout the AP U.S. History course. Identity Work, exchange, and technology Peopling Politics and power America in the world Environment and geography — physical and human Ideas, beliefs, and culture

New AP Test FormatNew AP Test Format

Section Question Type Number of Questions

Timing Percentage of Total Exam Score

I

Part A: Multiple-choice questions

55 questions 55 minutes 40%

Part B: Short-answer questions

4 questions 50 minutes 20%

II

Part A: Document-based question

1 question 55 minutes 25%

Part B: Long essay question

1 question 35 minutes 15%

Short-Answer QuestionsShort-Answer Questions

Each question will ask students to Each question will ask students to identifyidentify and and analyze examples analyze examples of of historical evidence historical evidence relevant to the relevant to the source or questionsource or question. .

Lack of understanding: Different legal systems, different punishments

Evidence: A Native American murders an Englishman. Who has the authority to punish the offender and what will the punishment be? Both the Native Americans & the English feel they have the authority. Whereas the punishment by the Native Americans is 100 arms length of Roanoke (beads used for money), whereas the punishment probably would have been death according to the English.

Different perspectives.Evidence: Europeans saw the Natives as savages and uncivilized.WHY? The Native Americans were not out to make progress, to gain economically from the land which was the motive of the Europeans. According to the Europeans, land = wealth and power! Also, they way they dressed, lived, and their polytheistic beliefs.

Ethnocentric Europeans (the belief that your ethnic group or culture is superior) tried to “civilize” the NAs. They wanted the NAs to dress like them, attend white schools, live in permanent structures & accept Christianity. The NAs rejected these changes. NAs did not try to change the Europeans and therefore did not understand why the Europeans wanted to change them so badly. NA women rejected Christianity because their belief in polygamy gave them authority over the distribution of food within the village.

Intermarriage – The English frowned upon it, but the French and Spanish accepted it. The European partner would live among the NAs.

Europeans did try to enslave the Native Americans, but they fought back which was one reason Europeans looked for another source of labor.

Trade caused the NAs to go into debt which made them have to hunt more and further reduce the population of the animals they were dependent on.

Conflict between the two groups meant suspension of trade and the NAs had become dependent on the items they received from the Europeans.

Disease ultimately destroyed many NA tribes as did alcoholism.

In Summary…In Summary… Early Native American societies grew Early Native American societies grew

in number as they adapted to their in number as they adapted to their environment.environment.

Each band developed their own Each band developed their own economic systems, religious beliefs, economic systems, religious beliefs, social system, political system, and social system, political system, and culture.culture.

While there were over 300 different While there were over 300 different languages spoken, languages spoken, tradingtrading was was understood by all.understood by all.

Did Columbus discover the New Did Columbus discover the New World in 1492?World in 1492?

Rather than a discovery, the Rather than a discovery, the Europeans under Columbus actually Europeans under Columbus actually brought into contact 3 “old” worlds – brought into contact 3 “old” worlds – Europe, Africa, & America.Europe, Africa, & America.

This contact is often called the This contact is often called the Columbian Exchange.Columbian Exchange.

The Discovery of the New The Discovery of the New WorldWorld

Spanish Exploration Spain was the #1 world power by 1500. How

did this happen? The uniting of monarchs – Ferdinand & Isabella – created a centralized political authority. (Nation Building)

Motives: God, gold, glory Ferdinand & Isabella financed Columbus and

his voyages St. Augustine – the first permanent

European settlement; a defensive base to ensure the safety of ships traveling from Cuba to Spain

The Spanish intermarried with the Native Americans; were more tolerant of racial differences.

Spanish Exploration cont.Spanish Exploration cont. Established missions to spread Catholicism Bartolome de Las Casas, a Spanish priest who

sought to convert Native Americans to Catholicism; reported that from 1494 to 1508 over 3 million (not an accurate count) had died from war, slavery, and the mines, with most having died from diseases (smallpox)

The Spanish gained a lot of wealth which led to inflation. The money (wealth) was used to fund wars and not invest or industrialize so Spain became dependent on bullion (gold & silver) from the Americas. This misuse of funds led to their downfall.

conquistadorsconquistadors Spanish for conquerorSpanish for conqueror Conquistadors sought instant glory & wealth.Conquistadors sought instant glory & wealth. Conquistadors did not want to establish Conquistadors did not want to establish

permanent settlements.permanent settlements. To gain control over the conquistadors, To gain control over the conquistadors,

Isabella & Ferdinand granted Indian villages Isabella & Ferdinand granted Indian villages (land) to the conquistadors and gave them (land) to the conquistadors and gave them the right to use the Native Americans as the right to use the Native Americans as laborers; basically exploiting the Native laborers; basically exploiting the Native Americans. Americans. (the encomienda system)(the encomienda system)

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

An Italian explorer who explored the An Italian explorer who explored the coast of South America; like other coast of South America; like other explorers, Vespucci sought to prove that explorers, Vespucci sought to prove that Columbus had discovered a “New Columbus had discovered a “New World”World”

Sailed for the Portuguese on his 2Sailed for the Portuguese on his 2ndnd voyage. He described his travels and voyage. He described his travels and was the first to identify the New World was the first to identify the New World of North and South America as separate of North and South America as separate from Asia.from Asia.

America was named after himAmerica was named after him

Key Concept: European overseas expansion Key Concept: European overseas expansion resulted in the resulted in the Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange, a series of , a series of interactions and adaptations among societies interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.across the Atlantic.

New WorldNew World AfricaAfrica Europe Europe Maize/cornMaize/corn slaves slaves sugarsugar

PotatoesPotatoes horses, 1547horses, 1547

TobaccoTobacco pigs, cattlepigs, cattle

tomatoestomatoes diseasesdiseases

vanillavanilla the wheelthe wheel

Cacao (kuh kah oh)Cacao (kuh kah oh) firearmsfirearms

New SpainNew Spain

RivalryRivalry

Spain & Portugal were rivals; began claiming Spain & Portugal were rivals; began claiming each other’s lands which resulted in the Pope each other’s lands which resulted in the Pope issuing the issuing the Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas which which established the established the Line of Demarcation.Line of Demarcation.

All the land east of the line could be claimed by All the land east of the line could be claimed by Portugal and all the land west of the line could be Portugal and all the land west of the line could be claimed by Spain.claimed by Spain.

LINE OF LINE OF DEMARCATIONDEMARCATION

AfricaAfrica

11stst explored by the Portuguese who explored by the Portuguese who were looking for gold and for slaveswere looking for gold and for slaves

The Portuguese were also the first to The Portuguese were also the first to explore the Americas, searching for a explore the Americas, searching for a water route to Asiawater route to Asia

Spanish & Portuguese exploration & Spanish & Portuguese exploration & conquest of the Americas led to conquest of the Americas led to widespread deadly epidemics, the widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans Americans (Mestizo – a person of (Mestizo – a person of combined European & NA descent)combined European & NA descent)

French ExplorationFrench Exploration

Explorers lacked support and adequate Explorers lacked support and adequate funding from the French crown.funding from the French crown.

Motives: wealth, spread ChristianityMotives: wealth, spread Christianity Became economic partners with the Became economic partners with the

Native Americans (fur trade)Native Americans (fur trade) Established settlements in New Established settlements in New

Orleans/LA, Canada – New France (Old Orleans/LA, Canada – New France (Old Northwest territory)Northwest territory)

Few colonists, mostly men; built forts Few colonists, mostly men; built forts rather than establish coloniesrather than establish colonies

New FranceNew FranceFromFrom

LouisianaLouisiana

to Canadato Canada

English ExplorationEnglish Exploration England & Spain were rivals.England & Spain were rivals. Saw Native Americans as obstacles.Saw Native Americans as obstacles. Established independent farms.Established independent farms. John Cabot – the 1John Cabot – the 1stst to explore for to explore for

England (Hudson Bay area) was England (Hudson Bay area) was looking for a NW passagelooking for a NW passage

Exploration began under Elizabeth IExploration began under Elizabeth I Sea dogs/privateers/pirates – Sir Sea dogs/privateers/pirates – Sir

Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins – Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins – seized Spanish treasure shipsseized Spanish treasure ships

Spanish Armada 1588 – English defeated it; set Spanish Armada 1588 – English defeated it; set the way for the English to explore.the way for the English to explore.

First took over Ireland which shaped their way of First took over Ireland which shaped their way of colonizing and how they would treat the Native colonizing and how they would treat the Native Americans. Taught them how to take lands and Americans. Taught them how to take lands and control the people. control the people.

Encounter w/Native Americans – conquer & Encounter w/Native Americans – conquer & remakeremake

The Lost Colony (Sir Walter Raleigh) – 2 attempts The Lost Colony (Sir Walter Raleigh) – 2 attempts were made to establish a colony in Roanoke were made to establish a colony in Roanoke which was doomed for failure from the start which was doomed for failure from the start because it was difficult to reach & England was because it was difficult to reach & England was dealing with Spain and the Armada and Queen dealing with Spain and the Armada and Queen Elizabeth didn’t want to alienate Philip II Elizabeth didn’t want to alienate Philip II unnecessarily by sponsoring a colony on land unnecessarily by sponsoring a colony on land long ago claimed by Spain. long ago claimed by Spain.

Jamestown – 1Jamestown – 1stst permanent English colony, 1607 permanent English colony, 1607

Reasons to ExploreReasons to Explore AdventureAdventure WealthWealth God, gold, glory (Spanish)God, gold, glory (Spanish) A new start in lifeA new start in life Find a Northwest passage to Asia Find a Northwest passage to Asia

(common among all Europeans)(common among all Europeans) To colonizeTo colonize To establish an empireTo establish an empire To spread ChristianityTo spread Christianity For religious freedomFor religious freedom

Factors that “enabled” Europeans Factors that “enabled” Europeans to explore (p. 16)to explore (p. 16)

1.1. Technology & knowledge – printing press, Technology & knowledge – printing press, improved maps (cartography), knew the world improved maps (cartography), knew the world was roundwas round

2.2. Political authority was more centralized – new Political authority was more centralized – new monarchs – the rise of nation states to replace monarchs – the rise of nation states to replace kingdoms, thus ending feudalismkingdoms, thus ending feudalism

3.3. The Renaissance – took place 1350-1550; the The Renaissance – took place 1350-1550; the rebirth of learning which sparked curiosity & rebirth of learning which sparked curiosity & sparked a communications revolution – new sparked a communications revolution – new inventions**inventions**

4.4. Growth in population – led to the rise in the price Growth in population – led to the rise in the price of landof land

5.5. The demand for luxury goodsThe demand for luxury goods

6.6. Europe became more prosperousEurope became more prosperous

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance1350-15501350-1550

New technology/innovations such as:New technology/innovations such as:CartographyCartographyCompass – now they knew which direction their ship Compass – now they knew which direction their ship was movingwas movingAstrolabe – used the sun or a star to determine latitudeAstrolabe – used the sun or a star to determine latitudeLateen or triangular sailsLateen or triangular sailsCaravels – ships that were easy to maneuver & could Caravels – ships that were easy to maneuver & could carry cannoncarry cannonGunpowder (China) led to the development of cannon Gunpowder (China) led to the development of cannon & muskets so explorers no longer feared hostile natives & muskets so explorers no longer feared hostile natives in strange landsin strange landsPrinting press (1440s) – led to the wide distribution of Printing press (1440s) – led to the wide distribution of maps, sea charts, travelers’ tales; increased geographic maps, sea charts, travelers’ tales; increased geographic knowledge & aroused curiosity about distant countriesknowledge & aroused curiosity about distant countries