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What is Physics?. First of all, Physics is a Science. So our first question should be: What is a Science?. Science. What is a science? Physics is a science. Biology is a science. Is Psychology a science? Is Political Science a science? Is English a science? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What is Physics?
First of all, Physics is a Science. So our first question should be: What is a Science?
Science
• What is a science?
• Physics is a science. Biology is a science.
• Is Psychology a science?
• Is Political Science a science?
• Is English a science?
• What makes a field of inquiry into a science?
Scientific Method
What makes a field of inquiry into a science?
• Any field that employs the scientific method can be called a science.
• So what is the Scientific Method?
• What are the “steps” to this “method”?
Scientific Method• 1. Define the “problem”: what are you studying?• 2. Gather information (data).• 3. Hypothesize (try to make “sense” of the data
by trying to guess why it works or what law it seems to obey). This hypothesis should suggest how other things should work. So this leads to the need to:
• 4. TEST, but this is really gathering more information (really, back to step 2).
Scientific Method
Note one thing about step 3: the predictive power of the hypothesis gives us something else to look for. We are in essence trying to extend our common sense to areas in which we initially have little common sense.
Scientific Method
Fascinating QuestionIs the scientific method really a never ending
loop, or do we ever reach “THE TRUTH”?
Scientific Method
Is the scientific method really a never ending loop, or do we ever reach “THE TRUTH”?
Consider: can we “observe” or “measure” perfectly? If not, then since observations are not perfect, can we perfectly test our theories? If not, can we ever be “CERTAIN” that we’ve reached the whole “TRUTH” ?
Scientific Method
If we can’t get to “THE TRUTH”, then why do it at all?
We can make better and better observations, so we should be able to know that we are getting closer and closer to “THE TRUTH”. Is it possible to get “close enough”?
Look at our applications (engineering): is our current understanding “good enough” to make air conditioners?
PhysicsNow Physics is a science, but so are Chemistry and
Biology.
How does Physics differ from these others?
It differs in the first step of the method: what it studies. Physics tries to find out how things work at the most basic level. This entails looking at: space, time, motion (how location in space changes with time), forces (causes of motion), and the concept of energy.
Scientific Method and Light
To try to show the scientific method in action, we’ll look at light.
Light
What is it?
Light
• What is it? Moving energy• There are two basic ways that energy can
move from one place to another: particles can carry the energy, or the energy can propogate in waves.
• Can light be explained as a wave or as a particle?
Light
• What is it? Moving energy• Wave or particle? How do we
decide?
Light
• What is it? Moving energy• Wave or particle? How do we
decide?
• If a wave, what is waving?
(waving even in a vacuum?)
Light
• What is it? Moving energy• Wave or particle? How do we
decide?
• If a wave, what is waving?
(waving even in a vacuum?)
Electric & Magnetic Fields
Properties of Light
• speed of light
• colors
• reflection
• refraction (bending)
• shadows
• energy theory
• absorption of light
• emission of light
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) prediction?
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) prediction?
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) ?
For a wave on a string, we can start from Newton’s Second Law and get a wave equation that leads to the relation:
vphase = [T/] (speed of wave depends on parameters of the string the wave travels on - T is tension in the string and is the mass density of the string)
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) ? Maxwell’s Eqs.
In a similar way to the wave on a string, we can get a wave equation from Maxwell’s Eqs for Electromagnetism. This predicts:
vphase = [1/oo]
where the o and o are the electric and magnetic properties of vacuum.
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) ? Maxwell’s Eqs.
in vacuum:
v = [1 / {o o}]1/2 where
o = 1/{4k} = 1 / {4 * 9x109 Nt-m2/Coul2}
o = 4 * 1x10-7 T-s /Coul
v = [4*9x109 / 4*1x10-7 ]1/2 = 3 x 108 m/s = c
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) ? Maxwell’s Eqs.
in material,
vphase = [1/oo]
= Ko , where K>1; and o ; so
v < c
According to the wave theory, light should move slower in material than in vacuum.
Property 1: Speed of Light
• particle (photon) ? no prediction• wave (E&M) ?
in vacuum, v = c; in material, v < c
we’ll come back to this when we look at refraction.
Property 2: Color
• experiment ?
• particle (photon) ?
• wave (E&M) ?
Property 2: Color
experiment ?visible order:
• red• orange• yellow• green• blue• violet
Property 2: Colorexperiment ?
invisible as well as visible
total spectrum order:• radio• microwave• IR• visible• UV• x-ray and gamma ray
Property 2: Color
particle (photon) ?
amount of energy per photon
determines “color”
Property 2: Color
particle (photon) ? amount of energy
among different types:
x-ray - most energy; radio - least
in visible portion:
violet - most energy; red - least
Property 2: Color
• particle (photon) ? amount of energy • wave (E&M) ?
Property 2: Color
• particle (photon) ? amount of energy• wave (E&M) ? frequencyamong different types of “light”:
low frequency is radio (AM is 500-1500 KHz)
high frequency is x-ray & gamma ray
in visible spectrum:
red is lowest frequency (just above IR)
violet is highest frequency (just below UV)
Colors: frequencies & wavelengths (in vacuum)
AM radio 1 MHz 100’s of m
FM radio 100 MHz m’s
microwave 10 GHz cm - mm
Infrared (IR) 1012 - 4x1014Hz mm - 700 nm
visible 4x1014 - 7.5x1014 700nm -400nm
Ultraviolet (UV) 7.5x1014 - 1017 400 nm - 1 nm
x-ray & ray > 1017 Hz < 1 nm[This slide will be repeated after we see how we get these values.]
Property 3: Reflection
• particle (photon) ?
• wave (E&M) ?
Property 3: Reflection
• particle (photon) ? bounces “nicely”• wave (E&M) ? bounces “nicely”
bounces nicely means:
angle incident = angle reflected
Property 4: Refraction
experiment ?
particle (photon)?
wave (E&M) ?
Property 4: Refraction
• experiment: objects in water seem closer than they really are when viewed from air
air
water
real object
apparentlocation
eye
Property 4: Refraction
• particle (photon) ?
water
air
surface
incident ray
refracted ray
Property 4: Refraction
• particle (photon) ?
water
air
surface
incident ray
refracted ray
vxi
vyi
vxr
vyr
vxi = vxr
vyi < vyr
therefore
vi < vr
Property 4: Refraction
• wave (E&M) ?
surface
air
water
incident wave
refracted wave
normal line
normal line
surface
Property 4: Refraction
• wave (E&M) ?
surface
air
water
incident wave
refracted wave
crest of wave
crest of preceding wave
x
a
w
normal line
crest of following wave
a
w
Property 4: Refraction
• wave (E&M) ? + = 90o
+ = 90o
surface
air
water
incident wave
refracted wave
crest of wave
crest of preceding wave
x
a
w
normal line
sin() = a /x
sin() = w /x
Property 4: Refraction
• wave (E&M) ? Snell’s Law
sin(a) = a/x and sin(w) = w/x
eliminate x: a/sin(a) = w/sin(w)
and use: f = v (or = v/f) to get
f sin(a) / va = f sin(w) / vw
NOTE: since w < a, need vw < va
which is opposite to the prediction of the particle theory but agrees with wave prediction of Property 1 on speed!
Property 4: Refraction
• wave (E&M) ? Snell’s Law
nicer form for Snell’s Law:
f sin(a) / va = f sin(w) / vw
Multiply thru by c/f to get
(c/va) sin(a) = (c/vw) sin(w)
and use definition of index of refraction:
n = c/v to get
na sin(a) = nw sin(w) Snell’s Law
Property 4: Refraction
• particle (photon) theory: vw > va
• wave (E&M) theory: vw < va
• experiment ?
Property 4: Refraction
• particle (photon) theory: vw > va
• wave (E&M) theory: vw < va
• experiment: vw < va
particle theory fails!
wave theory works!
Property 4: Refraction
Snell’s Law: n1 sin(1) = n2 sin(2)
• NOTE: If n1 > n2 (v1< v2), THEN 1 < 2.
• NOTE: All 2 values (angles in the faster medium)
between 0 & 90 degrees work fine.
• NOTE: Not all values of 1 (angles in the slower
medium) work!Example: If n1 = 1.33, n2 = 1, and 1 = 75o, then
2 = inv sin [n1 sin(1) / n2] = inv sin [1.28] = ERROR
Property 4: Refraction
Snell’s Law: n1 sin(1) = n2 sin(2)
If n1 sin(1) / n2 > 1 THEN there is NO value of 2 that can satisfy Snell’s law (unless you count imaginary angles!).
The math is trying to tell us that there is NO transmitted ray. This is called
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.
Refraction and Thin Lenses
Can use refraction to try to control rays of light to go where we want them to go.
Let’s see if we can FOCUS light.
Refraction and Thin Lenses
What kind of shape do we need to focus light from a point source to a point?
lens with some shape for front & back
screen
pointsourceof light
s = object distances’ = image distance
Refraction and Thin Lenses
Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL.
Play with the lens that is handed outDoes it act like a magnifying glass?
Refraction and Thin Lenses
Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL.
Play with the lens that is handed outDoes it act like a magnifying glass?
Does it focus light from the night light?
Refraction and Thin Lenses
Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL
Play with the lens that is handed outDoes it act like a magnifying glass?
Does it focus light from the night light?
Does the image distance depend on the shape of the lens? (trade with your neighbor to get a different shaped lens)
Property #5: Light and Shadows
Consider what we would expect from
particle theory: sharp shadows
lightdark dark
Light and Shadows
Consider what we would expect from
wave theory: shadows NOT sharp
lightdark darkdimdim
crest
crest
crest
Double Slit Experiment
We will consider this situation
but only after we consider another:
the DOUBLE SLIT experiment:
Double Slit Experiment
Note that along the solid lines
are places where crests meets crests
and troughs meet troughs.
crest on crestfollowed bytrough on trough
Double Slit Experiment
Note that along the dotted lines
are places where crests meets troughs
and troughs meet crests.
crest on crestfollowed bytrough on trough
crest on troughfollowed by trough on crest
Double Slit Experiment
Our question now is: How is the pattern
of bright and dark areas related to the
parameters of the situation: , d, x and L?
d
SCREEN
L
xbright
bright
dim
dim
bright
Double slit: an example
n = d sin() = d (x/L)
d = 0.15 mm = 1.5 x 10-4 m
x = ??? measured in class
L = ??? measured in class
n = 1 (if x measured between adjacent bright spots)
= d x / L = (you do the calculation)
Photoelectric Effect
Light hits a metal plate, and electrons are ejected. These electrons are collected in the circuit and form a current.
A
light
+ -
V
ejected electron
Photoelectric Effect
The following graphs illustrate what the wave theory predicts will happen:
Icurrent
I light intensity
Icurrent
Voltage
Icurrent
frequency of light
Photoelectric Effect
We now show in blue what actually happens:
Icurrent
I light intensity
Icurrent
Voltage
Icurrent
frequency of light
V-stop
f-co
Photoelectric Effect
In addition, we see a connect between V-stop and f above fcutoff:
V-stop
frequencyfcutoff
Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his explanation of this. (He did NOT receive the prize for his theory of relativity.)
Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein suggested that light consisted of discrete units of energy, E = hf. Electrons could either get hit with and absorb a whole photon, or they could not. There was no in-between (getting part of a photon).
• If the energy of the unit of light (photon) was not large enough to let the electron escape from the metal, no electrons would be ejected. (Hence, the existence of f-cutoff.)
Wave-Particle Duality
The photo-electric effect can not be understood by the wave theory, but can be understood by the particle theory. Other phenomena also are not described accurately by the wave theory but are by the particle theory: blackbody radiation, Compton scattering, the sprectrum of hydrogen.
So, is light a wave or is it a particle?
More precisely, does light act like a wave or does it act like a particle?
Wave-Particle Duality
Here is a rough analogy. (Remember the strengths but also the weaknesses of analogies.)
Are you your mother’s son or daughter?
Are you a member of another group (sports team, fraternity, sorority, etc?)
Do you act exactly the same way when with your mother and with your group?
Are your actions fairly predictable when you are with your mother and when you are with your group?
Wave-Particle Duality
We notice that light behaves as a wave when it is moving (refraction, double slit).
We also notice that light behaves as a particle when it is created or when it “hits” something (photoelectric effect).
Light is very predictable when viewed from the Wave-Particle Duality theory.
Wave-Particle Duality
Can this strange wave-particle duality theory “predict” new things to look for?
This wave-particle duality theory has been developed to become the Quantum Theory. It has predicted the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, it has led to an understanding of the Pauli Exclusion Principle that explains the basis of chemistry: why carbon is so different than nitrogen or oxygen.