Upload
hanley
View
68
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
What is Ecology ?. The study of how organisms interact with one another and their non-living environment. Biosphere. Biosphere. Ecosystems. Communities. Populations. Organisms. So Then What is an Ecosystem ?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
What is Ecology ?
The study of how
organisms interact with one another
and their non-living
environment
So Then What is an Ecosystem ?
An ecosystem is how all of the living
and non-living things interact together in
an area.
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
So Then What is an Ecosystem ?
Looking at the chart to the right..
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Our BIOSPHERE is the part of the Earth where
the organisms exist
And an ECOSYSTEM is that area where the living
and non-living things interact.
Energy for the EcosystemsA. Every ecosystem on Earth gets its energy from
the same source:
SUNLIGHT!!!
Producers
Photosynthesis: most common, uses energy from sunlight to make food
Example: Plants, sea weed, algae
Producers
Chemosynthesis: uses energy form inorganic chemical compounds to make food
Example: Sulfur bacteria in Yellowstone hot springs & deep sea hydrothermal vents
Producers
Autotrophs are also called producersProducers/Autotrophs: use energy to build complex organic molecules out of inorganic molecules
Producers
Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem: It goes in one direction from sun producers consumers
Parts of an EcosystemAn ecosystem contains BIOTIC (living) and
ABIOTIC (non-living) things
Examples of BIOTIC things:
• Plants• Animals• Fungi• Bacteria
Parts of an EcosystemAn Ecosystem is made of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC Components
ABIOTIC components are the NON-living parts of the ecosystem
Examples of ABIOTIC things are:
• Water• Air• Temperature• Sunlight
Food Chain
A Food Chain tells us what eats what in an ecosystem. It shows the series of
organisms through which food energy is passed.
Food ChainWhat does this entire food chain show?
1) The slug eats the plant
2) The frog eats the slug
3) The heron eats the frog
Food Web
In an ecosystem, there are many producers and
consumers.
Instead of a food chain, we can use a
food web.
Food Web
A food web shows the complex
relationship formed by the overlapping
and interconnecting food chains.
Humans
Blue whaleSperm whale
Crabeater seal
Killerwhale Elephant
seal
Leopardseal
Adéliepenguins Petrel
Fish
Squid
Carnivorous plankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Herbivorouszooplankton
Emperorpenguin
Energy Pyramid
Steps in a food chain are called: Trophic Levels.
A Trophic Level is a level of
nourishment in a food chain.
Energy Pyramid
The pyramid first shows us the Producers.
Remember… Producers get their energy from the sun.
Producers are the first and largest Trophic
Level. Producers
Energy Pyramid
Second, we see the Primary Consumers
The Primary Consumers get their
energy from eating the Producers.
Primary Consumers can be either Herbivores or Omnivores. Primary Consumers
Energy Pyramid
Third, we see the Secondary Consumers
The Secondary Consumers get their
energy from eating the Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers are Carnivores or
Omnivores Secondary Consumers
Energy Pyramid
Fourth, we see the Tertiary Consumers
The Tertiary Consumers get their
energy from eating the Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers are Carnivores or
Omnivores Tertiary Consumers
Primary Producers
Producers make their own food, from abiotic factors, such as sunlight or
heat from chemical reactions.
Primary Producers
Producers are also known as Autotrophs
Some examples are:• Plants
• Algae
• Bacteria
Consumers
Consumers are also known as Heterotrophs
Consumers can be:• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Detritivores (Decomposers)
Consumers
Herbivores eat only plants.
Herbivore Examples:• Large Mammals (Such as cattle & deer)
• Insects
Herbivores are also known as Heterotrophs or Primary Consumers
Consumers
Carnivores eat other animals
Carnivore Examples:• Lions, Tigers
• Wolves
• Sharks
• Snakes
Carnivores are also known as Heterotrophs or Secondary or Tertiary Consumers
ConsumersOmnivores eat both plants and animals
Omnivore Examples:• Humans
• Bears
• Mice
• Pigs
Omnivores are also known as Heterotrophs or Consumers
Consumers
Detritivores convert waste into nutrients (also called decomposers)
Detritivore Examples:• Worms
• Beetles
• Bacteria
• Fungi
Consumers
Scavengers break down dead plants and animals (also called heterotroph,
consumer)
Scavenger Examples:• Vulture
• Crow
• Hyena
Energy Pyramid
Let’s look at the energy pyramid closer.
Energy pyramids: Are a way to graph how much energy is passed up the
food chain from one organism to
the next
Energy Pyramid
Let’s look at the energy pyramid closer.
Only 10% of the energy from the
prior trophic level is passed on.
This is because energy is lost to the environment
as heat
Energy PyramidIf an energy pyramid consists of plants that contain 500,000 calories of food energy, how many calories of energy would be available to consumers at each of the next three trophic
levels?
Trophic level
Primary producers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Energy PyramidPrimary Consumers:
Trophic level
Primary producers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Secondary Consumers:
Tertiary Consumers:
500,000 cal x .1 = 50,000 calories
50,000 cal x .1 = 5,000 calories
5,000 cal x .1 = 500 calories
Food WebWhat does these energy numbers tell us??
Trophic level
Primary producers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
1) There are very few Tertiary consumers, because it takes a HUGE amount of food energy to support them.
2) For a large population to exist, it needs to feed from the LOWEST trophic level possible, because there is more food energy available.
Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid: Represents the
amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.
Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Numbers: Shows
the relative number of individual
organisms at each trophic level.