What do I study?
Why do I love science?
Questions?About the Scientist:
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***SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
**SLIDE 11: How does an Altered Gene Result in an Altered
Protein?Each 3-letter codon is translated into an amino
acid.Example: SAM AND TOM ATE THE HAM if we change A to I, does not
make sense.If we change one letter in DNA, can change one letter in
amino acid, and protein may not work properlyChanges in DNA are
called mutations. There are many types of mutations.
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*So what does all this DNA stuff have to do with medicine?
Well we are going to look at a few genetic reasons why different
people may have different reactions to the same drug, like the
Tumoricide story Sarah told you all about.
The first way people react differently is the receptor proteins
they have to recognize drugs.*
Our cells have all the DNA in them to make all the different
kinds of proteins they need.
**Powerpoint drawn graphics.*This includes receptor proteins.
Receptors are proteins that sit on the outside of our cells and
receive signals from the external environment.
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*Sometimes, these signals are drugs!Molecules that bind to
proteins are also called ligands. Drugs are ligands that bind to a
specific type of receptor.
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*Sometimes, these signals are drugs!Molecules that bind to
proteins are also called ligands. Drugs are ligands that bind to a
specific type of receptor.
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*When the cells receives the signal, this gives a therapeutic
effect by blocking other molecules from binding to the receptor or
telling the cell to do something different that makes us feel
better.
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*But, still, what does that have to do with your DNA?
Since DNA gives the code for proteins, changes in your genes can
cause changes to your receptors.
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*For example mutations in DNA can cause the cells to make more
receptors than average, so the cell has more to bind to
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*Or a mutation may cause the cell to make less receptors, so the
drug doesnt have as many to bind to.
These variations in our genes can cause variations in how we
respond to drugs
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*And sometimes mutations cause a change in the receptor itself,
which makes it unable to bind with the drug.
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*With too many receptors the cell may receive more signals and
amlify the drug effect. Overreaction to a drug is called
hypersensitivity.
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*With too few receptors and the drug may not find enough to bind
to and the drugs effect will be small. Under reaction to a drug is
called hyposensitivity.
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*Or a Mutated receptor may not be able to bind the drug at all,
so the cell sees no effect. When a patient sees no reaction to a
drug it is called insensitivity.
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*But how does a drug know where to bind? Drugs are designed to
fit into specific receptors on our cells, just like a key is
designed to fit into a specific lock.
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*Now that we have learned a bit about our bodies reactions to
drugs, lets do an in-class personalized medicine case study to test
our genetic variation.
You all have PTC strips, pick it up and place it on your tounge
for five seconds to taste it. Dont just lick it, but leave it on
there for a bit to see if you can taste anything. Dont worry- PTC
is a non-toxic chemical, so tasting it wont hurt you!
What do you taste? Write down what you tasted and compare it
with your classmates. PAUSE POINT.
*Now that we have learned a bit about our bodies reactions to
drugs, lets do an in-class personalized medicine case study to test
our genetic variation.
You all have PTC strips, pick it up and place it on your tounge
for five seconds to taste it. Dont just lick it, but leave it on
there for a bit to see if you can taste anything. Dont worry- PTC
is a non-toxic chemical, so tasting it wont hurt you!
What do you taste? Write down what you tasted and compare it
with your classmates. PAUSE POINT.
*Did it taste yucky to some of you and just like plain paper to
others?
Why do you think that is? Do you think it could have anything to
do with your genetics?
Discuss your hypothesis with your classmates. PAUSE
POINT.**Another genetic variant of the PTC receptor cannot bind
PTC- so the strip doesnt taste like anything. This key does not fit
into the lock!
How does this happen?
**Powerpoint drawn graphics *Another genetic variant of the PTC
receptor cannot bind PTC- so the strip doesnt taste like anything.
This key does not fit into the lock!
How does this happen?
**Powerpoint drawn graphics Remember how Jessica told you that
we get one copy of each gene from each of our parents? Well, lets
review.
**Clip art*Remember how Jessica told you that we get one copy of
each gene from each of our parents? Well, lets review.
**Clip art*Remember how Jessica told you that we get one copy of
each gene from each of our parents? Well, lets review.
**Clip art*The two genes you get from mom and dad are known as a
genotype.
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*But genes can be dominant or recessive.When a dominant gene is
present its trait will overcome the recessive gene.
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*This determines which trait is seen, which is a persons
phenotype. So, Tasting PTC comes from our genes!
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**We each have two copies of the PTC receptor gene- one from our
Mom, and one from our DadThe gene for tasting PTC is dominant over
the gene for not tasting PTC which is recessive.
Lets look at an example of three people that taste PTC
differently.
** Powepoint drawn graphics*The person on the left has two
copies of the dominant gene for tasting PTC, so all of their
receptors will be good at binding it.
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*The person in the middle has one dominant PTC tasting gene and
one recessive non-tasting gene, so some of their receptors will be
good at binding PTC while others wont.
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*And the person on the right has two copies of the recessive
non-tasting PTC gene, so all of there receptors will be unable to
bind PTC.
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*And the person on the right has two copies of the recessive
non-tasting PTC gene, so all of there receptors will be unable to
bind PTC.
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*The double dominant bigT bigT genotype gives a SUPERTASTER
phenotype, which tastes the bitterness of PTC very strongly as soon
as it touches their tounge.
** Powepoint drawn graphics*The bigT little T genotype yields a
TASTER phenotype that may have had to keep the strip on their
tongue for awhile, but it still tasted bitter eventually.
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*The double recessive genotype, little T little T, gives a
NON-TASTER phenotype that never tastes anything on the strip.
Which person were you? Where you a supertaster that tasted the
bitterness right away? Did it taste a little bitter after a while?
Or did you just taste paper? Write down your phenotype, we are
going to use it later in our data analysis.
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*But how is our experiment related to personalized medicine?
As we have learned, the Ability to taste PTC has a very strong
genetic component.PTC is a chemical and Drugs are also
chemicals.
You have just performed a genetic test for your reaction to a
chemical!Ad the differences in how your class tasted PTC is very
similar to the difference in patients reactions to drugs
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***American Journal of Clinical Pathology.
2008;129(2):263-273
*YES! This patient is Her2+ and should be treated with
Tumoricide
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*YES! This patient is Her2+ and should be treated with
Tumoricide
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***http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcome/features/20080709_cancer_sweeney/index.html**The
double recessive genotype, little T little T, gives a NON-TASTER
phenotype that never tastes anything on the strip.
Which person were you? Where you a supertaster that tasted the
bitterness right away? Did it taste a little bitter after a while?
Or did you just taste paper? Write down your phenotype, we are
going to use it later in our data analysis.
** Powepoint drawn graphics
*The double recessive genotype, little T little T, gives a
NON-TASTER phenotype that never tastes anything on the strip.
Which person were you? Where you a supertaster that tasted the
bitterness right away? Did it taste a little bitter after a while?
Or did you just taste paper? Write down your phenotype, we are
going to use it later in our data analysis.
** Powepoint drawn graphics
*Lets look at the tongues anatomyThe receptors and cells for
mammalian tasteJayaram Chandrashekar, Mark A. Hoon, Nicholas J. P.
Ryba & Charles S. ZukerNature 444, 288-294(16 November 2006)
Taste buds are composed of 50-150 TRCs (depending on the species),
distributed across different papillae. Circumvallate papillae are
found at the very back of the tongue and contains thousands (human)
of taste buds. Foliate papillae are present at the posterior
lateral edge of the tongue and contain a dozen to hundreds of taste
buds. Fungiform papillae contain one or a few taste buds and are
found in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. TRCs project
microvillae to the apical surface of the taste bud, where they form
the 'taste pore'; this is the site of interaction with tastants. b,
Recent molecular and functional data have revealed that, contrary
to popular belief, there is no tongue 'map': responsiveness to the
five basic modalities bitter, sour, sweet, salty and umami is
present in all areas of the tongue*Lets look at the tongues
anatomyThe receptors and cells for mammalian tasteJayaram
Chandrashekar, Mark A. Hoon, Nicholas J. P. Ryba & Charles S.
ZukerNature 444, 288-294(16 November 2006) Taste buds are composed
of 50-150 TRCs (depending on the species), distributed across
different papillae. Circumvallate papillae are found at the very
back of the tongue and contains thousands (human) of taste buds.
Foliate papillae are present at the posterior lateral edge of the
tongue and contain a dozen to hundreds of taste buds. Fungiform
papillae contain one or a few taste buds and are found in the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue. TRCs project microvillae to the
apical surface of the taste bud, where they form the 'taste pore';
this is the site of interaction with tastants. b, Recent molecular
and functional data have revealed that, contrary to popular belief,
there is no tongue 'map': responsiveness to the five basic
modalities bitter, sour, sweet, salty and umami is present in all
areas of the tongue*******In addition to the genes that the
students inherit, (** Dont forget about the genes!**)Ask them
whether they think tasting PTC will correlate with MORE or FEWER
fungiform papillae*In addition to the genes that the students
inherit, (** Dont forget about the genes!**)Ask them whether they
think tasting PTC will correlate with MORE or FEWER fungiform
papillae*http://pinotblogger.com/wp-content/supertaster-howto.jpg*http://pinotblogger.com/wp-content/supertaster-howto.jpg*http://pinotblogger.com/wp-content/supertaster-howto.jpg*http://pinotblogger.com/wp-content/supertaster-howto.jpg*http://pinotblogger.com/wp-content/supertaster-howto.jpgScientists
have names for the four basic stages of a medicine's life in the
body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion or
ADME.Medicines can be absorbed into the body in many different
ways. Can anyone give me an example of how a drug enters the body?
[A few of the most common ways to administer drugs are oral
(swallowing an aspirin tablet), inhalation (like an asthma
medications), intramuscular (getting a flu shot in an arm muscle),
subcutaneous (injecting insulin just under the skin), intravenous
(receiving chemotherapy through a vein), or transdermal (wearing a
skin patch).]After that the drug is absorbed into the blood stream
it is distributed throughout the body to the targeted organ. Then
it is broken down, or metabolized. This usually occurs in the bodys
chemical processing and detoxifying plant The liver where chemicals
are cut apart, stuck together, or transformed, making the substance
easier to get rid of or excreted.There are many proteins involved
in each of these processes. You can imagine if a person had a
genetic variation in a gene that affects one of these proteins then
there may be a roadblock in the ADME process and a drug might not
work the way it was intended.Having the receptor (protein) to
recognize the drug Other physiological traits that enable you to
respond to a drugHow your body processes the drugs after receiving
it
Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Number of
the proteins that recognize the drug (receptors)How your body
processes the drugs after receiving it
What are the reasons a person would react differently to
drugs?Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Other
physiological traits that enable you to respond to a drugHow your
body processes the drugs after receiving it
Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Number of
the proteins that recognize the drug (receptors)How your body
processes the drugs after receiving it
What are the reasons a person would react differently to
drugs?Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Other
physiological traits that enable you to respond to a drugHow your
body processes the drugs after receiving it
Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Number of
the proteins that recognize the drug (receptors)How your body
processes the drugs after receiving it
What are the reasons a person would react differently to
drugs?Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Other
physiological traits that enable you to respond to a drugHow your
body processes the drugs after receiving it
Having the receptor (protein) to recognize the drug Number of
the proteins that recognize the drug (receptors)How your body
processes the drugs after receiving it
What are the reasons a person would react differently to
drugs?
